The objective of this thesis was to design a joint that combines high precision and high damping. A possible application for the joint is to reduce vibrations in machine tools or workpieces during metal cutting processes. The goal was that the joint would clamp a test steel beam with the maximum repeatable referencing precision of 0,05 mm and increase the dynamic stiffness in the beam by 200 %. The increase in dynamic stiffness should also be achieved with less than 20 % reduction in static stiffness in the beam. Five different joint types were evaluated from which pinned joint was selected. Damping is accomplished by incorporating a thin layer of viscoelastic material in the joining surfaces and three pins are used for precision alignment between the surfaces.

The joint was tested with the finite element method to evaluate the damping property before it was manufactured. After manufacturing, an experimental modal test was performed using an impact hammer to evaluate the damping capability. The precision of the joint was measured in a CNC machine. Experiments showed that the repeatable referencing precision of the joint is inside 0,05 mm. The dynamic stiffness in the beam is increased by 180 % with 23 % decrease in static stiffness. 

GKN Aerospace is a world leading supplier of aerospace components. The Aerospace segment that Trollhättan is part of has a total of 35 plants on four continents and employs at the time of writing over 12,000 people. The products produced are made in materials that are difficult to process and the accuracy requirements are extremely high.

The case study has been carried out at GKN in Trollhättan and aims to identify disturbances in the initial part of the process chain for the products LM2500 and 3-9C. The objective of the work will lead to proposals for action which is intended to smooth out the flow and create conditions to keep the given cycle time of eleven hours.

Since GKN has been working with Lean production before it is also the basis for the theoretical framework. The main method of data collection was collection of data in the business system that has been supplemented with interviews and observations in the factory.

An important part of Lean is to eliminate waste. Therefore, the eight wastages is the basic structure for the results section. Based on the chosen structure several types of waste could be identified. By analysis underpinned by theoretical framework and data collection this leads to recommended measures where the most important are:

• Review maintenance practices when machine stop causes many hours of waiting and causes unpredictability in the production.

• Equalize the production flow through the introduction of new operations and smooth the process times. 

• Work towards initiating a one piece flow by separation operations that are currently carried out in the same machine.

Community planning is often based on changes and development of the physical environment which local residents may have different opinions on. To achieve acceptance of a change it is important that concerned feel involved in the process and that the information is clear and understandable even for those who are not proficient in the area. Within the process of developing a detail plan a description shall specify the organizational, technical, financial and real estate law actions necessary for its intended implementation. To make it possible for concerned property owners to be able to read and understand how they are affected by a detail plan the description must be clear and comprehensible explain the intended implementation consequences. The purpose of this study is to find out the extent to which impact description of implementation issues exist and if the requirements of Swedish planning and building act (PBL) from 2011 can be considered fulfilled. The PBL Committee noted in 2005 that the description of the implementation of detail plans is often weak or lacking. The introduction of a new PBL May 2, 2011 aimed to strengthen the status of the implementation issues. In the study the extent of the descriptions was examined with respect to organizational, technical, financial and real estate law issues as well as if the description is done summarily or per property. The study includes 84 detail plans from Västra Götaland and Stockholm County who were in the examination phase during weeks 14 and 15, 2014. There were 19 questions created to provide a picture of the application of PBL 4:33 §. A number of categories were created for these questions to classify the content of the plan descriptions. The result shows a large variation in the extent of the content in the plan descriptions. An average value of how common it is with insufficient content of description (in applicable cases) in each division gives the following result:

 Organizational issues: 49 %

 Technical issues: 30 %

 Economic issues: 68 %

 Real estate law issues: 13 %

The study also shows that "per property" reporting occurs in a very limited extent. With the above results, it is doubtful if many of the detail plans meet the legal requirements of description and could withstand a judicial review

Station setup involves determination of the measuring instruments physical location and orientation. In today's construction industry free station is almost exclusively used to establish a station point for measurements. On a construction site, access to reference objects is often limited. The instruments placement therefore becomes a compromise between access to the reference objects and access to the site where surveying will take place. This compromise results in varying geometric configurations of the reference objects, which affect the results of the survey.

This study aims to investigate whether the simulations of free station setups in Svensk Byggnadsgeodesis ( SBG's ) software Geo is verified by field measurements and subsequent calculations of uncertainty parameters caused by configuration and surveyed distances and directions. One objective of this study was to establish a test network of reference objects, which simulation and field measurement of free station were established against. The analysis of free station setup included only simulation and field measurement of plane surveying, with the parameters X, Y and direction.

In all configurations, the simulations were verified by the field measurements by consistent corresponding of the shape of the error ellipses. This means that by simulation of SBG Geo, weaknesses in configurations can be detected and avoided during field survey, which saves both time and resources. Factors to consider when establishing free station is, according to the study: configuration, quality of the measurements and sufficient controllability (K-tal).

The study concludes; simulate more. Simulation in SBG Geo show good representation of field measurements and is therefore an effective planning tool for field surveying. When establishing free station reference objects should be positioned so that the station point is interpolated for the lowest uncertainty

This bachelor´s thesis is perfomed for the company Hoglin Recycling AB in Kungshamn, Sweden. Hoglin collects and refines cooking fat from customers in western Sweden and Småland. The refined product is then sold to a reseller. The purpose of this thesis is to find the best possible traceability system for Hoglin so that they with high security and effectivity can hold apart their two products, animal and vegetable cooking fat. With the help from literature studies, interviews and experiments the group has proposed a system for Hoglin that also could be implemented in other businesses.

To make the barrels where the cooking fat is stored in traceable literature studies were made on different tracking methods such as barcodes, RFID and GPS. These are some of the most common methods to track products. The group used the tools screening and scoring matrix to choose which of these methods suited Hoglin the most. With these the tracking methods were individually ranked amongst each other to find the winning concept, one dimensional barcodes.

