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Mikrostrukturanalys av Waspaloy tillverkad med DED-LB/M
University West, Department of Engineering Science.
2024 (Swedish)Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesisAlternative title
Microstructure Analysis of Waspaloy Manufactured with DED-LB/M (English)
Abstract [sv]

Detta examensarbete utfördes för att undersöka materialegenskaper för Waspaloy genom prover byggda med olika processparametrar för DED-LB/M. Tre prover valdes ut och klassificerades som prov ett, två och tre, och olika värmebehandlingar gjordes på tre restprover från nummer tre. Alla prover hämtades från ett tidigare arbete och var byggda på ett rostfritt stålsubstrat. 

Samtliga prover genomgick polering och etsning. Kornbredd samt tillväxtriktning undersöktes med ljusmikroskop. Mikrostrukturen analyserades vidare med svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) och materialets sammansättning analyserades med energidispersiv spektroskopi (EDS). De värmebehandlade proverna genomgick även hårdhetsanalyser. Simuleringar i Thermo-Calc genomfördes för att öka förståelsen av Waspaloys mikrostruktur.

Ljumikroskopanalysen visade att kornen i botten var mindre än i resten av bygget, men att antalet korn minskade och kornstorleken ökade med höjden. Kornorientering och tillväxtriktning varierade mer nära substratet och även det minskade med höjden. För de värmebehandlade proverna observerades liknande mönster men med tydligare homogenisering av mikrostrukturen.

EDS-analyserna visade varierande procentandelar av legeringsämnen. Höjda halter av järn observerades nära substratet för prov ett och tre. Diffusion av legeringsämnen kopplade till olika utskiljningar identifierades, inklusive ökad utskiljning av sekundärfaser efter åldringshärdning. Hårdhetsmätningarna påvisade att två av tre värmebehandlade prover genomgick utskiljning av härdande faser, med värden upp till 480 HV och 372 HV. Icke värmebehandlade prover visade minimal utskiljning. Thermo-Calc-simuleringarna resulterade i ett Scheil-diagram, en jämviktsberäkning och ett TTT-diagram för Waspaloy, vilket ökade förståelsen för sekundära fasers utskiljning. 

Slutsatsen är att mikrostrukturen påverkas av processparametrarna, men alla prover följer ett liknande mönster i kornstorlek, orientering och tillväxtriktning. Sekundärfaser har utskiljts men kunde inte identifieras exakt. Hårdhetsresultaten visar att värmebehandling har en effekt på utskiljningar, men även icke värmebehandlade prover har genomgått viss utskiljning. Fortsatt analys med SEM rekommenderas för att bekräfta identifierade faser, samt undersökning av kornorientering och kornstorlek med elektronåterkastad diffraktion. Större byggen och ytterligare mekaniska tester rekommenderas också. 

Abstract [en]

This bachelor’s thesis aims to investigate the material properties of Waspaloy through samples built with different process parameters for DED-LB/M. Three samples were selected and classified as sample one, two, and three, and various heat treatments were performed on three leftover samples from number three. All samples were taken from a previous study and were built on a stainless steel substrate.

The samples underwent polishing and etching. Grain width and growth direction were examined with a light microscope. The microstructure was further analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the material composition was analyzed with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The heat-treated samples underwent hardness analyses. Simulations in Thermo-Calc were conducted to increase the understanding of Waspaloy's microstructure. The light microscope analysis showed that the grains at the bottom were smaller than in the rest of the build, but the number of grains decreased and grain size increased with height. Grain orientation and growth direction varied more near the substrate and also decreased with height. For the heat-treated samples, similar patterns were observed but with more distinct homogenization of the microstructure.

The EDS analyses showed varying percentages of alloying elements. Increased levels of iron near the substrate were noted for samples one and three. Diffusion of alloying elements linked to different precipitations were identified, including increased precipitation of secondary phases after age hardening. The hardness measurements showed that two of the three heat-treated samples underwent precipitation of hardening phases, with values up to 480 HV and 372 HV. Non-heat-treated samples showed minimal precipitation. The ThermoCalc simulations resulted in a Scheil diagram, an equilibrium calculation, and a TTT diagram for Waspaloy, which increased the understanding of secondary phase precipitation.

The conclusion is that the microstructure is affected by the process parameters, but all samples follow a similar pattern in grain size, orientation, and growth direction. Secondary phases have precipitated but could not be precisely identified. The hardness results show that heat treatment affects precipitation, but even non-heat-treated samples have undergone some precipitation. Further analysis with SEM is recommended to confirm the identified phases, as well as investigation of grain orientation and size with electron backscatter diffraction. Larger builds and additional mechanical tests are also recommended.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2024. , p. 59
Keywords [sv]
Mikrostrukturer, materialegenskaper, analys
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-22259Local ID: EXM508OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-22259DiVA, id: diva2:1890617
Subject / course
Mechanical engineering
Educational program
Maskiningenjör
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2024-08-26 Created: 2024-08-20 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved

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