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Keyhole TIG Welding and Microstructural Analysis of Advanced Nickel-Based Superalloys: VDM Alloy 780 and Alloy G27
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of industrial automation. (KAMPT)
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Nyckelhåls TIG-svetsning och mikrostrukturanalys av avancerade nickelbaserade superlegeringar : VDM Alloy 780 och Alloy G27 (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

VDM Alloy 780 and G27 are new γ'-hardening polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys that are promising material candidates for aerospace applications, especially in the hot sections of an aero engine where welding is extensively used to fabricate themassive hot structural components by joining small pieces of superalloys. VDM Alloy 780 was developed to surpass the service temperature capability of Alloy 718 (up to 750°C) while maintaining the excellent workability of Alloy 718, whereas G27 was designed to match, if not exceed, the mechanical properties of Waspaloy, especially in terms of crack growth resistance under dwell fatigue.

In a superalloy weldment, the weld fusion zone (FZ) microstructure that typically consists of γ dendrite and secondary phase constituents that form due to elemental microsegregation during rapid weld solidification is one of the critical factors that invariably control the properties of the welded superalloys. In the present work, the observed elemental microsegregation pattern observed in the weld FZ of VDM Alloy 780 and G27 during the solidification of the weld results in the formation of Nb-rich MC carbides and coarse irregular-shaped Laves phases as the major secondary phase constituents in the interdendritic region. 

After welding, post-weld solution heat treatment (PWSHT) is typically carried outon superalloy weldment to relieve residual stresses and modify the as-welded microstructure. Considering large-sized irregular Laves phases that are generally known to be potentially detrimental to the mechanical properties form in the aswelded FZ of VDM Alloy 780 and G27, suitable PWSHT needs to be developed to remove the Laves phases to achieve optimum microstructures and reliable properties of the welded superalloys. WSHT for an hour performed at 954°C only partially eliminates the Laves phases in both alloys with substantial η phase formation along the interdendritic regions. The excessive amount of η phase also needs careful consideration when developing suitable PWSHT since it may further potentially deteriorate the mechanical properties of the weldment. The Laves phases are completely dissolved without forming η phase after implementing PWSHT at 1060°C for 1h. Thus, with regard to the secondary phase constituents in the FZ,PWSHT at 1060°C/1h is suitable for VDM Alloy 780 and G27 since it completely removes Laves phases with no η phase formation.

Apart from removing Laves phase, it is also essential to understand the effect of PWSHT at 1060°C/1h on the new superalloys' base metal (BM) grain sizes. For the widely used Alloy 718, PWSHT at 1060°C/1h is considered unfeasible since itresults in an excessive grain coarsening in the BM, reducing its tensile and fatigue performance. Based on the results in the present study, PWSHT at 1060°C/1h increased BM grain sizes from 50 to 63 µm in VDM Alloy 780 and 25 to 57 µm in G27. However, the extent of grain growth in VDM Alloy 780 and G27 is proven to be less severe than that in the widely used Alloy 718, showing that the grain growth kinetics in new superalloys are slower than in Alloy 718 at 1060°C, which is believed to be due to pinning effect of Mo-rich Laves phase in G27, and likely to be due to solute segregation at grain boundaries in VDM Alloy 780. The slower kinetics of grain growth at 1060°C in VDM Alloy 780 and G27 relative to Alloy 718 is beneficial in preserving a finer grain structure in the BMs of VDM Alloy 780 and G27 relative to Alloy 718 during PWSHT that aims to remove the Laves phases in the weld FZ

Abstract [sv]

VDM Alloy 780 och G27 är nya γ'-härdande polykristallina Ni-baserade superlegeringar som är lovande materialkandidater för rymdtillämpningar, särskilt i de varma sektionerna av en flygmotor där svetsning används flitigt för att tillverka de massiva heta strukturella komponenterna genom att sammanfoga små bitar av superlegeringar. VDM Alloy 780 utvecklades för att överträffa driftstemperaturkapaciteten hos Alloy 718 (upp till 750°C) samtidigt som den utmärkta bearbetbarheten hos Alloy 718 bibehölls, medan G27 utformades för att matcha, om inte överträffa, de mekaniska egenskaperna hos Waspaloy, särskilt när det gäller spricktillväxtmotstånd under uppehållströtthet.

I en superlegeringssvetsning är mikrostrukturen i svetsfusionszonen (FZ) som vanligtvis består av γ dendrit och sekundärfasbeståndsdelar som bildas på grund av elementär mikrosegregation under snabb svetsstelning en av de kritiska faktorerna som alltid styr egenskaperna hos de svetsade superlegeringarna. I det aktuella arbetet resulterar det observerade elementära mikrosegregationsmönstret som observerats i svetsen FZ av VDM Alloy 780 och G27 under stelningen av svetsen i bildandet av Nb-rika MC-karbider och grova oregelbundet formade Laves-faser som de viktigaste sekundära fasbeståndsdelarna i den interdendritiska regionen.

