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Work-Integrated Language Learning
University West, Department of Social and Behavioural Studies, Division for Educational Science and Languages. Univerisity of Gothenburg (SWE). (KAMAIL)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6996-7277
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Arbetsintegrerad språkinlärning (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Adult migrants will often face the dual challenge of learning a new language and securing employment. In many cases, skills in the host country language will be a prerequisite for securing a job. To meet these challenges, programmes that allow migrants to develop both the language and vocational skills have been developed in Sweden. This dissertation explores how, in these so-called combination programmes, boundary crossing can create affordances for learning.

In contemporary times, informal language learning will often complement formal classroom instruction, making the classroom just one of many potential learning environments. These environments include the workplace. However, for language development to take place in the workplace, there is a need for active engagement from the parties involved. It does not occur automatically. Integrated programmes have been implemented in various countries to support workplace language learning, and to better facilitate entry to the labour market, a factor often regarded to be a key aspect of successful integration.

However, research remains limited. This is particularly the case for combination programmes. This dissertation examines the boundaries, boundary crossings, and affordances that arise in combination programmes. Interview and ethnographic methods have been used.

The results show that language teachers, vocational teachers, and workplace supervisors are engaged in various forms of collaboration. These practices can be understood as examples of boundary crossing, and can be analysed through use of concepts such as ‘boundary crossers’, ‘boundary objects’, ‘boundary interactions’, and ‘boundary practices’. In the findings generated in this dissertation, boundary objects play a particularly prominent role. A model was developed to illustrate the varying types of boundary crossings that can take place in a combination programme, and which can give rise to affordances for learning.

Two specific types of affordances are identified: domain affordances, which support the acquisition of vocational-specific linguistic knowledge, and affordances for oral communication, which offer opportunities to develop oral skills by encouraging learners to engage verbally rather than to remain silent. Moreover, the dissertation demonstrates that boundary objects and hybrid situations arising in workplace practices can produce learning opportunities, even in low-interaction settings such as cleaning.

Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) is both a pedagogical approach and a research field. In this dissertation, work-integrated learning is defined as a pedagogical approach that integrates classroom-based education with relevant workplace experiences and which is deliberately included in the curriculum. Building on this definition, and grounded in the examination of combination programmes, Work-Integrated Language Learning (WILL) can be understood as a program or other form of education that primarily targets the development of L2 skills, where classroom and workplace-based learning are intentionally combined, and where connections between settings are actively sought.

Abstract [sv]

Vuxna migranter ställs ofta inför den dubbla utmaningen att lära sig ett nytt språk och att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. I många fall utgör språkkunskaper i värdlandets språk en förutsättning för att kunna få arbete. För att möta dessa utmaningar anordnas i Sverige så kallade kombinationsutbildningar, för att parallellt stödja utvecklingen av språk- och yrkeskunskaper. Denna avhandling utforskar hur gränsöverskridanden i kombinationsutbildningar kan skapa affordaces för lärande.

Informell språkinlärning kompletterar ofta formell undervisning i klassrummet, vilket innebär att klassrummet endast är en av flera möjliga språkinlärningsmiljöer. En annan språkinlärningsmiljö är arbetsplatsen. För att språkutveckling ska kunna ske på arbetsplatsen krävs dock aktivt engagemang från samtliga involverade parter; det sker inte per automatik. Utbildningsprogram som syftar till att stödja migranters inträde på arbetsmarknaden och språkinlärning i arbetslivet har initierats i flera länder, då detta ofta betraktas som en central del av integrationsprocessen.

Forskning inom området är dock begränsad. Det gäller inte minst forskning om kombinationsutbildningar. Denna avhandling fokuserar på de gränser, gränsöverskridanden och affordanses som uppstår i kombinationsutbildningar. Intervjuer och etnografiska metoder har använts.

