The last decade has seen a significant increase in electromobility. With this trend, it will be necessary to start dealing with the subsequent recycling and disposal of electric vehicles, including the batteries. Currently, the battery is one of the most expensive components of an electric vehicle, which in part hinders their sufficient competitiveness with the internal combustion engine.

Furthermore, the lifetime of a battery for use in an electric vehicle is assumed to be 8–10 years/160,000 km for NMC batteries and it differs according to battery chemistry, after which the battery capacity drops to 80% of the initial capacity. However, it transpires that a battery at the end of its life in an electric vehicle does not need to be disposed of immediately but can be used in other applications wherein the emphasis is not so strict on an excellent power and capacity capability related to its volume or weight.

Thus, the secondary use of batteries can help lower the overall cost of electric vehicles, extend the utility of battery systems beyond their initial application, and mitigate the environmental impacts associated with battery production and disposal.