Efter svetsning utförs vanligtvis värmebehandling efter svetsning (PWSHT) på superlegeringssvetsning för att lindra kvarvarande spänningar och modifiera den svetsade mikrostrukturen. Med tanke på stora oregelbundna Laves-faser som är allmänt kända för att vara potentiellt skadliga för de mekaniska egenskaperna i den svetsade FZ av VDM Alloy 780 och G27, måste lämplig PWSHT utvecklas för att ta bort Laves-faserna för att uppnå optimala mikrostrukturer och tillförlitlig egenskaper hos de svetsade superlegeringarna. WSHT under en timme utförd vid 954°C eliminerar endast delvis Laves-faserna i båda legeringarna med betydande η-fasbildning längs de interdendritiska regionerna. Den överdrivna mängden η-fas behöver också noggrant övervägasnär man utvecklar lämplig PWSHT eftersom det ytterligare potentiellt kan försämra de mekaniska egenskaperna hos svetsen.

Laves-faserna är helt upplösta utan att bilda η-fas efter implementering av PWSHT vid 1060°C under 1 timme. Sålunda, med avseende på sekundärfasbeståndsdelarna i FZ, är PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h lämplig för VDM Alloy 780 och G27 eftersom den helt tar bort Lavesfaser utan η-fasbildning. Förutom att ta bort Laves-fasen är det också viktigt att förstå effekten av PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h på de nya superlegeringarnas basmetall (BM) kornstorlekar. För den allmänt använda Alloy 718 anses PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h omöjligt eftersom det resulterar i en överdriven kornförgrovning i BM, vilket minskar dess drag- och utmattningsprestanda. Baserat på resultaten i denna studie ökade PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h BM-kornstorlekarna från 50 till 63 µm i VDM Alloy 780 och 25 till 57 µm i G27. Omfattningen av korntillväxten i VDM Alloy 780 och G27 har dock visat sig vara mindre allvarlig än den i den allmänt använda Alloy 718, vilket visar att korntillväxtkinetiken i nya superlegeringar är långsammare än i Alloy 718 vid 1060°C, vilket är tros bero på pinningseffekt av Mo-rich Laves-fas i G27, och sannolikt bero på segregering av lösta ämnen vid korngränserna i VDM Alloy 780. Den långsammare kinetiken för korntillväxt vid 1060°C i VDM Alloy 780 och G27 i förhållande till Legering 718 är fördelaktig för att bevara en finare kornstruktur i BMs av VDM Alloy 780 och G27 jämfört med Alloy 718 under PWSHT som syftar till att ta bort Laves-faserna i svetsen FZ.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West , 2024. , p. 85
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 52
Keywords [en]
K-TIG welding; VDM Alloy 780; G27; Superalloys; Microstruture; Heat Treatments; Laves phase; Grain Growt
Keywords [sv]
K-TIG-svetsning; VDM Alloy 780; G27; Superlegeringar; Mikrostruktur; Värmebehandlingar; Laves fas; Spannmålstillväxt
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-22571ISBN: 9789189969155 (print)ISBN: 9789189969148 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-22571DiVA, id: diva2:1909714
Presentation
2024-12-05, F211, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper 3 is not included in the elecronic licentiate thesis.

Available from: 2024-12-05 Created: 2024-10-31 Last updated: 2025-09-30
List of papers
1. Keyhole TIG welding of newly developed nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 780
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Keyhole TIG welding of newly developed nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 780
2023 (English)In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 67, no 1, p. 209-222Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The influence of keyhole TIG (K-TIG) welding parameters on the weld geometry and defects of a new nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 780 alloy were investigated using a statistical design of experiment, and the microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the K-TIG-welded VDM Alloy 780 were characterized. No cracks are found in the FZ and HAZ. Travel speed significantly influences the minimum weld width (Wm), face and root excess weld metal, face underfill, and average pore diameter. Welding current and the interaction current*travel speed significantly influence the face and root excess weld metals, respectively. Interdendritic microconstituents in the FZ are identified as (Nb,Ti)C particles and γ/Laves eutectic constituents based on SEM–EDS analysis. In addition, plate-like precipitates likely to be δ/η phase are observed surrounding the interdendritic Laves eutectics, and γ′ precipitates are found to be inhomogeneously precipitated in the FZ. In the partially melted zone (PMZ), (Nb,Ti)C, Laves phase, and plate-like particles are found in the liquated and resolidified regions. Constitutional liquation of (Nb,Ti)C in HAZ is observed where the liquated (Nb,Ti)C appears to be associated with the γ/Laves eutectic as a resolidified product. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2023
Keywords
Defects; Design of experiments; Eutectics; Gas welding; Heat affected zone; Microstructure; Nickel alloys; Fusion zones; Heat-affected zones; Keyhole TIG welding; Nickel-based superalloys; TIG-welding; Travel speed; VDM alloy 780 superalloy; Weld defects; Weld geometry; Weld metal; Superalloys
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-19484 (URN)10.1007/s40194-022-01425-y (DOI)000885048100001 ()36388256 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85143126389 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2019-02787
Note