Resultaten visar att olika typer av samverkan mellan språklärare, yrkeslärare och handledare finns. Dessa samverkansformer kan förstås som exempel på gränsöverskridanden och analyseras utifrån begreppen ’gränsöverskridare’, ’gränsobjekt’, ’samspel övergränsen’ och ’gränspraktik’. Resultaten i denna avhandling visar särskilt på gränsobjektens centrala roll. En modell har tagits fram för att illustrera dessa gränsöverskridanden som kan förekomma inom kombinationsutbildningar, och hur dessa kan ge upphov till affordances för lärande. Två specifika typer av affordances identifieras i avhandlingen: domänspecifika affordances, vilka stödjer elevernas språkliga kunskapsutveckling genom praktiskt handlande och interaktion inom en yrkesmässig kontext, samt affordances för muntlig kommunikation, vilka skapar möjligheter att träna muntlig kommunikation och interaktion och underlättar för elever att våga uttrycka sig muntligt. Vidare visar avhandlingen att även i mycket lingvistiskt begränsade miljöer, såsom vid städarbete, medför gränsobjekt och hybrida situationer affordances för lärande.

Arbetsintegrerat lärande (AIL) är både en pedagogisk metod och ett forskningsfält. I denna avhandling definieras arbetsintegrerat lärande som en pedagogisk metod som integrerar klassrumsbaserad utbildning med relevanta erfarenheter från arbetslivet, som avsiktligt integrerats i kursplanen. Med utgångspunkt i denna definition och med kombinationsutbildningar som empirisk grund definieras arbetsintegrerad språkinlärning (Work-Integrated Language Learning, WILL) som ett program eller annan utbildningsform som primärt syftar till utveckling av andraspråkskunskaper, där lärande i klassrum och på arbetsplats medvetet kombineras och där kopplingar mellan miljöerna aktivt eftersträvas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West , 2025. , p. 106
Series
PhD Thesis: University West ; 76
Keywords [en]
Combination programme; Swedish as a second language; Workintegrated learning; Boundary crossing; Afforda, Kombinationsutbildning; Svenska som andraspråk; Arbetsintegrerat lärande; Gränsöverskridande; Affordances
National Category
Pedagogy Other Educational Sciences
Research subject
Work-Integrated Learning
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-24277ISBN: 978-91-89969-36-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89969-35-3 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-24277DiVA, id: diva2:2000200
Public defence
F123, Trollhättan (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Delarbete 3 är submitted och inte inkluderad i den digitala avhandlingen.

Paper 3 is submitted and not included in the electronic thesis.

Available from: 2025-10-09 Created: 2025-09-23 Last updated: 2025-12-18
List of papers
1. Work integrated language learning: Boundary crossing, connectivity, and L2 affordances
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Work integrated language learning: Boundary crossing, connectivity, and L2 affordances
2022 (English)In: Migration and Language Education, E-ISSN 2652-5984, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 1-22Article in journal (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

In contexts of transnational migration, language skills provide the key to employability and successful integration into host country societies. To enhance the learning process, and facilitate transitions into the workforce, integrated programs of L2 learning have been developed in several Nordic countries. In these undertakings, language learning, vocational education, and workplace practice are combined, the rationale being that each element is enhanced by the others. Drawing on interviews with L2 teachers, vocational educators, and workplace supervisors on five integrated programs in Sweden, this study explores the ways in which connections between program elements are created. Results indicate that when boundaries are crossed, learning affordances arise. Two categories of affordances are identified. While domain affordances facilitate the development of practice knowledge within a relevant occupational/linguistic sphere, communication affordances facilitate engagement in L2 interaction, and increase students’ willingness to communicate. Implications of the research are assessed, and proposals for the future study of work integrated language learning are made.

