Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) or drone as it is called in modern day language, is an unmanned aircraft. The first time it has been used was in the military. During the past years, the use of UAS has been more common. It is because of this engineering that the collection of data is possible. The drones themselves are equipped with cameras. The collection of data happens when the cameras take pictures on top of the ground level during the flight.The aim of this study is to find pros and cons about UAS photography during map making and tofind out if this engineering could replace or complement the traditional way of map making. The RMS value (also known as Root Mean Square value) varies between different screening and that could be due to different factors. Some of the factors could be what type of ground it is, asphalt and gravel, flight height, or one could investigate which type and size of support dots that has been used, the weather and so on. The two last examples could affect the precision of the measurements. The result of this study is that UAS-photography could replace or complement the traditional mapmaking methods. This study has through different scientific articles and earlier studies with the help of UAS photography been able to make map making more effective. The total time for these measurements were very short compared to the traditional measurements. This could bring a faster map making via UAS-photography. The precision in the experiment has been approved by the HMK-recommendations that are 5 centimeters

According to Boverket's housing market survey 2018, which is a result of a national survey of the housing market in Sweden, there is a deficit in housing in 243 of Sweden's 290 municipalities. In order to meet increased demand for housing, increased housing construction is needed. Detailed development plans govern the rights, construction rights, which indicate what and to what extent property owners can build land. Detailed development plans are the legally binding documents that are established and adopted by municipalities in order to determine, among others, the use of land and water areas. There are several reasons for housing shortage and one is that Sweden's population continues to increase, both due to natural population growth and because of immigration. A growing population entails, for instance, an increase in housing demand, which in turn places demands on the housing market. The demand and supply of housing need to match each other. Another reason is that today it is the private sector that accounts for the majority of housing supply. The private sector does not have the responsibility that municipalities have in terms of meeting the residents' housing needs. The private actors intend to make a profit. Consequently, privately owned construction and housing companies build when it is economically beneficial and not just because there is a housing requirement. Due to the fact that there are still housing shortages in most municipalities, which is problematic, it is interesting to investigate which factors are important for housing construction.

Current detailed development plans for housing purposes were studied. The detailed development plans that had not been implemented were used as starting material during interviews with relevant actors.

The purpose of the study was to try to find out what factors affect the fact that detailed development plan land for housing purposes is not built.

The study's results show that among the factors it is primarily the market situation, high business activity and recession, which affect whether housing construction is going to start or not. There are also factors such as construction law handling times that affect how soon a residential building can get started.

The conclusion of the study was, among other things, that the market situation seems to be the most influential factor and because the market is governed by profit-dependent players, supply and demand will not always meet. Other conclusions that were drawn were that what is being built is not what is requested and that the building permits take longer than is required by plan- och bygglagen.

In this study, we present a new Moho depth model in Fennoscandia and its surroundings. The model is tailored from data sets of XGM2019e gravitationl field, Earth2014 topography and seismic crustal model CRUST1.0 using the Vening Meinesz-Moritz model based on isostatic theory to a resolution of 1° × 1°. To that end, the refined Bouguer gravity disturbance is determined by reducing the observed field for gravity effect of topography, density heterogeneities related to bathymetry, ice, sediments, and other crustal components. Moreover, stripping of non-isostatic effects of gravity signals from mass anomalies below the crust due to crustal thickening/thinning, thermal expansion of the mantle, Delayed Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (DGIA), i.e., the effect of future GIA, and plate flexure has also been performed. As Fennoscandia is a key area for GIA research, we particularly investigate the DGIA effect on the gravity disturbance and gravimetric Moho depth determination in this area. One may ask whether the DGIA effect is sufficiently well removed in the application of the general non-isostatic effects in such an area, and to answer this question, the Moho depth is determined both with and without specific removal of the DGIA effect prior to non-isostatic effect and Moho depth determinations. The numerical results yield that the RMS difference of the Moho depth from our model HVMD19 vs. the seismic CRUST19 and GRAD09 models are 3.8/4.2 km and 3.7/4.0 km when the above strategy for removing the DGIA effect is/is not applied, respectively, and the mean value differences are 1.2/1.4 km and 0.98/1.4 km, respectively. Hence, our study shows that the specific correction for the DGIA effect on gravity disturbance is slightly significant, resulting in individual changes in the gravimetric Moho depth up to − 1.3 km towards the seismic results. On the other hand, our study shows large discrepancies between gravimetric and seismic Moho models along the Norwegian coastline, which might be due to uncompensated non-isostatic effects caused by tectonic motions.

As recovering the crust-mantle/Moho density contrast (MDC) significantly depends on the properties of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle, varying from place to place, it is an oversimplification to define a constant standard value for it. It is especially challenging in Antarctica, where almost all the bedrock is covered with a thick layer of ice, and seismic data cannot provide a sufficient spatial resolution for geological and geophysical applications. As an alternative, we determine the MDC in Antarctica and its surrounding seas with a resolution of 1°x 1° by the Vening Meinesz-Moritz gravimetric-isostatic technique using the XGM2019e Earth Gravitational Model and Earth2014 topographic/bathymetric information along with CRUST1.0 and CRUST19 seismic crustal models. The numerical results show that our model, named HVMDC20, varies from 81 kg m-3 in the Pacific Antarctic mid-oceanic ridge to 579 kg m-3 in the Gamburtsev Mountain Range in the central continent with a general average of 403 kg m-3. To assess our computations, we compare our estimates with those of some other gravimetric as well as seismic models (KTH11, GEMMA12C, KTH15C and CRUST1.0), illustrating that our estimates agree fairly well with KTH15C and CRUST1.0 but rather poor with the other models. In addition, we compare the geological signatures with HVMDC20, showing how the main geological structures contribute to the MDC. Finally, we study the remaining glacial isostatic adjustment effect on gravity to figure out how much it affects the MDC recovery, yielding a correlation of the optimum spectral window (7< n <12) between XGM2019e and W12a GIA models of the order of ~0.6 contributing within a negligible \pm 14 kg m-3 to the MDC. 

In this research, we present a local Moho model, named MOHV19, including Moho depth and Moho density contrast (or shortly Moho constituents) with corresponding uncertainties, which are mapped from altimetric and gravimetric data (DSNSC08) in addition to seismic tomographic (CRUST1.0) and Earth topographic data (Earth2014) to a resolution of 1° × 1° based on a solution of Vening Meinesz-Moritz' theory of isostasy. The MOHV19 model covers the area of entire European plate along with the surrounding oceans, bounded by latitudes (30 °N–82 °N) and longitudes (40 °W–70 °E). The article aims to interpret the Moho model resulted via altimetric and gravimetric information from the geological and geophysical perspectives along with investigating the relation between the Moho depth and Moho density contrast. Our numerical results show that estimated Moho depths range from 7.5 to 57.9 km with continental and oceanic averages of 41.3 ± 4.9 km and 21.6 ± 9.2 km, respectively, and an overall average of 30.9 ± 12.3 km. The estimated Moho density contrast ranges from 60.2 to 565.8 kg/m3, with averages of 421.8 ± 57.9 and 284.4 ± 62.9 kg/m3 for continental and oceanic regions, respectively, with a total average of 350.3 ± 91.5 kg/m3. In most areas, estimated uncertainties in the Moho constituents are less than 3 km and 40 kg/m3, respectively, but they reach to much more significant values under Iceland, parts of Gulf of Bothnia and along the Kvitoya Island. Comparing the Moho depths estimated by MOHV19 and those derived by CRUST1.0, MDN07, GRAD09 and MD19 models shows that MOHV19 agree fairly well with CRUST1.0 but rather poor with other models. The RMS difference between the Moho density contrasts estimated by MOHV19 and CRUST1.0 models is 49.45 kg/m3.