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,

This work is based on the research within the FEAST (Weld Feasibility Heat Treatment Studies of New Superalloys, registration number: 2019–02787) project funded by the Swedish funding agency VINNOVA.

Available from: 2022-12-22 Created: 2022-12-22 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
2. Influence Of Keyhole Tig Welding Parameters On Weld Geometry Of Newly-Developed Superalloy Vdm Alloy 780
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence Of Keyhole Tig Welding Parameters On Weld Geometry Of Newly-Developed Superalloy Vdm Alloy 780
2022 (English)In: ICAS PROCEEDINGS33th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical SciencesStockholm, Sweden, 2022, Vol. 5, p. 3516-3530Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The welding process and the associated control, to a certain degree, have enhanced remarkably in the last decades. One of the recent processes is keyhole TIG (K-TIG) welding, which allows better control and the capability to use lower heat input and higher power density during the welding compared to the conventional one, being essential when joining sophisticated materials utilized in the hot sections of aircraft engines such as nickel-based superalloys. The recent trend in the fabrication of hot sections of aero-engines has been preferably carried out by joining small pieces of superalloys by the welding process instead of casting a single large component due to several benefits, such as lowering the total weight of the components and improving the design flexibility. VDM Alloy 780, a new polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy with service temperature capabilities up to 750 °C, is a promising material to be employed in the fabrication of hot structural parts of an aero-engine. For aerospace manufacturers, producing a superalloy weld bead geometry that meets stringent quality requirements for aerospace applications is crucial. To do so, understanding the influence of welding parameters on weld geometry becomes indispensable, especially when welding a new superalloy using a relatively new welding technique. Hence, in this article, the influence of K-TIG welding parameters on the weld geometry of VDM Alloy 780 has been investigated.

Series
ICAS, ISSN 2958-4647
Keywords
K-TIG welding; welding parameters, weld geometry; VDM Alloy 780
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-20059 (URN)2-s2.0-85159616939 (Scopus ID)
Conference
33rd Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, ICAS 2022, Stockholm, Sweden
Funder
Vinnova, 2019-02787
Note

This work is based on the research within the FEAST (Weld Feasibility Heat Treatment Studies of New Superalloys, registration number: 2019-02787) project funded by the Swedish funding agency VINNOVA.

Copyright Statement

The authors confirm that they, and/or their company or organization, hold copyright on all of the originalmaterial included in this paper. The authors also confirm that they have obtained permission, fromthe copyright holder of any third party material included in this paper, to publish it as part of their paper. The authors confirm that they give permission, or have obtained permission from the copyright holder of this paper, for the publication and distribution of this paper as part of the ICAS proceedingsor as individual off-prints from the proceedings