Keywords
migration, L2 learning, work integrated learning, boundary crossing, affordances, willingness to communicate
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Child and Youth studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-19489 (URN)10.29140/mle.v3n1.639 (DOI)
Note

CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2022-12-20 Created: 2022-12-20 Last updated: 2025-09-30
2. Gränsobjekt och språklärande i kombinationsutbildningar
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Gränsobjekt och språklärande i kombinationsutbildningar
2022 (Swedish)In: Språk i praktiken: i en föränderlig värld. Rapport från ASLA-symposiet, Stockholms universitet, 7–8, april 2022 / [ed] Marie Nelson, Mårten Michanek, Maria Rydell, Susan Sayehli, Klara Skogmyr Marian, Gunlög Sundberg, Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2022, p. 106-130Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [sv]

I Sverige anordnar många kommuner kombinationsutbildningar, där elever läser kommunal vuxenutbildning i svenska för invandrare (sfi) (SKOLFS 2017:91) i kombination med yrkesutbildning. Trots omfattande satsningar på dessa utbildningar finns det få studier kring undervisning i kombinationsutbildningar.Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med forskning kring undervisning i kombinationsutbildningar genom att undersöka förekomsten av gränsobjekt och deras användning mellan sfi, yrkesämnet och arbetsplatspraktiken i kombinationsutbildningar samt att undersöka hur dessa kan skapa affordancesför språkinlärning. Forskningsfrågan är: Vilka affordances för språkinlärning kan,med hjälp av gränsobjekt, enligt deltagarna uppstå i de undersökta arbetsintegrerade sfi-utbildningarna? Studien bygger på intervjuer med tretton informanter. För bearbetning av datamaterialet användes deduktiv tematisk analys med utgångspunkt i ett analytiskt ramverk, skapat utifrån Akkerman and Bakkers (2011b) definitioner av gränsöverskridande. Resultatet visar att det i våra informanters beskrivningar fanns fem typer av gränsobjekt på de studerade utbildningarna, och dessa hade potential att bidra med både yrkesdomänspecifika affordances och affordances för muntlig kommunikation. Slutligen tas implikationer av studiens resultat upp.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2022
Series
Asla:S Skriftserie/Asla Studies In Applied Linguistics, ISSN 1100-5629, E-ISSN 2004-108X ; 30
Keywords
språkinlärning, kombinationsutbildning, kommunal vuxenutbildning (SFI), yrkesutbildning, undervisning
National Category
General Literature Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-20920 (URN)10.17045/sthlmuni.24321526 (DOI)978-91-87884-30-6 (ISBN)
Available from: 2023-11-09 Created: 2023-11-09 Last updated: 2025-09-30
3. A case study of the creation of a supervising boundary practice in a work-integrated language learning program
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A case study of the creation of a supervising boundary practice in a work-integrated language learning program
2024 (English)In: Migration and Language Education, E-ISSN 2652-5984, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 2114-2114Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

When migrating to a new country, there is often a need to learn a new language and find a job. In Sweden, in an effort to meet this need, a type of work-integrated language learning program, called combination courses, with the idea that students learn the language and a vocation simultaneously, is initiated. In this article, such a combination course, centring around the Swedish language as well as cleaning skills and providing apprenticeship workplace placements for the students, is studied. Using a boundary crossing lens to analyse the ethnographical data, consisting of 65 hours of observations, this case study analyses the boundary practices created by one workplace supervisor. The results show that the supervisor establishes a boundary crossing practice that comprises around two hours of theoretical studies for the student each day he spends on the practice, and over time, this boundary practice becomes more and more similar to schoolwork. This boundary practice provides the student with plenty of language learning affordances. It emphasises both oral and written communication, giving the student the opportunity to refine both during the practice. The experiences gained from this work-integrated language learning program provide valuable insights into the supervising practice involved when students are expected to learn both the language and the vocation simultaneously.

Keywords
L2 learning, work-integrated language learning, combination courses, workplace learning, boundary practice, affordances
National Category
Educational Sciences Pedagogy
Research subject
Work Integrated Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-22952 (URN)10.29140/mle.v5n1.2114 (DOI)
Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2025-01-27 Last updated: 2025-09-30

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