The determination of the oceanic Moho (or crust-mantle) density contrast derived from seismic acquisitions suffers from severe lack of data in large parts of the oceans, where have not yet been sufficiently covered by such data. In order to overcome this limitation, gravitational field models obtained by means of satellite altimetry missions can be proficiently exploited, as they provide global uniform information with a sufficient accuracy and resolution for such a task. In this article, we estimate a new Moho density contrast model named MDC2018, using the marine gravity field from satellite altimetry in combination with a seismic-based crustal model and Earth's topographic/bathymetric data. The solution is based on the theory leading to Vening Meinesz-Moritz's isostatic model. The study results in a high-accuracy Moho density contrast model with a resolution of 1° × 1° in oceanic areas. The numerical investigations show that the estimated density contrast ranges from 14.2 to 599.7 kg/m3 with a global average of 293 kg/m3. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the MDC2018 model, the result was compared with some published global models, revealing that our altimetric model is able to image rather reliable information in most of the oceanic areas. However, the differences between this model and the published results are most notable along the coastal and polar zones, which are most likely due to that the quality and coverage of the satellite altimetry data are worsened in these regions.

Isostasy is a key concept in geoscience in interpreting the state of mass balance between the Earth's lithosphere and viscous asthenosphere. A more satisfactory test of isostasy is to determine the depth to and density contrast between crust and mantle at the Moho discontinuity (Moho). Generally, the Moho can be mapped by seismic information, but the limited coverage of such data over large portions of the world (in particular at seas) and economic considerations make a combined gravimetric-seismic method a more realistic approach. The determination of a high-resolution of the Moho constituents for marine areas requires the combination of gravimetric and seismic data to diminish substantially the seismic data gaps. In this study, we estimate the Moho constituents globally for ocean regions to a resolution of 1° × 1° by applying the Vening Meinesz-Moritz method from gravimetric data and combine it with estimates derived from seismic data in a new model named COMHV19. The data files of GMG14 satellite altimetry-derived marine gravity field, the Earth2014 Earth topographic/bathymetric model, CRUST1.0 and CRUST19 crustal seismic models are used in a least-squares procedure. The numerical computations show that the Moho depths range from 7.3 km (in Kolbeinsey Ridge) to 52.6 km (in the Gulf of Bothnia) with a global average of 16.4 km and standard deviation of the order of 7.5 km. Estimated Moho density contrasts vary between 20 kg m-3 (north of Iceland) to 570 kg m-3 (in Baltic Sea), with a global average of 313.7 kg m-3 and standard deviation of the order of 77.4 kg m-3. When comparing the computed Moho depths with current knowledge of crustal structure, they are generally found to be in good agreement with other crustal models. However, in certain regions, such as oceanic spreading ridges and hot spots, we generally obtain thinner crust than proposed by other models, which is likely the result of improvements in the new model. We also see evidence for thickening of oceanic crust with increasing age. Hence, the new combined Moho model is able to image rather reliable information in most of the oceanic areas, in particular in ocean ridges, which are important features in ocean basins.

The exam report studies the difference in how data traffic is affected between IPsec VPN tunnels over IPv4 versus IPv6. The data traffic that is sent over the tunnels is UDP and TCP packets where the speed of data is measured.

From the produced result values, it can be concluded that IPsec VPN tunnel over IPv4 is better compared to IPv6 as the bandwidth is faster, but the difference is so small that the effect is insignificant.

Bitcoin is a digital cash money system that is decentralized and not controlled by a central authority. It functions as a cryptocurrency across a peer-to-peer network and all nodes in the network have a public registry of who owns what and who transact what. Transactions are secured through cryptography and with time gets locked in blocks of data and added to the blockchain. All transactions and new blocks are sent using TCP protocol to transport these packets to other nodes in the network.

Bitcoin protocol uses different message types in the communications between the nodes in the network. This work has examined all the message types that are used in the Bitcoin network during two different stages: Downloading of the blockchain to a Bitcoin node versusrunning the node after the blockchain has been downloaded.

From the produced results, it can be concluded that the network traffic between Bitcoin nodes varies depending on what messages are required to be sent and which phase the node is in.

Since the birth of the internet, new advanced technologies have emerged that have affected how people live, work and interact with each other as well as the human view of the world. This has become the basis of the today’s information society. Today's information society is dependent on information and the threat to this information society has increased with the pace of digitalization. In order to prevent the attacks directed to the information society, information security has been developed, which is the core of how to protect society, both businesses and individuals. Businesses, authorities and other societal actors carry out security analyzes to find vulnerabilities that exist in their systems to prevent attacks at an early stage so that attackers are not given the opportunity to exploit the vulnerabilities that exist in the system.This thesis is about a security analysis carried out on a network called the CNAP network at a university. The purpose of this project is to identify network devices that the CNAP network consists, identify security threats directed to these networks, identify vulnerabilities using a vulnerability-scanning tool called Nessus and based on the identified vulnerabilities, make some suggestions on how these vulnerabilities can be counteracted. 194 network devices and 726 open ports have been identified using NetworkMapper (Nmap). Based on these network devices and open ports, various types of security threats have been identified such as open ports that should not be open and vulnerabilities such as Cisco Smart Install Remote Code Execution and Denial of Service Vulnerability. Improvements and countermeasures to these security threats and vulnerabilities have been suggested, such as upgrading the network devices to the latest version and disabling the open ports and services that are not used or pose a security threat to the system.

The coordinated planning procedure regulates how consultation, announcement and review can be simplified and coordinated with a case that is examined according to the Road Act or the Rail Construction Act. A coordinated planning procedure was introduced in the Planning and Building Act on 1 January 2015. Previously, the procedure has been regulated as a simple procedure. The simple procedure was introduced in the new Planning and Building Act in 2011 after investigations and preparatory work found that a simpler planning process is needed to streamline construction and speed up social development. The opportunity for simplification should also help to avoid double work and double testing. In order to apply the procedure, certain requirements are set. If the requirements are met, the municipality can skip consultations and, in some cases, also use the environmental impact assessment that is produced in the road or railways plan. When amending the Road Act and the Railway Construction Act in 2013, the corresponding simplification and coordination provisions were also introduced in these. However, the study shows that the Swedish Transport Administration cannot simplify the consultation in the same way as the municipalities and that it is difficult for the Swedish Transport Administration to make use of an environmental impact assessment that has been produced by the municipality. The study is based on answers from surveys sent out to municipalities and the Swedish Transport Administration as well as interviews. The answers from the surveys show that the knowledge of the procedure is very low both at the municipality and at the Swedish Transport Administration. A few respondents indicate that they have used the procedure and have different views on the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure. From the study we have found that coordinated planning is difficult to apply, which means that it is rarely used. The study shows that more general coordination is used as the parties see advantages in sharing investigations and in some cases also trying to hold joint consultations in order to increase public understanding and avoid double messages. It can be stated that the municipal planning process and the planning process for state infrastructure differ both in process and time, which is the main reason why coordinated planning procedure sounds nice but is difficult to apply.

This report is the result of a survey conducted on the CNAP-network (Cisco Networking Academy Program). This project has the goal to survey the aging and ill-constructed CNAP-network at University West, analyze potential security risks and to come up with suggestions on how the network could be reorganized, rebuilt or improved.

In our thesis we discovered several flaws within the network and the results of the survey were summarized in a list of recommendations.