For traceability systems to function properly it requires not only a tracking method but also a tracking system where information can be stored and used when needed. To find the most suitable type of system the group decided to compare a fully developed system with a mobile phone application. These two systems were compared against each other with the use of an SWOT-analysis. The mobile application was the most interesting one with advantages in both cost and customizability. The only problem that remained was whether the GPS in a mobile phone would be good enough for a system like this or not.

The work resulted in a requirement specification with all the requirements needed for the traceability system, included an explanation of how it works. To give an understanding of how the application could look like it is illustrated with pictures

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe health promotion activities accomplished within a project and to measure the conditions for sustainable health within the case organizations. Also, the purpose is to test a previously developed measurement approach, which measures health-related quality management.

Design/methodology/approach – A health promotion project currently being carried out at eight Swedish elementary schools has been studied. In earlier research a measurement approach was developed to measure health-related quality management. The approach was handed out to the co-workers at the eight different schools in the initial stage of the project. The leaders at the schools were informed of the results of their own school and the mean value of all the eight schools. The consistency and reliability of the statements within the approach was tested.

Findings – A description of health promotion activities accomplished and planned within the project can be found. The results from the measurement of the health-related quality management in the eight schools are presented, together with the mean score of all schools. The test of the measurement approach is presented and discussed.

Originality/value – A description of health promotion activities can help managers and project leaders to plan and carry out valuable health promotion activities in their striving for both sustainable health among the co-workers and efficient organizations. This measurement approach can help managers and project leaders to measure the effects of the health promotion activities

Since 1900, a large population increase has occurred in Sweden, which has led to the importance of strategic planning for society's continued development. The latest municipal reform, of 1970-71, led to larger municipalities with increased responsibility. Municipalities now started to work actively with community planning issues and no legal differences were to remain. Today, municipal development occurs at different rates, partly depending on geographical location and resources, but also because there is no regional mechanism that controls how municipalities are working with land issues. In connection with "Väröfallet, in 1963, attention was drawn to the fact that physical planning was eclipsed by economic interests. After that event, people became aware of environmental issues and fear of environmental damage on earth increased. During the time of "Väröfallet" municipalities began working more actively with environmental issues, but it was not until 1999 that the government adopted 15 goals to regulate environmental quality which later, in 2005, became 16 goals. Environmental quality objectives are regulated by "Miljöbalken". The objectives were to promote sustainable development and national interests to protect biodiversity. The purpose of this study is to compare the landholdings of three municipalities and how the use of them has been affected since the last municipal reform. The methods used in the study are qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative section consists of a concrete mapping program, ArcMap, which provided map data from each municipality as well as a previous study course. Map production is an important step in analyzing what the landholdings looks like as well as the distribution of national interests within the municipalities. The qualitative part of the study consists of interviews with municipal representatives who informed us about the facts surrounding land issues and planning strategy. The study also investigates whether there is a regional system that controls the way in which they work. The result of the produced maps shows urban land holdings, national interests as well as private landowners of importance. Part of the result is an analysis of the area on the maps made using GIS tools to show how much municipal land and industrial land covered by national interests. Another part of the result is to visually see local conditions for future development.

The maps were analyzed using GIS tools to measure similarities, differences and local conditions for future development. Summary local governments should actively work with GIS tools as an aid in the control of land use. Through GIS, municipalities can keep updated and see how changes in the municipality take place over time. The conclusion of the study is that local governments must work strategically to develop a sustainable society

With the introduction of the reference system SWEREF99, The national land survey of Sweden no longer takes responsibility for the points that are marked on the ground. This means that the quality of these points is not trustable enough for them to be used in different projects. The purpose of this study was to test and compare two different methods, the Real time updated free station (RUFRIS) and the Three-point method, to establish new points in areas where there are no physical points with known coordinates before. RUFRIS is based on a combination of Real Time Kinematic (RTK), alternatively Network RTK (N-RTK), and measurements with a total station to establish a free station over a point. The Three-point method is based on the combination of half an hour static satellite survey and measuring with a total station to create a network which has a strong internal connection.

The study brings up which uncertainty one can get with both methods as well as how the methods work in practice. It also aims to illustrate in which situations either of the methods could be used. To conduct the study, a quantitative working method was used. The idea behind this work method was to calculate the coordinates of two points 15 times with both methods. Then a comparison was made between the methods of measurement on the uncertainty in horizontal and vertical coordinates and also on the running time to complete the measurements.

The conclusion of the study is that there is no difference in the uncertainty in the horizontal and vertical coordinates between the two methods. The RUFRIS method is simpler in its practical execution and it is fully workable with one person. This method can for example be suited for controlling DEM models in road construction. The Three-point method has a strong internal connection between the points because the lengths and angles that are measured with the total station is kept through the transformation. This makes it suitable for construction sites networks. The method contains more steps when using it, which makes it more time consuming and it is also easier to make an error in one of the steps. The Three-point method can be used with one person, but it is less time consuming and considerably easier if two persons work together

In this study, we investigated five districts in the Region Västra Götaland that are working with the protection of natural- and cultural historically interesting settlements within municipal planning through zoning, area regulations, natural-/cultural reserves. At a total, ten plans have been studied, from the municipalities of Alingsås, Göteborg, Härryda, Kungälv and Partille. Five of the plans in this study are formed according to the Planning and Building Act (1987:10), and five of the plans under the Environmental Code ( 1998:808). The municipalities have in most cases sought to conserve, protect and/or develop wildlife, heritage-/ recreational values and outdoor recreation opportunities for the public. The study has been subject to two elements; current plan documents have been examined and interviews were conducted with the administrator in charge for each planning.

This study shows that there is a vagueness in how the choice of planning method was made and that the municipalities have not considered various alternatives of zoning. The results show that the municipalities mainly use the instrument for detail planning when zoning and that the knowledge of the different alternatives for planning differs between both the officials and the politicians. The officials in this study perceive that politicians do not know much about the various plan forms and that it is the officials that plan and prepare proposals for the politicians. The study finds that the political interest of aim is essential in the creating of preserving plans. If the politicians do not want to protect areas through zoning, nor will resources intended for it be allocated.