Available from: 2023-06-09 Created: 2023-06-09 Last updated: 2025-09-30
3. Keyhole TIG Welding of New Co-Lean Nickel-Based Superalloy G27
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Keyhole TIG Welding of New Co-Lean Nickel-Based Superalloy G27
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives / [ed] Eric A. Ott, Joel Andersson, Chantal Sudbrack, Zhongnan Bi, Kevin Bockenstedt, Ian Dempster, Michael Fahrmann, Paul Jablonski, Michael Kirka, Xingbo Liu, Daisuke Nagahama, Tim Smith, Martin Stockinger, Andrew Wessman, Springer Cham , 2023, p. 807-824Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The influence of keyhole TIG (K-TIG) welding parameters on the weld geometry and defects of a new Co-lean nickel-based superalloy G27 was studied, and the microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the K-TIG-welded Alloy G27 were characterized. No cracks are found in the FZ and HAZ. Minimum weld width and face underfill statistically were significantly influenced by travel speed and interaction current*travel speed. Root excess weld metal was only significantly influenced by travel speed. Face excess weld metal was significantly influenced by all the factors, including their interaction. On the other hand, all the factors, including their interaction, did not significantly influence the average pore diameter. In the FZ microstructure, interdendritic microconstituents are identified as (Nb, Ti)C particles and γ/Laves eutectic constituents. In addition, a plate-like phase is observed surrounding the Laves phase, and γʹ precipitates are found to be inhomogeneously precipitated in the FZ. In the partially melted zone (PMZ), (Nb, Ti)C, Laves phase, γʹ precipitates, and plate-like particles are found in the liquated and resolidified regions, suggesting the solidification behavior in PMZ is likely to follow a similar pattern to the one observed in FZ.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Cham, 2023
Keywords
K-TIG welding, Weld geometry, Weld defects, Microstructure, G27 superalloy
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-20171 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-27447-3_48 (DOI)2-s2.0-85161396862 (Scopus ID)978-3-031-27447-3 (ISBN)978-3-031-27449-7 (ISBN)
Conference
TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition TMS 2023, 19-23 March, San Diego, CA, USA
Available from: 2023-06-27 Created: 2023-06-27 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
4. Microstructural study of keyhole TIG welded nickel-based superalloy G27
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microstructural study of keyhole TIG welded nickel-based superalloy G27
2023 (English)In: Materials Characterization, ISSN 1044-5803, E-ISSN 1873-4189, Vol. 204, article id 113178Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The weld fusion zone (FZ) microstructure obtained after keyhole tungsten inert gas welding and post-weld solution heat treatments (PWSHTs) of a new nickel (Ni)-based superalloy called G27 is studied, and the grain growth behavior in the base material (BM) during PWSHTs is characterized. Microsegregation-induced interdendritic microconstituents in the FZ of as-welded G27 are identified by analytical (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) as niobium (Nb)-rich MC carbides, Nb-rich Laves eutectic constituents, γ’ and η phases. The Laves eutectics are generally considered brittle and can adversely affect the mechanical properties of the weldment; thus, an hour PWSHTs were performed at 954 °C–1060 °C to eliminate the γ/Laves eutectics. PWSHT up to 1010 °C results in only partial removal of Laves eutectics with an excessive formation of η phase surrounding the Laves phase. Complete dissolution of Laves eutectics with no η phase formation is achieved after a PWSHT is performed at 1060 °C. Relative to INCONEL® alloy 718, the complete elimination of the γ/Laves eutectic constituents in the FZ of G27 through a PWSHT was proven to be achieved without causing excessive grain growth in the BM, which could be due to the pinning effect of the fine molybdenum (Mo)-rich precipitates, that are formed during solution heat treatment and identified as hexagonal close-packed phase particles through extensive (S)TEM analyses.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
K-TIG welding, Weld solidification, Laves phase, Grain growth, G27, Superalloy
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-20698 (URN)10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113178 (DOI)001046857400001 ()2-s2.0-85165231465 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2019-02787
Note

CC-BY 4.0

Available from: 2023-11-01 Created: 2023-11-01 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
5. Microstructural Analysis of K-TIG-Welded New Ni-Based Superalloy VDM Alloy 780
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microstructural Analysis of K-TIG-Welded New Ni-Based Superalloy VDM Alloy 780
2024 (English)In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, ISSN 1073-5623, E-ISSN 1543-1940, Vol. 55, no 8, p. 2952-2976Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The fusion zone microstructures in K-TIG-welded and post-weld solution heat-treated new superalloy VDM Alloy 780 were examined. In addition, the kinetics of the base metal grain growth during solution heat treatments were analyzed. (S)TEM analyses show that major interdendritic microconstituents formed in the fusion zone due to elemental microsegregation are MC carbides and coarse irregularly shaped Laves phase. Additionally, minor secondary interdendritic phases are found to include γ′, γ″, and tiny plate-like Laves particles. To prevent any potential deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the irregular Laves phase, post-weld solution heat treatments (PWSHTs) at 954 °C to 1060 °C/1 hours were performed to remove the Laves phase. PWSHT at 954 °C only partially eliminates the Laves particles while forming an abundance of interdendritic δ/η phase. Laves phase is dissolved entirely without forming δ/η platelets after PWSHT at 1060 °C. It is proven that Laves eutectics in VDM Alloy 780’s fusion zone can be eliminated through PWSHT without significantly coarsening the base metal’s grain size in comparison to Alloy 718 as a result of substantial grain growth inhibition likely caused by solute segregation at grain boundaries.

Keywords
Microstructural Analysis, K-TIG-Welded, Ni-Based Superalloy, VDM Alloy 780
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-22575 (URN)10.1007/s11661-024-07451-3 (DOI)001236818400002 ()
Note

CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2024-10-30 Created: 2024-10-30 Last updated: 2025-09-30

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