An optimal design of a geodetic network can fulfill the requested precision and reliability of the network, and decrease the expenses of its execution by removing unnecessary observations. The role of an optimal design is highlighted in deformation monitoring network due to the repeatability of these networks. The core design problem is how to define precision and reliability criteria. This paper proposes a solution, where the precision criterion is defined based on the precision of deformation parameters, i. e. precision of strain and differential rotations. A strain analysis can be performed to obtain some information about the possible deformation of a deformable object. In this study, we split an area into a number of three-dimensional finite elements with the help of the Delaunay triangulation and performed the strain analysis on each element. According to the obtained precision of deformation parameters in each element, the precision criterion of displacement detection at each network point is then determined. The developed criterion is implemented to optimize the observations from the Global Positioning System (GPS) in Skåne monitoring network in Sweden. The network was established in 1989 and straddled the Tornquist zone, which is one of the most active faults in southern Sweden. The numerical results show that 17 out of all 21 possible GPS baseline observations are sufficient to detect minimum 3 mm displacement at each network point. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

Land development agreement is an agreement for the implementation of a detailed plan that regulates the financial and practical issues required for implementation. The parties involved are the municipality, as a planning authority, and a private property owner who wishes to develop their property, a developer. The Contract Act and the Freedom of Contract are basically at hand, but the contents of the development agreement are regulated to some extent in the Planning and Building Act. The municipality as an authority must also relate to the public law, such as the Local Government Act, the Public Procurement Act and the EU state aid rules.

The purpose of the study is to investigate to what extent, and with what methods, the municipalities are working on monitoring commitments in development contracts. Material has since been collected through surveys to all of Sweden's municipalities and in-depth interviews with two selected municipalities.

80 replies were received on the questionnaires. It showed that 68.8% did not consider themselves to have a routine for general follow-up of commitments in land development contracts. The majority of those who considered themselves to have a routine stated "project leader follows up" or "continuous follow-up" as the current routine. On specific issues concerning follow-up of property formation and financial security, the municipalities considered to a greater extent routine for follow-up. Real estate development stated that the municipalities were able to secure by applying for a settlement themselves in cases where it was a municipal matter. Financial security ensures the municipalities primarily by requiring security before signing contracts, or the project manager is responsible for the follow-up.

With detailed development plans where the property owners build and maintain the publically accessible places, some municipalities felt that there was more to follow up, some that less follow-up takes place.

The two interviewed municipalities described how the project manager's routine for follow-up can work and that they both work actively with follow-up.

The conclusion is that some municipalities are actively working on follow-up of commitments, but that there are a lot of shortcomings. Some municipalities do not seem to work actively with the follow-up. Among these municipalities are many of those who write zero or very few agreements annually, but also several municipalities that write many agreements annually.

To protect culturally valuable buildings from demolition Planning and Building Act chapter 9 section 34 p. 2 is used if the building is located within the detailed development plan or area regulations. Preparatory work on the section is clear that what is defined as cultural history must be decided regarding local considerations. When an application for demolition permit is submitted to the municipality, it must be tested against Planning and Building Act chapter 9 section 34 p. 2. To deny demolition, the building must meet the cultural heritage prerequisite. The cultural-historical value may be the building itself or the overall environment the building is part of. To prove the cultural-historical value, statements from museums, cultural inventories, private companies with building antiquarian competence and the municipality's own plans are used.

The municipalities' cultural history plans and programs are not always updated, which places higher demand on the knowledge of culturally valuable buildings in the municipal's officials. The study indicates that there is a varying level of knowledge among the officials who participated in the survey, in some cases there are misinterpretations of the law. It is not possible to deduce the level of knowledge neither to education nor experience in the profession. When the officials knowledge is not sufficient municipalities make desitions in conflict with the intentions of the law. The competence of conservation officers is of good help for the building committee in assessing the cultural historical value of a buildning. Municipalities should update and expand the inventory of culturally valuable buildings to be able to make qualified assesments when it comes to denying or granting demolition permits.

This study shows deficiencies in the municipality's information to property owners about their rights to compensation in the event of a denied demolition permit. Furthermore, it is unusual for municipalities to budget for this compensation. It is difficult to determine why the municipality's lack in information to property owners and whether the lack of budget leads to deficient information. However, the fact remains, the municipality is obliged to compensate the property owner if the damage of the refused demolition permit meets the qualification, significant damage in relation to the value of the affected part of the property.

The legislation is clear, but the knowledge needs to be spread among Sweden's municipalities in order to enable the preservation of culturally valuable buildings.

This thesis contains a security analysis primarily focusing on the users and their behaviors in relationship to their daily IT usage.

The thesis was possible due to the help via an international e-commerce company leading in their field of operation.

The company which this thesis has been carried out with is a leading international e-commerce company in its industry. Their Swedish office has 35 employees all of whom use IT-related equipment daily in their daily tasks. Their interest is to learn more about IT security and in particular internal security.

Through research of both network devices, user devices, interviews and a survey, the security on layer 2 as well as the users behaviour and knowledge have been examined. Following this research, results have been extracted regarding possible vulnerabilities and recommendations for further development within the area to improve the matters of today.

This thesis aims to answer if the selected municipalities are prepared to meet the challenges that the climate change will cause. Furthermore, the consideration between benefit and risk of developing residential areas in regions with a high risk of flooding is explored. This has been done through a qualitative case study of Gothenburg, Karlstad and Uddevalla municipalities planning documents. The planning documents that have been in focus are primarily comprehensive plans and related supplement reports. The study has also included two detailed development plans from each municipalities. Additional four interviews were conducted, three with municipal officials and one with an external consultant. The analysis shows how the municipalities, through physical planning, are trying to dampen the consequences of climate change, such as rising sea levels and more frequent downfall. However, the municipalities continue to plan future development in regions with a high risk of flooding. This is the case because there exists a strong economic and social incentive to further development. An additional discussion about this essay results and analysis are held where reasoning behind planning tactics are explored and nuanced. 

In today's datacenters, there is an increasing demand for more network traffic capacity. The majority of the increase in traffic is internal to the datacenter, i.e., it flows between different servers within the datacenter. This category of traffic is often referred to as east-west traffic and traditional hierarchical architectures are not well equipped to handle this type of traffic. Instead, they are better suited for the north-southbound traffic between hosts and the Internet. One suggested solution for this capacity problem is to adopt a folded CLOS topology, also known as spine-leaf, which often relies on software defined network (SDN) controllers to manage traffic. This paper shows that it is possible to implement a spine-leaf network using commodity-ofthe-shelf switches and thus improve the east-west traffic capacity. This can be obtained using low complexity configuration and edgerouting for load balancing, eliminating the need for a centralized SDN controller.

2009/2010 a new concept was brought into Environmental code and Planning and Building Act, which was countryside development in areas close to shores (LIS). This amendment was motivated by that areas which have a low degree of exploited land area and high access to seaside areas would get an opportunity to reliefs in coastal protection regulations, in order to be able to offer attractive areas for living and establishing different activities within the municipality. Since the amendment came into force the main responsibility for approval of exceptions from costal protection regulations is on the county. The county administrative board main responsibility is to keep an eye on the granted approvals of the municipalities. The amendments in the Planning and Building Act resulted in the possibility for the municipalities to present areas in with a relief in coastal protection regulations, as a part of the comprehensive plan, an addition to the comprehensive plan or an extensive version for a part of the comprehensive plan.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare how the legislation about LIS is applied, by studying 44 municipalities including the documents of comments from the county administrative board. The first part of the study is the quantitative part which contains collecting and compile information and statistics in which the study will be founded. The study also contains a qualitative part of analyzing the results obtained in the quantitative part.