The results show that natural- and cultural reserves provide the best protection for conservation. By the preservation regulations, the municipality can clearly set bans and other restrictions of usufruct/the right of disposition for both party concerned as well as the public. The sanctuary decisions are also demands that there should be a management plan, which is not regulated by law for zoning or area regulations. A reserve decision is also more difficult to repeal compared to zoning and area regulations

This thesis has been performed at Benteler Aluminium System Norway in Raufoss in co-operation with Benteler Engineering Service. Since the automotive industry require lighter and safer vehicles, more and more car manufactures change to a bumper beam in alumi-num instead of the traditional one in steel. A lighter vehicle can directly be linked to lower fuel consumption and therefore also a reduced environmental impact.

The bumper beam that BASN manufactures today is based on extruded aluminum profiles which are bend and formed into desired geometry. The uniqueness of BASN is that the whole value chain is available within the same area, from casting of aluminum alloys to extrusion, forming and finishing.

To make changes in CAD models is time consuming and costly. To achieve a more time efficient process was the goal to create a simple and accurate parametric CAD model of a bumper. Changes can then be performed in a fast and simple way and lead times of devel-opment can be reduced.

A CAD-model has been developed that uses parameters to control the geometry of the bumper. The bumper is of open profile type. The CAD-program calculates simple collision parameters such as the maximum bending moment in pure bending and maximum force. Further has a tool been implemented that characterizes the bumpers middle section to in-crease rigidity.

The goal of creating a parameterized CAD model is satisfied. It is also possible to create parameterized models for other types of profile like closed profiles or multi-chamber pro-files.

This project report covers how to perform a structured product development process. The process involves several steps in which different methods and tools are used.

The purpose of the project is to develop a gymshaker in order to make the company, Emballator Mellerud Plast AB, competitive on the gymshaker market. The main goal of this project has been to present a viable proposal for a physical prototype of the product.

The product development process starts, in this report, with opportunity identification and ends with a prototype of the product. Methods that are used throughout the process are for example; structured requirement lists with metrics and values, concept generation by exploring different sources, concept selection through different selection tools and computer-aided design modelling.

A final model of the gymshaker was not officially made, but a preliminary model and drawing were made.

In conclusion, structured documentation was important throughout the whole process to ensure that every solution was preserved and to be able to reflect thoroughly. The product development process resulted in a prototype of a gymshaker with only three components, the cap (two-parted) and the body. The shaker will be a low cost product considering the few components and the material cost

Scientists at the Production Technology Centre, PTC, in Trollhättan have read about an unusual method to identify bottlenecks in industrial production. The method is called Shifting bottleneck detection and measures for how long a machine has been active. The machine with the longest active time is the temporarily bottleneck and the machine that has the total highest percentage as bottleneck during a specific period of time is the bottleneck that the company should invest their resources in.

The purpose of this bachelor study is to demonstrate the possibilities with a bottleneck identification system. This was done through simulations in a program called Plant Simulation.

Parallel with the study another more practical project progressed on a production line in the workshop at PTC. The production line was used as a base and all the data was gathered on this line. The data was later used to create a copy of the production line in the simulation program. It was called Basmodellen and used as base for the experiments.

The study resulted in a manual analyze of the chosen method to identify bottlenecks. The simulation program was not capable of capturing the data required to create an automatically analyze of the shifting bottleneck detection. The result of the manual analyze indicated that the method worked as intended and was able to identify bottlenecks.

A simple prototype was made for future work. It describes the possible stages that a program could have to get the analyze of the shifting bottleneck detection automatic. The prototype will basis for further research in shifting bottleneck detection

This thesis has been performed at AstraZeneca located in Mölndal. The purpose of this study has been to describe the importance of soft values in relation to control measurements. The objective was to develop an approach that accounts for soft values within measurment, combined with the philosopy of Lean Production.

The study is based on the theory that it is possible to use the soft values as a control measure, and examines how soft values can be measured.

To gather data for the study, the author has chosen to use a qualitative approach, which has consisted of interviews and observations. The empirical data contains a detailed description of the data collection. By associating the theory frame of reference and the work, a specific model has been developed to achieve the purpose and goal.

The result showed that the existing indicators are not sufficiently anchored to the operational workplace as soft values are not considered enough, and are therefore not considered realistic in relation to the requirements set in the agreement. The result also shows that soft values can be used in control of measurment by converting topics to ratios. This will then be measured in scales by using the resulting model.

FTG Cranes is a company that develops, manufactures and markets products for the agri-culture and forestry industry. FTG Cranes AB has three strong brands Mowi and Moheda for trailers and V-kran for timbercranes. One problem the company has is that the brands Mowi and Moheda partially compete for similar customers. This has meant that marketing efforts have been complicated for the company. With this in mind, the company has decid-ed to explore its branding.

The purpose of this work is to investigate how an industrial company with three strong and established brands operates its branding. After the company's branding has been identified and investigated, the aim is to develop possible suggestions of improvements to the com-pany. The goal of the survey is that FTG Cranes AB can take advantage of the conclusions and the information derived and thus have the opportunity to develop their branding.

To gather data for the study, the authors have chosen to use a qualitative approach, which consists of semi-structured interviews. The qualitative method was chosen because it is good when it comes to describing a phenomenon in its context, and then presents an in-terpretation of the phenomenon that brings better understanding. In order to collect the data and information that the theory section is based on, there was a literature study in which both searches in books and electronic files was conducted.

