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Microstructure and tribological properties of hybrid feedstock derived arc sprayed composite coatings
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of mechanical engineering. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8891-3143
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of mechanical engineering. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1732-6544
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of mechanical engineering. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4201-668x
Scania CV AB, Materials Technology, SE-15187 Södertälje (SWE).
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2025 (English)In: Surface & Coatings Technology, ISSN 0257-8972, E-ISSN 1879-3347, Vol. 515, p. 1-9, article id 132598Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A new technique combining wire and powder in the form of a ‘hybrid’ feedstock during arc spraying has been explored in this study. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the feasibility of incorporating a second phase in a Babbitt matrix by spraying wire and powder simultaneously. While Tin-based Babbitt alloys have excellent tribological properties, such as a low friction coefficient and frictional resistance, making them popular materials for sliding bearings, dual-phase/composite coatings have been of interest due to their potential to perform better than corresponding single constituent coatings. A further objective was to assess the effect of copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten carbide (WC) contents as second-phase reinforcements on composite Babbitt coatings’ microstructure and tribological properties. These effects were systematically investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness tests, and dry sliding, as well as lubricated wear tests. The study demonstrated that a hybrid arc spray process effectively incorporated Cu, Mo, and WC particles into the coating. The wear test results indicated that adding the second phase enhanced the wear resistance of the coating.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025. Vol. 515, p. 1-9, article id 132598
Keywords [en]
Babbitt Composite coating Microstructure Tribology
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-24423DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132598ISI: 001565842100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105013962441OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-24423DiVA, id: diva2:2009098
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2025-10-27 Created: 2025-10-27 Last updated: 2026-03-23
In thesis
1. Thermal Spray Composite Coatings for Automotive Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermal Spray Composite Coatings for Automotive Applications
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The automotive industry is under continuous pressure to enhance performance, reliability, and energy efficiency while reducing emissions and operational costs. Advanced surface engineering techniques, particularly thermal spray technology, provide effective solutions by tailoring surface properties of components exposed to demanding thermal, mechanical, and tribological environments. This research investigates two composite coating systems for automotive applications: Babbitt-based composites with secondary hard phase for bearing applications and Gd₂Zr₂O₇–polyester (GZO–polymer) composites for potential thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for internal combustion engine components.

A hybrid arc spray process was employed for the in-situ incorporation of secondary particles (Cu, Mo, and WC powders) into the Babbitt matrix, whereas the GZO–polyester coatings, prepared via mechanical blending of GZO and polyester powders, were deposited using an air plasma spray technique. Coating characteristics were examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and microhardness testing, while performance was evaluated using sliding wear (in dry and lubricated conditions), solid particle erosion testing, and laser flash analysis. Post-tribologicalanalysis was conducted to investigate the material removal mechanisms.

The SEM results demonstrate that, in hybrid arc spraying, secondary particle density and size govern retention mechanisms, with finer secondary particles more effectively embedded between molten Babbitt splats. This incorporation enhanced wear resistance under both dry and lubricated conditions without significantly altering the microhardness of the coatings. For GZO–polymer coatings, this study demonstrated the significant potential of tailoring the microstructure of thermal barrier coatings through the incorporation of polyester pore formers. By systematically varying polyester content and spray parameters, particularly the stand-off distance, coatings with controlled porosity up to 50% were achieved, leading to a substantial reduction in thermal conductivity to as low as 0.3 W.m-1.K-1. While the increased porosity enhanced thermal insulation, it also delamination, particularly after the polyester burnout post-treatment.

Overall, this work confirms the adaptability and potential of thermal-sprayed composite coatings for targeted automotive applications. The hybrid arc spray technique proved effective for engineering reinforced Babbitt-based coatings, while the GZO–polymer system highlighted the trade-off between improved thermal insulation and reduced erosion resistance. These findings contribute to the development of cost-effective, durable, and energy-efficient surface engineering solutions that support sustainable automotive technologies.

Abstract [sv]

Bilindustrin står under ständig press att förbättra prestanda, tillförlitlighet och energieffektivitet samtidigt som fordonens klimatpåverkan skall minimeras. Termisk sprutning, har visat sig kunna förbättra prestanda hos komponenter i krävande miljöer. Detta arbete undersöker två kompositbeläggningar för fordonsapplikationer: Babbitt-baserade kompositer för lagerapplikationer och Gd₂Zr₂O₇–polyester (GZO–polymer) kompositer för termiska barriärbeläggningar.

En hybrid bågsprutningsprocess användes för in-situ införlivande av sekundära partiklar (Cu, Mo och WC) i Babbittbeläggningen och plasmasprutning för att producera GZO–polymerbeläggningar. Beläggningarnas utvärderades med svepelektronmikroskopi utrustad med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi. Beläggningarna för lagerapplikationen utvärderades även avseende mikrohårdhet och nötning i torra och smorda förhållanden. De termiska barriärbeläggningarnaerosions och värmeledningsförmåga utvärderades även. SEM-resultaten påvisade att finare sekundära partiklar effektivt kan inbäddas i beläggningen vid hybridbågsprutning. Inbäddningen förbättrade nötningsmotståndet under både torra och smorda förhållanden utan att beläggningarnas mikrohårdhet signifikant ändades. Arbetet med GZO–polymerbeläggningarna visade att mikrostrukturen signifikant kan förändras genom användande av polyesterporbildare. Genom att variera volymfraktionen polyester och sprutavstånd kunde beläggningar med en porositet upp till 50 % åstadkommas vilket minskade värmeledningsförmågan till 0.3 W.m-1.K-1. Den ökade porositeten reducerade dock erosionsbeständigheten på grund av sprickbildning och ökad delaminering, särskilt efter värmebehandling.

Sammanfattningsvis bekräftar detta arbete potentialen hos termiskt sprutade kompositbeläggningar för specifika fordonsapplikationer. Hybridbågsprutning visade sig vara en effektiv metod för att öka nötningsbeständigheten hosBabbittbeläggningar, och GZO–polyester baserade beläggningar ger ensignifikant lägre värmeledningsförmåga dock till priset av en sämre erosionsbeständighet. Dessa resultat bidrar till utvecklingen av mer hållbara och energieffektiva komponenter i fordon.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2025. p. 42
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 56
Keywords
Thermal Spray; Automotive; Composite coating; Wear; TBC, Termisk sprutning; Fordon; Kompositbeläggning; Slitage; TBC
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-24593 (URN)978-91-89969-48-3 (ISBN)978-91-89969-47-6 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-12-17, F316, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

Paper B is under submission and has permission to be included in this thesis.

Available from: 2025-12-17 Created: 2025-12-03

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Eskandari, AliBjörklund, StefanGupta, Mohit KumarJoshi, Shrikant V.

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