Overall the study shows that there is a disagreement between the municipalities and the county administrative board regarding costal protection regulation. The conclusion is based on the results from the study presenting the comments from the county administrative board to the municipalities during the final examine before the comprehensive plan is adopted by the municipal council. The results in the study show a pattern in the most frequent comments from the county administrative board compiled. The most common comment from the county administrative board is that the municipality has not fulfilled the purpose of the legislation about LIS. Furthermore, the municipality has not considered national interests in the municipal areas meant for LIS. The study shows that different political ideology has an influence on the execution of the legislation about LIS in municipalities. The results in the study show that the political ideology has an impact on the numbers of areas which the municipalities present as LIS. As a matter of fact, the impact of political ideology is greater than the impact of geographical similarities between two municipalities, according to the results in the study.

Gentrification is a concept for the process of change that occurs in a neighborhood where people with high economic status move into an area that has previously been dominated by people with low socio-economic status. The process takes place step by step and affects, among other things, the economic, social, physical and cultural impression in the district. The concept itself is not well mentioned in urban planning or by politicians. Instead, they choose to use words such as integration in their work as it leaves a positive impression. The gentrification process can eventually give positive effects to a neighborhood if it generates growth and contributes to increased service in the area. However, the negative side of the gentrification process is more talked about. The negative effects are characterized by consequences for the residents in an area where the rents increase and they can no longer afford to live. The reason for the price increase and the fact that people are forced to move can be a consequence of the rebuilding and new construction run by the municipality and developers. The phenomenon occurs worldwide, but due to the extensive degree of development within the City of Gothenburg, the study will be based on the municipality. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the City of Gothenburg relate to the concept of gentrification and to what extent they work with its sanctions when they add new detailed plans for an area. The study is also meant to investigate the municipality's position on the concept as well as whether it is conscious or unconscious decisions that make, which in turn can lead to the re-enactment of the detailed planning area. In order to delimit the study, four areas were chosen in Gothenburg with similar conditions where a new detailed plan has gained legal force and exploitation is either started or completed. A qualitative method was used for reading material and interviews were held with the municipality and an developer to gain insight into the thinking about the design of the detailed plans and the exploitation. After completing the study, we have found that gentrification is a loaded concept, which means that politicians and urban planners also do not want to know it. In connection with the interviews carried out for the study, there was a lack of knowledge about the concept's existence, but a strong belief that their particular project would generate a positive gentrification effect for the area they project. Some interviewees also reported for some type of conscious gentrification when they felt that an increased population and variety of population groups could contribute to something positive despite the possible risk of gentrification in the exploited area.

The study investigates and maps the extent to which decisions taken by the Cadastral authorities have been appealed in Västra Götaland County and Halland County between the years 2012 and 2017, where the years 2013 and 2016 were chosen to be studied at a deeper level. Furthermore, the study investigates differences between KLM and SLM regarding working methods and the proportion of appealed cadastral procedures. The study was conducted by reviewing 321 rulings from the Land and Environment Court, which is all the rulings regarding appealed cadastral procedures in Västra Götaland County and Halland County during the years 2013 and 2016. All 321 rulings were categorized as following; the cadastral measure being appealed, appellant, municipality, the reason for the appeal and the outcome in the Land and Environment Court and appeal to the Land and Environment Court of Appeal. In addition, interviews have been conducted with a judge and a Technical Judge from the Land and Environment Court. Interviews were also made with five current and former surveyors with experience from KLM, SLM or both. The interviews were conducted primarily to investigate differences between working methods at KLM and SLM and to investigate whether this may have any connection with the proportion of appealed cadastral procedures. The result shows that the proportion of appeals has been on average 5 % in Västra Götaland County and 4 % in Halland County between the years 2012 and 2017. The most common cadastral measure being appealed has been property reallotments and facility procedures. Furthermore, cadastral procedure costs has been the most common cause of appeal. In almost 50 % of all the reviewed rulings, the Land and Environment Court chose to establish the decisions made by the Cadastral authorities. In approximately 25 % of the cases, the court chose to change the decisions made by the Cadastral authorities. The result also showed a difference regarding the proportion of appeals between municipalities with KLM (3 %) and municipalities without (5 %). If the statistics are related to the different working methods at SLM and KLM cannot be said with certainty. From the interviews, however, it was found that many had the opinion that personal contact with the interested party and local knowledge is two important factors in order to make a good cadastral procedure. These are things that appear to be more common at KLM.

The study includes a comparison of Västra Götaland municipalities regarding how they apply digitalization of the detailed planning process and correspondingly how the municipalities digitize the building permit management. The purpose of the study is to gain knowledge about how municipalities implement digitalization in the community building process and how uniform they are. In December 2017, the National Board of Housing was commissioned by the Government to "promote a uniform digital application of the Planning and Building Act". All detailed plans must be available digitally from 1 July 2021. Digitalization of detail plans has different levels of ambition, from the basic level where the detailed plan in paper format is converted into text-based PDF documents up to the detailed plan is visualized in three dimensions. According to the National Board of Housing, digitalization aims at a maturity level that means that plan maps and plan regulations are georeferenced in vector format in two dimensions. Digitalization results in a more efficient community building process with shorter lead times.The study is conducted in all 49 municipalities in the county using the method internet studies. Information on how municipalities apply digitalization in the detailed planning and building permit process is obtained from each individual municipal website. The information obtained is further analyzed based on two different aspects, population and tourism.The result shows that there is a great deal of variation regarding digitalization of the detailed planning and building permit process at the municipalities in the current situation. There is no doubt that the development has a connection with the population in each municipality where those with more inhabitants tend to have invested more in the digitalization process. The municipalities lack the resources to complete the digitalization work, with active support from the state, a uniform digitalization of the community building process can be completed to the goal of 1 July 2021.

In community planning, there are many regulations that can be made to control land use and a detail development plan is an instrument that Sweden's municipalities have access to in order to do so. In a detail development plan, the municipality may specify properties that will apply in an area, such as the protection of trees, whish this study is about. To protect trees a plan regulation is required in the plan indicating what is applicable. In the Planning and Building Act 9 chap. 12 § it is stated that the municipality in a detail development plan may decide that a land permit is required for felling trees and for afforestation. An application for a permit to felling trees and / or afforestation shall be sent to the municipality, which will examine whether the application is to be granted or refused. Entering a land permit for felling trees in the detail development plan protects trees that may otherwise be cut down without the municipality's knowledge.

The survey aims at examining the extent to which the municipalities of Sweden use the opportunity to decide on land permits in a detail development plan. Furthermore, the municipality's motive for the protection of trees is investigated and if it is done otherwise than with the plan regulation, and whether there has been any change in how the municipalities regulate trees in 2017 compared to 1990, when the detail development plan had recently been introduced. This has been done with both qualitative and quantitative methods to get a versatile and complete study.

The results show that the municipalities used the plan regulation for land permit for felling trees in 60 of the detail development plans in 2017. To ensure protection of trees municipalities use other methods than land permit, for example a Plan regulation to protect trees. The motives given by the municipalities to protect trees vary widely and there are ecological, social and aesthetic reasons. In the comparison of detail development plans from 2017 and 1990, differences have been observed. More plans in 2017 with land permit for felling trees have been observed as well as more and more varied motivations. Plan regulation about afforestation has been found only once in a total of 1 353 detail development plans.

This report addresses latency and response-time comparisons between the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. These protocols are necessary to deliver data to the right recipient on the Internet as it is the TCP/IP model that is used. IPv6 is a newer version of IPv4 and was created in the late 1990's because the IPv4 addresses will not be enough for all devices that will come to need it. In association with the transition to IPv6, an opportunity was taken to optimize the protocol with fewer fields in the header and thus try to increase the latency and response times over IPv4.