Through interviews with employees of the company revealed that FTG Cranes AB works and operates in a market with multiple operators and fierce competition, this means that brand's reputation and history are very important when it comes to maintain and expand their market share. During the interview sessions also obtained information about each brand's name came from and what was each brand's strongest qualities. Although infor-mation on the group symbol and trademark was obtained. Regarding each brand's identity the authors of this study thinks that there were differences in what the interviewees re-sponded

In this study, we develop three estimators to optimally combine seismic and gravimetric models of Moho surface. The first estimator combines them by their special harmonic coefficients; the second one uses the spherical harmonic coefficients of the seismic model and use integral formula for the gravimetric one. The kernel of the integral terms of this estimator shows that a cap size of 20^◦ is required for the integration, but since this integral is presented to combine the low frequencies of the gravimetric model, a low resolution model is enough for the integration. The third estimator uses the gravity anomaly and converts its low frequencies to those of the gravimetric Moho model, meanwhile combining them with those of seismic one. This integral requires an integration domain of 30^◦ for the gravity anomalies but since the maximum degree of this kernel is limited to a specific degree, the use of its spectral form is recommended. The kernel of the integral involving the gravity anomalies, developed for recovering high frequencies of Moho, is written in a closed-from formula and its singularity is investigated. This kernel is well-behaving and decreases fast, meaning that it is suitable for recovering the high frequencies of Moho surface.

The sub-crustal stress induced by mantle convection has been traditionally computed using the Runcorn formulae of solving the Navier-Stokes problem. The main disadvantage of this method is a limited spectral resolution (up to degree 25 of spherical harmonics) due to a divergence of the spherical harmonic expression. To improve the spectral resolution, we propose a new method of computing the horizontal components of the sub-crustal stress based on utilising the stress function with a numerical differentiation. According to the proposed method, the stress function is functionally related to the gravity and crust structure models expressed in terms of spherical harmonics, instead of directly relating the stress components with partial derivatives of these spherical harmonics. The stress components are then computed from the stress function by applying a numerical differentiation. This modification increases the degree-dependent convergence domain of the asymptotically convergent series and consequently allows computing the stress components to a higher spectral resolution, which is compatible with currently available global crustal models. We further utilise the solution to the Vening Meinesz-Moritz inverse problem of isostasy in definition of the stress function. This definition facilitates a variable crustal thickness instead of assuming only a constant value adopted in the Runcorn formulae. The crustal thickness and sub-crustal stress are then determined directly from gravity data and a crustal structure model. We apply this numerical approach to compute the sub-crustal stress globally. Regional results are also presented and discussed over study areas of oceanic subduction zones, convergent continent-to-continent collision zones and hotspots. We demonstrate that the largest (in magnitude) sub-crustal stress occurs mainly along seismically active convergent tectonic plate boundaries.

Due to increased demands on reduced weight in automotive industries, the use of ultra high strength steels (UHSS) has increased. When laser welding UHSS sheets, heating and cooling of the material will cause geometrical distortions and may cause low joint quality. 700 mm long U-beam structures of 1 mm thick boron steel simulating structural pillars in body-in-white constructions have been welded along the flanges with different welding speeds to investigate distortions and weld quality. The results show that final distortions appear in the range of 0-8 mm. FE simulation methods have also been presented which generally predict the distribution of welding distortions.

This thesis has been performed at Autoliv Sverige AB in Vårgårda. The purpose of the thesis is to study and evaluate concept development methods which could be implemented and potentially improve the current concept development process at Autoliv. Where methods could have no potential improvement should short term suggestions, which could be implemented promptly, be developed with direct or indirect impact on the process. The suggestions for improvement should make the process more effective, more robust and more resource efficient.

The approach for this thesis followed the process for process development by Willoch (2012). The thesis work started with a literature review of the theoretical framework for product, concept and process development. The start also included a study of different methods for concept development. In theory and practise the current concept development process was then studied. A requirement specification was defined to support the suggestions for potential improvement. The theory and empirical study, together with the specification, became the basis for the suggested potential improvement. The implementation of suggestions was one of the limitations for this thesis work and therefore excluded.

The suggestions for potential improvement were separated in long and short term suggestions. The long term suggestions were mainly a modification of the current concept development process where three phases was increased into four phases. The first phase in the current process contained both planning and concept generation. By separating those two activities the concept generation was more defined and could provide a more robust concept. From the concept development methods the Agile thinking was suggested to be implemented to provide the process an iterative approach and by that an increased efficiency. The short term suggestions were e.g. Pre-APDS improvement forum, overview of parallel work, training, objectives and reduction of disturbance factors. The purpose with the short term suggestions, which could be implemented promptly, was to complement the long-term suggestions and increase the continuous improvements of the Pre-APDS process

Water areas and beaches were during the 18- and 19 century's very low graded (waste land) because it was not possible to grow any crops on the grounds. The same properties are today highly regarded real-estate. People buy beach front properties as summer homes or as permanent living, in a low stress environment. Because of this, the establishment of the estates boundaries can create problems when new beach front properties are created. The problems are usually linked to where the land boundaries really are located and where the property-owners consider it to be. To establish where the boundaries really are located the surveyor must perform a thorough archival research on the original property.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the establishments of the estates boundaries are performed today. Questions to answer are: How are the boundaries' established legally? How accurate are the boundaries in water areas, and have the uncertainty of the 3 meter depth curve any influence on the boundaries? Can the bathymetric laserscanner, compared with the current method, be a suitable method to establish the boundaries of beach front properties?

The method selected in this study was qualitative interviews. The interviews were performed with experienced people from the Swedish "Lantmäteriet" and the company Airborne Hydrography AB.

The theory was divided in three parts. Part one addresses "Lantmäteriets" role and workings with creating beach front property. Part two addresses the laws involved in creating beach front property. Part three addresses bathymetric laserscanning and the technical accuracy the instrument are capable of.

The result shows that the accuracy of the boundaries in water areas are difficult to assess due to lack of references that often are missing and the shoreline is hard to locate. Laserbatymetri can in certain cases have a positive effect on beach front properties boundaries border setting in water areas and help the surveyor. The conclusion is that the surveyor must undertake an extensive archival research to find the shoreline and it is more difficult the older the original properties are. By examining the current method of establishing these boundaries and mix the result with the bathymetric laserscanning method the authors found a possible solution for the uncertain boundaries of water areas. The shoreline, 300meters boundary line and where the 3 meters depth curve is located

This bachelor’s thesis was performed as a concept development project at Autoliv Sverige AB, an automotive safety company located in Vårgårda, Sweden.