The report shows similarities and differences in latency and response times between IPv4 and IPv6 when browsing popular websites, a relevant use case that occurs daily. Measurements are made by downloading the web pages with the http protocol with both the IPv4 and the IPv6 protocols and then analyzing the different response times between them. This is done for three different internet providers: Telia, Bahnhof and Sunet. Telia also uses a different IPv6 solution than the other two, which will be another factor in the analysis.

The results of the measurements show that IPv4 performs somewhat faster for all internet providers but does not make a directly noticeable difference for an end user. The traffic takes largely the same route regardless of which of the two protocols is used. The time for DNS lookups takes considerably longer for Sunet as an Internet provider than for the other two. The difference in route choice depending on which protocol is used is most noticeable for Bahnhof. 6RD performs a better average time than Sunets native IPv6.

Three different servers running three different server operating systems were subjected to the denial-of-service (DoS) attacks; UDP flood and Slow HTTP. Computers running Kali Linux were used as the attackers and the tools hping3 and Slowloris were used to perform the attacks. The first round of attacks was performed by one computer and the second round was performed by four computers simultaneously, this was to simulate DoS attacks and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks respectively. Results were recorded both before and during the attacks, to then be compared. The three Operating systems in question were Windows Server 2019, Ubuntu Server 19.10 and CentOS 8 Server, they all had the web server software Apache installed. The servers' average CPU usage and average memory usage were measured, these results were then compared and if any increase had occurred during the attack it would be deduced that the attack was impacting the server negatively, a higher increase meant a higher impact. During the Slow HTTP attacks the web servers were checked for availability, if it was not available then the attack was successful.

During testing it was found that the Windows server had the worst performance during both attacks, showing the highest increase in hardware usage and the lowest uptime of the web page when being attacked.

The Ubuntu server performed the best when looking at the CPU and memory usage, with little to no change from its baseline results and a higher uptime of its webpage than the Windows server.

CentOS recorded less of a change in hardware performance when being attacked than the Windows server but more so than the Ubuntu server, it was, however, the server with the most uptime of the webpage when being attacked.

In today´s IT environments, the role of the users becomes more important. In 2016 there were 200,000 crimes in Sweden that could be linked to social engineering attacks. These attacks are targeting the users and it is therefore important that users are aware of what they look like. This report is conducted in cooperation with a municipality in Västergötland, Sweden, and investigate four different methods to use when sharing IT information to their users. The methods differ not only in implementation but also in difficulty in the choice of words and expressions. The first method is a document of information taken from the municipality´s intranet. The second is also a document but is rewritten to simplify for the users. The third method is a video presentation and the fourth was made as a lecture with the possibility of interaction between the lecturer and the users. To evaluate these four methods two surveys were conducted. The first survey was performed before the users received IT information to create a baseline. After one and a half month the second survey was made. The surveys are compared to see how much the users remember and which method was most effective. The results indicate that the information on the municipality´s intranet is difficult to understand for the users. The other three methods provide a greater positive change in the user’s questionnaire response, indicating that users need a different form and structure when information is to be provided for them.

When people connect to the network in the main building of a municipality in Västra Götaland they get an IP address from their administrative network.

The municipality want to be able to separate the staff from the guests. In the current situation, their older servers are on the administrative network and therefore represents a security risk, as some of the servers do not have a firewall in between that can stop malicious traffic.

The report will include the possible security risks that the municipality in the current situation can be exposed to and therefore three different authentication methods will be compared. The authentication methods that will be compared in the report is FortiAuthenticator, Cisco ISE and 802.1X with RADIUS. The reason these have been selected are because the municipality in the current situation is using FortiGate firewalls, Cisco devices and RADIUS. The report also includes dynamic VLAN as this can be used with 802.1X.

The result that has been developed is that FortiAuthenticator and Cisco ISE has many similarities, however there are a few things that set them apart. In the implementation of 802.1X there are advantages and disadvantages to be considered. However, all three methods work well in the municipal network.

This essay looks at how IP addresses on the last octet are distributed and how they are balanced by different load balancer algorithms. We collected the data from a data center in Sweden to get real data. The IP addresses we collected were used with a load balancer using IP source algorithms. We used 4 different algorithms in different scenarios: the entire IP address, the first 3 octets, and the last octet with and without hash between two to five links/servers. The results were that the efficiency of the algorithm depends on the setup that is being used. Each of these algorithms did not have an even distribution, when comparing between two to five links/servers. The best overall distribution that did not have any weaknesses compared to the other algorithms was Nginx that uses the Bob Jenkins hash algorithm.

YubiKey is a small hardware method of authentication, designed to authenticate a user on various network-based platforms such as Google, Dropbox, Facebook and Twitter.

In the first part of this paper, the underlying technology of the YubiKey, such as the one-time password protocol (OTP) and the Universal 2nd Factor standard, is further described, as well as the approach of the tests to examine how practical and secure the method itself is, but also examines its ease of use. These tests were performed on the platforms Google Account, Facebook, Dropbox and Twitter platforms. The YubiKey is also compared to other methods in relation to the phishing, malware, password guessing, man-in-the-middle and shoulder surfing attacks.

The purpose of the comparison was to see if YubiKey protects against these attacks, compared to other methods, thus investigating its security. A later part presents the results of the tests, but also compares YubiKey with other methods in the market, and examines the recovery of a stolen och lost Yubikey. These tests show the simplicity of the method, its ease of use and how practical the method is.

The comparison clearly shows that YubiKey is a very safe method, which resists common threats to the user side. The simulation of the recovery process further attests to its ease of use and ease of handling, even with lost or stolen key.

Human activity is a major driver of change and has contributed to many of the challenges we face today. Detailed information about human population distribution is fundamental and use of freely available, high-resolution, gridded datasets on global population as a source of such information is increasing. However, there is little research to guide users in dataset choice. This study evaluates five of the most commonly used global gridded population datasets against a high-resolution Swedish population dataset on a pixel level. We show that datasets which employ more complex modeling techniques exhibit lower errors overall but no one dataset performs best under all situations. Furthermore, differences exist in how unpopulated areas are identified and changes in algorithms over time affect accuracy. Our results provide guidance in navigating the differences between the most commonly used gridded population datasets and will help researchers and policy makers identify the most suitable datasets under varying conditions. © 2020, The Author(s).

The purpose of this study is to examine if the playing of massively multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPGs) impacts upon the social well-being and real-life skills of young adults. Online computer gaming has become a widespread everyday activity and there is an ongoing debate suggesting both positive and negative impacts upon gamer´s well-being and health. This study wants to capture gamers' perspectives. Therefore, a qualitative method was conducted in which the data collection took place through semi-structured interviews. Targeted selection was chosen in the study. Interviews were conducted with six young adults between the ages of 22 - 26, who were considered relevant as a target group. Each of them plays either World of Warcraft (Blizzard, 2004) or Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn (Square Enix, 2013). A thematic analysis was carried out. The conclusion of the study is that intensive online computer gaming is not perceived as a socially isolating activity. It enables new friendships and the expansion of social networks among like-minded people. Playing games with other people all over the world teaches you how to communicate, makes you better at English and in performing visual tasks. Taking responsibility for clan activities and effective strategizing helps you to work on your managing skills to become a leader. You only need to actually apply skills you can get from gaming to real life tasks in a meaningful way. Excessive playing of MMORPGs can have negative consequences on the body in the short term. Young adults are more able to limit the time they spend gaming, and to reach better balance between playing games and reconnecting with reality again. Even so, young adults consider problematic gaming to be a serious issue that deserves to be defined as Internet gaming disorder in order in order to get a public health response to a new problem.

In this thesis, the comparison between two different methods of establishment of free station for the purpose of geodetic surveying. The methods are the traditional method,with known control points with already established coordinates, and the integrated method,that uses GNSS-technology. In the beginning of the thesis there is some theoretical background and explanation of the technology and methods to help with understanding the later parts. The study focuses only on the accuracy of the different methods, and not the time that each method takes to establish. This was decided because the main interest was to see which method was the most accurate, and not the most efficient time wise.

The method using known points is based on using points that have already established coordinates, and by measuring the distances and angles between these and the total station a position for the total station can be calculated. The other method is based on GNSS, and also uses the total station. This method instead uses new points, known as backsights, that are placed out during the establishment. The thesis also focuses on the sources of error that can occur during work with these methods, and how these sources impact the different methods. A look into the geodetic control network is also made and discussed throughout the thesis.In the end the completed results from all of the establishments are compiled and summarized, and a comparison and analysis are made on these results. These results are later discussed and the strengths and weaknesses of each method is weighed up.

The results of this study has shown that the best quality of the establishment is reached by using the integrated with at least five backsights. The sources of errors that were discovered for each method are studied more closely, in correlation to the prerequisites of the study. The study also shows that some of the known control points that were used during the establishments were of bad quality and in need of a control and some adjustments, to ensure that future work around these points won’t be a problem.

In the conclusion of the study the result shows that the use of the integrated method withat least five backsights is the preferred method of establishment. The quality of the establishment with the integrated method was 0,002 m and 0,004 m for the north and east coordinates, while the result of the traditional method was 0,004 and 0,013 for the north and east coordinates.

This study examines surveying with indoor surveying as main focus. Indoor surveying is used to produce plans of an existing building that is being conversed to e.g. dwellings. The study evaluates reflectorless and prism measurement with total station. The purpose with the study is to identify the problems that occur when measured surveying is conducted and establish adequate surveying methods with regards to efficiency and quality. It will also be examined if a further development of the electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) technique will enable for reflectorless measuring to phase out the use of prism. To put the purpose into practice a few question formulations were established:  What objects are today problematic when conducting indoor surveying?  Which are the most adequate methods when measuring the objects identified above with regards to efficiency and uncertainty?  What are the ratio between reflectorless measuring made with different developed EDM technique? A number of qualitative interviews with surveyors were carried out to identify problematic objects and surveying methods used today. Together with earlier studies in the field, those interviews was the basis for the design of the quantitative field examination. The problematic areas examined were; large incidence angle, outside corner, inside corner and circular objects. Each of the reflectorless measurements were carried out by two instruments using different developed EDM technique, which enabled a comparison. Furthermore prism measurement were conducted since that is the leading method this day. The examination showed that prism measurement had the largest amount of results meeting the requirement of an enlarged uncertainty < 10 mm. Prism measurement fulfilled the requirement in 34 out of 46 of the scenarios, compared to 38 out of 54 when using reflectorless measuring with the newer total station. The examination also showed that the instrument using a newer EDM technic performed better in 50 out of 54 scenarios. Hence the conclusion were made that a further development of the EDM technique may enable a phase out of the use of prism on a wider scale. To be able to make correct choices of surveying methods, the final products requirements, which instrument that are being used and the shape and placing of objects need to be taken into consideration.

This paper goes through the process of designing a corporate network from scratch. The work clarifies some concepts in network design, how a simple requirement specification can look and how it is used in the process of creating a network that meets the customer's needs.

Levelling is the method traditionally used for height measuring and gives the lowest measurement error. This method can, however, be time consuming and requires access to a starting point of known elevation. This study aims to determine if the RUFRIS-method can be an alternative method to levelling. RUFRIS stands for “Realtidsuppdaterad fri station” in Swedish and is a free station established with RTK and GNSS. This method can serve as a more time-saving and cost-effective way to measure heights. However, the method requires evaluation in order to find out if the measurement error is low enough to be an appropriate alternative for height measuring. This study was executed in an urban environment in order to examine if an acceptable measurement error could be attained despite the obstacles and error sources that occur in this type of environment. In the study, the heights of three points have been measured with both levelling and the RUFRIS-method. The levelled heights are used as the true elevation and the heights obtained from RUFRIS as the measured elevation. The measurement error is the difference between the true and measured heights for each point. This resulted in a measurement error between 3.4 and 3.9 cm, which meets the requirements for HMK´s standard level 3 (guidelines from the Swedish authority Lantmäteriet). Level 3 is the level which requires the lowest measurement error, with only 5 cm uncertainty allowed. The result indicates a systematic error since each height measured with RUFRIS is lower than the levelled height. However, more measurements for each point would need to be conducted in order to support this hypothesis. The result has likely also been influenced by error sources connected to the local environment with its many obstacles and reflective surfaces, which affects the visibility towards the sky and can cause multipath error. There is also uncertainty in the result due to the uncertainty of the known points that could not be declared. Based on the results it can be concluded that the RUFRIS-method is useful for height measuring. The result also indicates that the measurement errors of the heights measured with RUFRIS do not differ substantially (only 5 mm) between each other, which suggests that the method can provide heights with a small internal difference. This assumption is drawn based on only three measurements and will therefore require a more excessive investigation with a larger number of measurements to draw a definite conclusion. 

The work explains what 802.1X is and how it can be applied in the municipality's network. It goes through which protocols are used as well as how the different units communicate with each other. Configuration and tests are done according to requirements specification and are reviewed to confirm the function.

Connected vehicles are being developed extensively, and in 2019, vehicle manufacturers and transport companies will start equipping vehicles and roads with wireless communication around Europe. This will increase safety and streamline the traffic by allowing drivers to be warned of what they have not yet seen as vehicles around the corner, queuing, slipping, collision and road work. However, accidents involving connected vehicles have occurred recently, which has created uncertainty regarding its safety. Great demands are placed on its safety when connected vehicles will increase significantly on the roads.

The study aims to carry out a safety assessment against the connected car with the aim of investigating potential threats and risks in vehicle wireless communication, what is required for the technology to be considered safe and reviewing various safety solutions developed.

The NKG2015 (Nordic Geodetic Commission) geoid model is the most recent official geoid model over the Nordic countries. There has been no previous research published on the quality of this model, therefore, this study may be a valuable contribution to the research in this area. It is important to be aware of the limitations and quality of the geoid model used when measuring heights. If the quality of the geoid is not known, the quality of the measured heights will also be uncertain. This might cause problems when the measured heights are used in projects where great precision is vital.

Measured GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems)/levelling data has been compared to the computed geoid heights from the NKG2015 geoid model at the corresponding points to investigate the quality of this model. The misclosures between the geoid height, obtained from the GNSS/levelling data and the geoid heights from the NKG2015 geoid model have been analysed by statistical methods. The normality of the misclosures is tested, and the analysis is performed on unfiltered and filtered misclosures with confidence intervals (CIs) of 95% and 99.7% to remove probable outliers. Trends in the misclosures are removed with a least-squares detrending method.

The result of the study shows that filtering the misclosures generally makes them more normally distributed, but this is not the case for all countries. Detrending the misclosures improves the normality in most cases. In this process, a corrective surface with a specified number of parameters is fitted to the misclosures to remove trends. The topography of each country is very important when deciding which corrective surface that should be used in the detrending process. Countries with rough topography such as Norway has greater uncertainty in its heights and needs a corrective surface with more parameters than flatter countries such as Denmark. There are some estimates for the errors for the GNSS/levelling data which are not all in agreement with the misclosures. The GNSS/levelling error in Finland is greater than it should be.