US vehicle safety standards require countermeasures to prevent a vehicle occupant from ejection through side windows during a rollover crash. Autoliv is currently using a three-row inflatable curtain to fulfil these requirements but wish to evaluate possibilities for a different type of countermeasure for side windows in a vehicle’s cargo area. Main evaluation parameters were cost, weight, size, and ejection mitigation performance.

To reach the purpose of the project, concept generation, evaluation and simulation has been performed prior to building a prototype. The prototype was built to test a function principle and not to be considered as a final concept. It was tested in a horizontal impactor to provide further evaluation data.

By generating concepts, conducting simulations, construct a prototype and perform an impact test, an evaluation and comparison between new and old concepts can be performed. The impactor tests indicated that the identified function principle can provide performance necessary to prevent ejection.

Conclusions was made that even if the physical prototype did not surpass the limits regarding cost, weight or size, the function has great opportunities for refinement, unless any existing patents would hinder further development. It performs best and show great potential in small windows and gives a minor increase in ejection mitigation performance in larger windows. Weight saving can be achieved if a refined prototype can be implemented

Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery in Trollhättan, Sweden, manufacture combustion chambers for gas turbines. One of the most important products is the combustion chamber of the SGT-800 gas turbine. Cooling ribs are currently machined out of the combustor casing. Their purpose is to cool the construction by generating turbulence from the air flow.

Siemens want to investigate the possibility of replacing the current manufacturing method with an additive manufacturing method. This study focuses on investigating the possibility of utilizing Cold Metal Transfer technology (CMT). CMT is derived from MIG/MAG and offers a lower heat input and splatter free welds. An implementation of CMT-technology would theoretically lead to reduced lead- and transport times as well as cost savings.

A quantitative study involving CMT-welding was carried out at PTC, Trollhättan. The aim was to create welded ribs of a certain geometry and size. Factorial design of experiments was used. Regression models of how welding parameters influenced the height, width, angle, penetration and heat transfer of the welded rib were created. The regression models were based on the results of the experiments. Optimization of the process led to ribs with good metallurgical properties, free from cracks and lack of fusion. The dimensions were within the required limits. The optimized process was used to weld a zigzag pattern, which is believed to enhance the level of cooling. All experiments were limited to flat surfaces 

This report describes a thesis work performed at GKN Aerospace in Trollhättan. The goal of this thesis has been to improve the process for new product introduction with focus on reducing lead time, cost and quality issues. To describe the work methodology regarding manufacturing preparation and production ramp-up, a proposal for a new business model was created.

The thesis work has been based on a product development perspective. Information was gathered from interviews with GKN Aerospace employees and literatures about different work methodologies.

To define final requirements for the business model, customer needs was identified and weight relative each other. As the final requirements were defined, a number of concepts were created and end one of them was selected for further development.

The thesis work resulted in a new business model where work methodology and instructions are documented in a handbook. The handbook describes the different phases of the business model and a short presentation of the involved functions along with input and output. The purpose of the handbook is to be used as a tool for project managers and employees in the start-up of new products.

For further development and implementation of the new business model, a document was created where potential risks have been analyzed and recommendations regarding implementation of the new business model are described

The bachelor’s thesis has been performed at Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB in Trollhättan (SIT) and has treated mapping and visualization of external transport, which arises in connection with external manufacturing operations regarding the combustor model SGT- 800B. Furthermore, the working group conducted an environmental review associated with these transportations.

To carry out the bachelor’s thesis both the use of unstructured and semi-structured interviews but also data collected from SAP. The collected data was the basis for an article register where data from the interviews and SAP was entered. These were in the form of: weight, distance, loading meters and transportation cost. The environmental review was founded on material collected from the truck transports overall emission levels and the total mileage found in the article register.

The work resulted in a number of different historgrams which demonstrated: transport cost, mileage, transportation cost per metric mil and the most frequently used transfer companies. Two pareto charts was created in order to identify the transportation cost and mileage on the article level, to visualize what articles that are the major cost and mileage carriers. The environmental review gave a table of data on total emissions caused by transportations to external manufacturing operations.

When calculating SITs total transportation costs no regards have been taken to groupage traffic or loop runs which would have reduce the transportation costs. It also emerged that SIT had a cost reduction potential from their current transportation costs.

The conclusions of the bachelors thesis is that transportations performed by transportation company A is the largest transportation cost carrier. SIT should primarily be working with transportation company A to reduce this transportation cost, because this provides the potentially largest transport cost reduction within a two years period

A local plan is a tool that municipalities use to implement policy decisions regarding the use of land and water. The local plan can be compared to rules that the municipality authorizes the person who owns the land. The local plan can only be developed and adopted by municipalities. Before a local plan may be adopted by the municipality will it undergo a process with well-defined stages. Briefly are stages, preparation of plan proposals, consultation, disclosure, review and adoption. Process for the preparation of a local plan may also be referred to plan procedure and specifically regulated in Chapter 5. The Planning and Building Act.

Several of the local plan process stages seeks concerned parties and authorities should be given the opportunity to participate and influence but the main thing is to produce that good decision-making as possible If the public is not aware at what stage of the process there is an opportunity to impact and thus do not feel involved is a risk that planning process objective is not achieved.

The purpose of the study is to examine what the public knows about the planning process. We will also give an insight into whether social citizens know at what stage of the process there is an opportunity to influence the plan.

The study is based on a questionnaire answered by the public in Trollhättan and Gothenburg. The quantitative method is complemented with a qualitative approach in the form of interviews with accountable in the same municipalities, Trollhättan and Gothenburg.

The study shows that public awareness of the planning process and its content was low. Only 36 % of respondents knew about that there is a process to produce plans pretty well or greater. The profound knowledge questions showed that around 40% of the public was not aware of any of the stages of the process, or where in the process the public has the opportunity to influence the planning proposal. Our study indicates that the level of knowledge about the planning process is low

Idag byggs det allt för få bostäder i Sverige vilket resulterar i en bostadsbrist, främst i storstadsregionerna. För att öka byggandet av bostäder har socialdepartementet utformat en proposition "En enklare planprocess". Propositionen är framtagen för att påskynda detaljplaneprocessen som idag tar lång tid. En paragraf i propositionen innebär att kommunfullmäktige kan ge i uppdrag åt byggnadsnämnden att anta detaljplaner. Möjligheten att delegera detaljplanebeslut finns redan i dagens plan- och bygglagstiftning men den nya skulle innebära en tydligare gräns för vilka detaljplaner som får antas i byggnadsnämnden eller kommunstyrelsen.

Studien har i syfte att undersöka vilka skillnader som kan komma att uppstå i och med det nya lagförslaget vad gäller antagande av detaljplaner. Ett problem som finns är att många detaljplaner innehåller bestämmelser som saknar lagligt stöd i plan- och bygglagen. Att planbestämmelserna saknar lagligt stöd kan leda till att enskilda fastighetsägare utsätts för ekonomisk skada.

För insamling av data till resultatet användes en webbaserad enkätundersökning som skickades till kommunfullmäktige och byggnadsnämnder i Västra Götaland. För att stärka resultatet från enkäten genomfördes även sex intervjuer med tre personer från byggnadsnämnden och tre personer från kommunfullmäktige i tre olika kommuner. Resultatet utifrån enkäten tyder på att byggnadsnämnden och kommunfullmäktige har liknande kunskaper angående planbestämmelser men att byggnadsnämnden har något bättre kunskaper. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar på att byggnadsnämnden har bättre kunskaper angående planbestämmelser än kommunfullmäktige men att ingen av dem har tillräcklig kunskap för att förhindra detaljplaner med bestämmelser som saknar lagligt stöd i plan- och bygglagen. Enligt intervjuerna litar politikerna på att tjänstemännen har de kunskaper som krävs för att inte använda sig av planbestämmelser som saknar lagligt stöd.

Slutsatsen är att tjänstemännen behöver utveckla sina kunskaper om detaljplanebestämmelser eftersom politikerna själva tycker att de inte behöver kunna plan- och bygglagstiftningen. En annan slutsats är att det vore lämpligt med ett organ utanför kommunen som granskar detaljplanebestämmelser med tanke på den bristfälliga kunskapen hos politikerna.

To achieve centimetre accuracy in measurement with GNSS-technology it is common to use NRTK. In Sweden the national NRTK system has the name SWEPOS. This thesis contains two case studies in SWEPOS.

In the first case study measurement in forest is discussed. The primary purpose was to discover the amount of correlation between the standard deviation according to the instrument and the in reality horizontal radial deviation from the true position of a point. The secondary purpose was to find out if this correlation could be beneficial for field work when there is a need for positioning with small such radial deviation. I discovered that there is a solid correlation between the instruments standard deviation and the radial deviation. This thesis contains a method for taking benefit from this correlation. The method makes positioning with a relative small radial deviation, considered that the measurement is made in forest condition, possible. The expected radial deviation achieved with this method could be less than 0,06 m.

The purpose of the second case study was to discover if there is a correlation between the water content in clouds and accuracy in position in SWEPOS. No correlation could be detected. The reason for the zero result may be that the amount of measurement in SWEPOS was too small.

Säkerheten i trafiken är ett område som berör näst intill hela samhället. En typ av olycka där antalet svårt skadade har ökat sedan 1980-talet är upphinnande-olyckor. Detta innebär att två fordon som färdas i samma riktning krockar med varandra. Upphinnande-olyckor kan bli extra allvarliga i fallet när en lastbil blir påkörd bakifrån av en personbil. För att förhindra svåra skador i detta fall har kravet om ett skydd längst bak på vissa lastbilsekipage införts. Konstruktionen kallas för ett underkörningsskydd och består, normalt sett, av en skyddsbalk som monteras på lastbilsramen genom en fästanordning. I detta examensarbete presenteras en produktutvecklingsprocess som utförts för en fällbar fästanordning till ett underkörningsskydd. Arbetet genomfördes på VBG GROUP som är en verkstadskoncern inom industrisektorn vars division VBG Truck Equipment levererar utrustning till lastbilar och släp. Syftet var att ta fram ett konceptförslag som uppfyller eller överträffar de grundläggande kraven som ställs på produkten från bland annat lagar, kunder och företaget. Lagkraven innehåller även en kommande ändring för underkörningsskyddets reglemente. Processen genomgick följande moment; litteraturstudie, kravidentifiering, konceptgenerering, konceptselektering, FMEA, DFM samt CAD och FEM. Den valda metoden fungerade väl då den ledde fram till ett resultat som uppfyllde syftet med arbetet. Det resulterande konceptförslaget består av två roterande armar och underkörningsskyddet fälls upp med handkraft samt låses via handtag vid skyddsbalken. Konceptförslagen klarar, i teorin, av de krav det har testats mot. Innan konceptförslaget kan produceras behöver det dels genomgå ett mer ingående detaljkonstruktionsarbete, dels en eller flera prototyp-tillverkningar med tillhörande provning och till sist produktionsplanering och produktions-förberedelser

Modelling of the arc in electric arc welding is significant to achieve a better pro-cess understanding, thus gain better weld quality and a more efficient production process.It requires knowing the conditions at the surfaces of the anode and cathode. These condi-tions are very difficult to set from measurements and should be calculated. This requiresmodelling the complex physics of the electrode layer coupling electrode and arc. Thispaper presents a self-consistent electrode layer model that 1) is suited to welding applica-tions, 2) accounts for the known physics taking place, and 3) satisfies the basic conservationrequirements. The model is tested for different conditions. Its potentiality for welding ap-plications is shown through calculations coupling plasma arc, electrode and cathode layermodels. The calculations are done for both tungsten and thoriated tungsten electrode.