The given, estimated errors of the NKG2015 geoid model are 10 mm for Sweden and Denmark, 22 mm for Norway and 12 mm for Finland. These errors are reasonable, but not in perfect agreement with the given errors of the GNSS/levelling measurements in relation to the misclosures. Based on the assumption that the GNSS/levelling errors are correct, confidence intervals of the geoid error can be estimated. These estimated intervals are 0-6.5mm for Sweden, 1.8-5.2mm for Denmark, 14.8-17.7mm for Norway and 0-0mm for Finland. The confidence interval for Finland is not realistic because it is based on the assumption that the GNSS/levelling error is correct.

Many want to live and work along the coast of Bohuslän. Here is the sea with swimming, sailing and panoramic views. The shoreland protection provisions exists to protect accessibility and the rich wildlife that exists here. In some cases, shoreland protectionprovisions are waived by granting an exemption or revoking the protection. There are 6 specific reasons for doing this outside of LIS areas.The thesis examines how the municipalities handle exemptions from shoreland protection. This is done so that the results of the study may contribute to the improvement of themunicipalities' work with shoreland protection.To get answers to the questions, I have sent questionnaires that have been answered to Orust, Stenungsund, Sotenäs, Strömstad and Tanum municipality. Questionnaire questions were also sent to the County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland to investigate how they view the municipalities' work. To control the surveys, detailed development plans and legal cases from the Supreme Land and Environmental Court have been studied. It was done to see how the law works in reality. What is done right and wrong.It is possible to link the questionnaire responses with the studies of legal cases and detailed development plans. The methods I have used have given an overall picture of the problems. The results of the study show how the processes and roles work in both legislation and practice. Both the county administrative board and the municipalities emphasize that the new law works on a general level, but that the municipality does not always have the right competencies or make the correct trade-offs. There are also appeals because officials are not proficient enough at explaining the reasons for rejection.The conclusion is that there is a need for a more efficient way of using the resources available for shore protection exemptions, that the decisions made are assessments based on complicated legislation and that politicians should listen more to the expertise of officials. The conclusion is also that priorities must be changed so that outdoor life and plant and animal life has the same weight in the municipalities' examination.Four questions have emerged that may be interesting to study further. How can municipalities become better at justifying refusals? How can the municipalities become better at making trade-offs between the purposes of shoreland protection? How can the municipality become better at justifying its decisions to grant exemptions and revoke shoreland protection? What could be done to dissuade politicians from carrying throughdiscouraged decisions?

This thesis is about comparing two different virtual private network (VPN) solutions. One of them is OpenVPN running on a single-board computer called Raspberry pi. The other one is Cisco AnyConnect that runs on a Cisco firewall called ASA 5510. To compare and find out which one of the solutions that worked best, we chose to use three parameters: CPU usage under high load of UDP streams which were sent in a server-client mode over the solutions, the variation of the delay in a connection under same load namely UDP jitter, and how much data loss occurred at the same amount of load. We chose to use Jperf as measurement tool for the values we compared, the measurements occurred both during and after the transmission of traffic in the private tunnel. The software Jperf was used to create a UDP stream with 100 Mbit/s on different packet sizes, the same method was performed on both solutions. In the result, it emerged that the solution with a Cisco ASA 5510 was the better option in terms of the parameters we measured. The ASA had lower CPU usage during the transmission of traffic, the UDP jitter was slightly higher than the other solution, but the packet loss was much lower in all measurements. Based on the results is the Raspberry Pi a quite good solution considering the size and price of the unit. It can handle big sized packets in terms of CPU, jitter and data loss. On the contrary, traffic with smaller packet sizes it has some problems with both CPU usage and packet loss. This leads to poor transmission of traffic with small packet sizes, for instance IP telephony. [1] The best solution considering the parameters we chose to use is the Cisco ASA 5510 with AnyConnect. It performed better in two cases out of our three tests.

Needs common to several properties can be satisfied by a joint facility. It may consist of one or more purposes and is often managed by a joint property association. 

The aim of the study is to investigate both the legal regulation and the application of the possibility of forming multi-purpose joint facilities.

The study has a legal dogmatic outset in applicable law (“de lege lata”) but is mainly based on qualitative methods applied from the perspective of sociology law. Telephone interviews have been carried out with twelve cadastral surveyors from both municipal and state cadastral authorities in Västra Götaland county. Five interviews in written form have been carried out with experts in the Joint Facilities Act (1973:1149), and one written interview with an expert in joint property associations was completed.

The result demonstrates that there is a possibility that cadastral surveyors may be violating the legislator’s intentions regarding the possibility to form multi-purpose joint facilities, but in absence of current legal practice this cannot be ensured. Consequently, cadastral surveyors are currently very free when deciding to form one or more joint facilities.

It is unclear if a multi-purpose joint facility is to be adjudicated overall, or if each of its purposes are to be adjudicated individually in relation to the terms in the Joint Facilities Act. However, the study shows that there is a risk that the adjudication will be done less strict for each purpose if a multi-purpose joint facility is to be adjudicated overall towards the terms in the Joint Facilities Act.

Cadastral surveyors mainly choose to form a multi-purpose joint facility because it simplifies both the conduction when forming the joint facility and the future administration for the joint property association. However, the choice to set up multipurpose joint facilities is subordinate to the fact that the layout of the area is assessed suitable, that the purposes are considered appropriate to be set up in the same joint facility and that the participatory share of the participating property units are equal.

The study shows that a multi-purpose joint facility in some cases may lead to future problems. Mainly, these problems can lead to the fact that the joint facility may need to be re-formed according to the Joint Facilities Act Section 35 §. This could mean great costs which could have been avoided if several joint facilities had been formed from the beginning, instead of one multi-purpose joint facility.

In 2018 the meaning of biodiversity and the value of ecosystem services should be general knowledge and integrated into economical standpoints, political considerations and other decisions where relevant and reasonable. This is one of the milestone targets that the Swedish government decided in 2012. We know today that only parts of this target will be reached. This study includes a survey regarding the concept of ecosystem service in Sweden, all the local authority comprehensive planning, and an examination of three housing projects in Stockholm’s county where ecosystem services were the focal point during the comprehensive planning. In the first part of the study, which concentrates on surveying the concept of ecosystem services, it can be shown that 116 of 290 municipalities have been using the concept in their local authority comprehensive planning. Furthermore, the concept is used more often than not during the last three years in local authority comprehensive planning. In the second part of the study the outline planning was examined, plan handlings and implementation contracts from projects in Täby, Nacka and Haninge municipality. The research was based on text analysis and on-site inspection. The results from the research showed that the municipalities have a high ambition regarding working with ecosystem services, and that there exist a correlation between the visions in the local authority comprehensive planning and regulations in the detailed developed plan. In the agreement the developers are bound to work according to implementation contracts and sustainability program which regulate the considerations of ecosystem services. The concept of ecosystem services is used to show which benefits we humans receive from nature’s work. We are dependent on continual ecosystem services, which are also essential to the public health and wellbeing. Joint effort and a considerate use of ecosystem services is needed to keep them intact. It can result in large profit for society to preserve, develop and recreate nature and green areas in population centers. To integrate ecosystem services in the physical planning is a step in the right direction. The local authority comprehensive planning show the direction for the municipality’s community planning, and the outline of the future physical structure, it also serves to guide upcoming detailed development plans and building acts. The local authority comprehensive planning plays a key part in the ecosystem services future, since its importance can be illustrated within. To reach the visions of the local authority comprehensive planning and the opportunity to actualize it in the detailed development plan is required. To secure the continued functionality of the ecosystem services, a clear and purposive legislation is required. An increase in knowledge and awareness of ecosystem services is essential, and everyone must see their part in the in our common responsibility and work toward a sustainable society.