This Bachelor´s thesis has been performed at SI TECH AB located in Brastad in the municipality of Lysekil during the period January 4, 2014 to April 3, 2014. The purpose of this thesis is to create a number of proposals that could make a warehouse at SI TECH AB more efficient and also improve the material planning. To be able to achieve the purpose of this thesis, four targets were set up which was following:

 Making the layout and structure of the warehouse clearer by labeling the storage locations and create a map that shows all the storage locations.

 Create a model that will make it easier to read and view the stock balance.

 Create an appropriate ordering system by calculating the reorder points.

 Reduce the employed capital by 20 percent and thereby increase the company´s cash liquidity.

The proposals was based on a theoretical framework which the authors received by studying literature during an early stage of this thesis. Furthermore a baseline survey was carried out at the warehouse to be studied which also worked as a foundation for the proposals. Some of the proposals were implemented practically at SI TECH AB and this created a positive domino effect which led to new proposals during the time of the project.

The result of the proposals, and the practical work that was carried out, was that the employed capital was decreased and that the storage locations in the warehouse were labeled. Furthermore an ordering system was introduced which visualizes the stock balance as well as the reorder points in a clear way. At the same time it decreases the inventory levels as well as the employed capital

Detta examensarbete handlar om hur ersättning kan bestämmas då en tidigare oupptäckt fast fornlämning måste bevaras på upptäcktsplatsen. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka och ge förslag på hur ersättning skulle kunna bestämmas. Då det inte finns någon rättspraxis och området är relativt outforskat kan detta arbete användas som vägledning till ersättningsfrågan i 2 kap. 15 § lag (1988:950) om kulturminnen m.m.De frågor som besvaras är: Vad ska ersättas när 2 kap. 15 § lag (1988:950) om kulturminnen m.m. är tillämplig och vad är en skälig ersättning då 2 kap. 15 § lag (1988:950) om kulturminnen m.m. är tillämplig?För att söka svar på dessa frågor har en litteraturstudie utförts. I litteraturstudien har hänsyn tagits till en juridisk metod där det finns uttalade rättskällor som ska användas i en viss hierarkisk ordning. I arbetet har även komparativ metod använts där jämförelse mellan liknande lagar har lett till vägledning.Studien har kommit fram till att skador på grund av tidigare oupptäckta fasta fornlämningar ska bedömmas enligt skadeståndslagen (1972:207) och dess ersättningsregler för sakskada. Därför ska fastighetens värdeminskning, utgifter som blivit onyttiga och förlorad vinst ersättas. Vad som är skäligt att ersätta är inte samma sak som vad som borde ersättas. Denna studie har kommit fram till att skäligt är att ersätta en viss del av fastighetens värdeminskning samt utgifter som blivit onyttiga. Svaren på frågorna är framtagna genom en analys då svaren inte gick att finna i förarbeten eller doktrin till lag (1988:950) om kulturminnen m.m.

This thesis is a collaboration between Production Technology Centre (PTC) and Saab Aeronautics. The aim of this work was to present a methodology developed by Prof. Yusuf Altinta and to investigate the possibility of processing in the supercritical area with the method approach. The work is delimited to the vibration abatement with exclusively using Prof. Yusuf Altintas methodology.

As the demand for better and more durable materials increases, this means that the manufacturing methods have evolved significantly over the past years. By processing in the supercritical area there is potential for significant productivity gains.

The work has been divided into three parts consisting of theoretical studies, practical exercises and case studies. The theoretical studies consisted of review of scientific articles and literature on the subject, specifically mentioned the book, Manufacturing automation of Prof. Yusuf Altintas. Practical exercises consisted in the management of the software Mathcad , Cutpro and equipment for the excitation of the machine tool. The two case studies have been performed on Formfräsning AB and Saab Aeronautics, together the case studies included both roughing and finishing processing of aluminum.

When roughing in aluminum, has an increase in the volume removal rate been possible by 392 percent. Poor surface after finishing caused by vibrations can be identified with a combination of stability lobe diagram, SLD and input parameters. For a derivation of this relationship a study of the cutting tool wrap angle is necessary.

Both case studies results demonstrate the potential for optimizing both roughing and finishing of the work methodology applied

Formation and characteristics of fine intragranular austenite were studied for low energy input duplex stainless steel welds. Microstructures were largely ferritic with some allotriomorphic grain boundary austenite, Widmanstätten type austenite, fine intragranular austenite and nitrides. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis revealed that grain boundary austenite had a random orientation relationship (OR) with one of the adjacent ferrite grains and was close to Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS) with the other, whereas Widmanstätten austenite always showed an OR near KS. The finest intragranular austenite was mainly randomly oriented, whereas coarser austenite more often was close to KS. It is argued that the OR of intragranular austenite with the ferritic matrix is governed by a combination of composition, determining driving force for nucleation at temperature, cooling rate and the availability of nitrides acting as nucleation sites. A random OR is most likely for higher cooling rates and compositions promoting nucleation at lower temperatures. © 2014 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.

 Producing welds with properties matching those of the steel is a challenge at high strength levels. The present study investigated how cooling rates and dilution affects strength and toughness when welding steels with yield strengths of 777 MPa and 1193 MPa. Overmatching weld metal strength was achieved for the less strong steel and weld strengths >1000 MPa were recorded for the stronger steel. Fracture in transverse tensile testing was always located in base material or HAZ. Low dilution, rapid cooling and single pass welding contributed to higher strength. Impact toughness was higher for lower strength and low dilution.

Modelling and simulation of human motions are of great interest for a number of industrial applications such as ergonomics and production planning. Over time, efforts have been made to provide computerized human models with biomechanically accurate underlying skeleton and realistically rendered volumetric representation of muscles, skin, clothes, etc. known as computer manikins. Despite considerable progress in computational methods for human motion generation in these models, there are still major challenges to generate natural looking motions for daily routine tasks for example in manual assembly lines. This research work proposes a software platform, related methods, and data structures to support use of real motion data for simulating and analysing routine work tasks. One contribution of this thesis is to find ways to deploy motion data in a uniform and efficient manner. The outcomes are a data schema, standards for data conversions, and procedures to aggregate motion data in a unified database. Another part of this thesis is dedicated to 'generating new motions by re-using stored data'. This is done by a synthesizer platform consisting of modules which are able to decompose tasks into primary motions, to search and retrieve motion pieces from the motion database, and to compose a new motion based on the required specifications. In addition, this thesis, presents a method to analyse the generated motions using time-varied motion data. Results of this work contribute in extending current tool functionalities by simulating complicate routine motions which, if not impossible, are very hard to simulate using today's computational algorithms. This work also improves the use of time-varied direct measurement analysis tools against traditional static observational methods.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine relationships between quality management health dimensions, employee health, flow and work integrated learning in primary schools. Previous research has indicated relationships between quality management and health. In this study, the role that work integrated learning plays in the connection between quality and health is investigated.

Design/methodology/approach – The study object has been a number of schools. A quantitative survey has been carried out. A random sample of 20 primary schools, of which 13 (65 per cent) agreed to participate, was selected. Questionnaires to their 301 employees were delivered and 229 (76 per cent)were returned. The reliability of the items were analysed with Cronbach’s alpha test. The statistical relationships between the items were studied with Pearson’s correlation test.

Findings – The results show that the items are reliable. Moreover, statistical correlations between work integrated learning on the one hand and employee health, quality management health dimensions and flow on the other hand are found.

Research limitations/implications – One limitation is that the research has only been carried out in schools and the possibilities of generalising the findings to other sectors are uncertain. Research implications are the relationships that have been identified between work integrated learning and the other factors.

Practical implications – The knowledge that has resulted from the study should be useful for organisations in their attempts to improve the health status of the employees.

Originality/value – The relationship between work integrated learning and employee health has not been studied in any other major study.

Bokrecension av Gospic, Katarina (2014). Den sociala hjärnan. Stockholm: Bromberg

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a greater understanding of organisational learning in connection with assessment of Six Sigma readiness. Different forms that a possible deployment can take in the organisation's context based on the degree of readiness are explored.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical data are derived from 12 in‐depth semi‐structured interviews of selected employees having different functions in the studied organisation, a global distribution system and information technology (IT) solutions provider to the travel and tourism industry. In addition, they include participant observation and documentation. The interview questions were built based on a modified version of Kettinger and Grover readiness assessment framework.

Findings

The study shows that organisational learning can provide a useful framework for assessing Six Sigma readiness in an IT organisation. A synthesized model is proposed combining the frameworks of an adapted Kettinger and Grover model and the core disciplines of the learning organisation. Further, the results suggest that having Six Sigma as a company‐wide strategy may not prove useful or suitable in the current context. However, the analysis shows that having Six Sigma as an improvement programme provides a structure for the improvement work and the define, measure, analyze, improve and control methodology is needed to address some current inefficiencies and problems.

Research limitations/implications

This is a single case study and the possibility of generalising this finding to other contexts remains uncertain. Therefore, more research is needed. The procedure of using organisational learning as an assessment framework for Six Sigma readiness has been shown to be useful.

Practical implications

Implementing Six Sigma means a large investment and therefore it is important to make the right deployment approach. Having one integrated readiness assessment model should be useful for companies when assessing their readiness.

Originality/value–

Knowledge of a Six Sigma readiness evaluation in an organisational learning context should be valuable for many organisations. In addition, research regarding Six Sigma in software companies is limited.

Purpose – In this study, the effects of the different models and tools of quality management are examined. The purpose is to identify differences in the effects generated by different qualitymanagement models and tools.

Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was mailed to 500 Swedish quality professionals. The questions concerned their companies’ adoption of the values of TQM, the use of the models and tools of TQM and the effects they notice. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were carried out.

Findings – The findings show that there is statistical correlation between the adoption of the values of TQM and successful quality management. The usefulness of the Swedish Quality Award, the European Quality Award and ISO 9000 as well as several of the quality management tools is also indicated. Regarding ISO 9000 specific effects have been found.

Research limitations/implications – A limitation of the study is that the financial outcomes of the quality management practices are not measured but only the managers’ perceptions of effects produced. The implication for further research is an increased knowledge of the different effects of the quality management practices and the significance of the values, particularly three values that were included in the multiple regression models.

Practical implications – The specific findings on the effects of ISO 9000 are useful for managers when implementing the standard. The results of the study also indicate the importance of emphasising the values for successful quality management.

Originality/value – This study has provided more detailed knowledge of the effects of the differentquality management practices, particularly of ISO 9000.

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to develop a measurement instrument which measures workplace learning and reflects the connections between quality, learning and brain functioning. 

Design/ Approach/ Methodology

A literature review is conducted, investigating measures of workplace learning as well as the connections between brain functioning and management. Further studies will use the Brain Integration Scale, whether the brain functions in isolated units or as an integrated whole, calculated from brain waves measured during two reaction-time tasks, to compare levels of brain integration with measures of quality and learning.

 Findings

The dimensions “empathy”, “integrity”, “presence and communication”, “influence”, “development”, “being informed”, “work-integrated learning” and “flow” were found to be relevant from the literature review to be tested for inclusion in the measurement instrument. Other measures which has shown to be correlated with high brain integration could be included as well. 

Practical implication

High organisational change requires continuous flexibility of leaders and co-workers, which can lead to poor health. The proposed measurement instrument can be used by managers togain insight into underlying mechanisms in the organisational culture that influence employees´ learning and potential for development. It could be used as a first step for improvements “to break the ice”.

Orginality/value

Traditional ways of measuring working environment are rarely connected to brain functioning of the employees. Only requiring small resources, this approach adds to an understanding of underlying mechanisms.