The aim of this study is to make a comparison of how the reporting of special reasons for private responsibility for public space looked like before and after the surveying authority's changed role in the detailed planning process that took effect from 2015. In addition, an assessment is also made of whether the stated reasons are acceptable according to the law.Detailed development plans within Kalmar County that contain individual principalship for public space are collected. The plans that are examined have gained legal force between 2010 and 2020. Plan descriptions in these detailed plans are studied to see what reasons the municipality has stated for private responsibility. The assessment of whether the stated reasons are acceptable according to the law is made by studying legal cases, preparatory work, reports and manuals from the National Land Survey.For the study, 52 detailed plans were collected from different municipalities in Kalmar County. The period before the survey's changed role in 2015 consists of 28 detailed development plans and after 2015 consists of 24. The results show that the reporting is often deficient for special reasons. In a large part of the plans, no reasons are presented at all. However, there is a clear difference between the periods. Before the new role of surveying, no reasons were reported at all in 15 of the 28 plans studied. The period between 2015 and 2020 shows that 4 out of 24 plans did not state any reason which can be seen as an improvement. 

The general opinion is usually that the younger generation is acting safer on the Internet, since this generation has grown up with technology in their lives. But is this really true? In this study we find out about this by publishing an online survey for the general public and gather answers from different age groups. The survey covers multiple topics that we considered to be important aspects of the individual safety on the Internet. The issues that are answered is this study is: Has a certain age group been exposed to more cyberattacks than others? Do some age groups have higher security considerations on the Internet than others? What does the general password management look like in the different age groups? We gathered and analysed the answers from all the respondents and came to the conclusion thar the theory we had in the beginning of this work did not match the results. The younger generation creates and builds stronger passwords and use services to make intrusion into user accounts more difficult. However, this is the only aspect that the younger respondents handle better. The result clearly showed that the older respondents usually had greater security concerns than the younger ones and generally acted safer on the Internet. 

This thesis is about a comparison of latency between IPv6 and IPv4 in a live environment, the Internet. When IPv4 was developed in the 1980s it was not foreseen how great the need for IP addresses would be. For this reason, the Internet Engineering Task Force began to develop IPv6 in the 1990s. IPv6 extends the number of available IP addresses manifold and eliminate the need for NAT. The protocol was also optimized for more efficient package handling with fewer fields in the header. Migration to IPv6 from IPv4 is inevitable, the question is whether there will be differences in latency.

This report is based on a hypothesis that IPv6 should perform better than IPv4 in form of latency since low response time is fundamental when it comes to for example online games, live video streaming and web surfing. Measurements from Sunet and Telia have been performed with ping and traceroute against 55 nodes that support both protocols. IPv6 does not show any clear indication of lower latency than IPv4. The performance measured differed significantly depending on which ISP was used.

In this article, we analyze the category(Formula presented) of unitary G-graded modules over object unital G -graded rings R, being G a groupoid. Here we consider the forgetful functor  G - R- mod and determine many properties (Formula presented.) for which the following implications are valid for modules M in (Formula presented.) M is (Formula presented.) (Formula presented.) U(M) is (Formula presented.) U(M) is (Formula presented.) (Formula presented.) M is (Formula presented.) We treat the cases when (Formula presented.) is any of the properties: direct summand, projective, injective, free and semisimple. Moreover, graded versions of results concerning classical module theory are established, as well as some structural properties (Formula presented.). 

We extend the classical construction by Noether of crossed product algebras, defined by finite Galois field extensions, to cover the case of separable (but not necessarily finite or normal) field extensions. This leads us naturally to consider non-unital groupoid graded rings of a particular type that we call object unital. We determine when such rings are strongly graded, crossed products, skew groupoid rings and twisted groupoid rings. We also obtain necessary and sufficient criteria for when object unital groupoid graded rings are separable over their principal component, thereby generalizing previous results from the unital case to a non-unital situation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

The purpose of the degree project is to contribute knowledge of Swedish and Finnish shoreland protection legislation and its application. The aim is to map the countries practical application of shoreland protection, planning and opportunities for land development. The method used in the study is mainly a comparative method based on legal dogmatics (literature study) and sociology of law (interview study).

The Swedish shoreland protection is regulated in the Swedish Environmental Code (1998:808) and is a general protection that extends 100 meters from the shoreline in each direction with the possibility of extending to 300 meters. The protection applies to all watercourses and waterbodies and aims to protect animal- and plant life and ensure the publics’ access to the riparian area. The municipality may grant an exemption from the shoreland protection if there are special reasons and that the measure is compatible with the purpose of shoreland protection.

In Finland, the possibility of development is regulated by the planning requirement for the riparian zone and the riparian area in the Land Use- and Building Act (132/1999). The planning requirement means that when constructing buildings within the riparian zone, a valid master development plan with legal effects is required, or alternatively a shoreland detailed development plan. The width of the riparian zone and the riparian area usually estimated at 100–200 meters from the shoreline. Exemption permits may be granted from the planning requirement, provided that the planned measure complies with the specified provisions in the building regulations regarding the building's distance, location, and dimensioning.

The results show that Swedish and Finnish legislations have similar purposes. The legislations contain a similar ban on the construction of buildings in the riparian zone, except for buildings erected for the purpose of forestry- and agricultural activities and for commercial fishing. The two countries also provide an opportunity to deviate from the legislation for new construction and extension of a building within the waterfront area. The interview study has shown that the practical application depends on various factors, but despite municipal differences, Sweden has a more restrictive approach regarding granting exemptions and granting building permits in riparian areas.

The Planning and Building act (PBL) was rewritten in 2011. A new requirement was added for the local authorities to handle building permits within ten weeks from when the applications were completed. However there were no sanctions added against the local authorities if they were to exceed the deadline of ten weeks. Several investigations performed by, for example Boverket, show that the local authorities have difficulties meeting the deadline. JO has several times, since the readjustment in 2011, complained to local authorities of their unreasonable processing time.

In 2016 the government gave Boverket an assignment to investigate if the local authorities are meeting the deadlines and to propose a sanction system for the building committees, if they exceed the ten weeks. The purpose of the assignment was to improve the local authorities' processing time and to make the building process more effective. The report from Boverket showed that 81 percent of the local authorities handle a majority of the building permits within the deadline and that the processing time has improved every year since the Planning and Building act was rewritten in 2011. It was stated in the report from Boverket, that a reduction of the building permit fee was the most suitable penalty to use against the local authorities for a time violation.

The reduction of the building permit fee was introduced in PBL on the first of January 2019, and was stated in paragraph 12:8 a. The penalty is structured so that every started week that exceeds the deadline, the building permit fee will be reduced by a fifth. In this study it has been analysed what impact the rule has had on four local authorities and how they interpret the rule. The study has been limited to and is only focused on building permits that are outside of the detailed plan, with minor deviance from the detailed plan and building permits for major buildings. The study is based on interviews with the manager in the department of building permit in four different local authorities located in Västra Götaland. Three of the local authorities were chosen based on size of population and the fourth was chosen to represent a local authority that has major seasonal accommodation. Before every interview the interviewees have been given an interview guide, and during the interviews the same basic questions have been asked with an opportunity to ask in-depth follow-up questions.

The result showed that 12:8 a will not have a significant impact on the local authorities and therefore will not result in a more effective building process. The reason for this is that the new regulation is only a small part in the bigger picture and has a lack of deadlines in other parts of the building process. This will lead to local authorities simply moving resources to the area that has a deadline, while other steps of the process will not be as prioritized. The conclusion from these findings show that the whole building process should be looked over. The rules within PBL should be better aligned with each other and also with other laws. The guidance that Boverket gives to the local authorities should also be clearer, since local authorities can interpret the law differently. Overall, the 12:8 a paragraph will not have a big impact on the building process. The purpose of PBL on a simpler Planning and Building act continues to be sidestepped.