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Effect of Laser Power on the Deposition of Alloy 718 Powder on Alumina Substrate Using Laser Directed Energy Deposition: A Single-Track Study
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6605-1869
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of mechanical engineering. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1607-9177
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of mechanical engineering. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9065-0741
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of mechanical engineering. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5521-6894
2024 (English)In: Sustainable Production through Advanced Manufacturing, Intelligent Automation and Work Integrated Learning: Proceedings of the 11th Swedish Production Symposium (SPS2024) / [ed] Joel Andersson, Shrikant Joshi, Lennart Malmsköld, Fabian Hanning, IOS Press , 2024, p. 111-121Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Welding or brazing of metals to ceramics often leads to failures under aggressive conditions due to abrupt changes in physical, chemical, and thermal properties at the metal-ceramic interface. Metal-ceramic Functional Graded Materials (FGMs) replace the strict interface with a gradual transition of composition and properties, which protects the material from failures. The powder-blown Laser-Directed Energy Deposition (DED-LB) is one of the widely known Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes that offer unique features like developing FGMs and multi-material structures. Various studies have been conducted to process metalceramic FGMs using the DED-LB process but significant differences in thermal properties, varying laser-material interactions, and the possibility of formation of complex reaction products make the processing of metal-ceramic FGMs challenging. 

This study aims to understand the effect of laser power on a ceramic substrate, and its interaction with a metal powder introduced in the melt pool. A single track of nickel-based superalloy Alloy 718 powder was deposited on an Alumina substrate with different laser powers. The deposition was performed with and without substrate pre-heat to understand the effect of pre-treatment on deposition. Metallographic analysis was performed to reveal the microstructure of the resolidified metal mixed ceramic region

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOS Press , 2024. p. 111-121
Series
Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering, ISSN 2352-751X, E-ISSN 2352-7528 ; 52
Keywords [en]
Laser-Directed Energy Deposition, Metal-Ceramic FGMs, Alumina, Alloy 718
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-21505DOI: 10.3233/atde240158ISI: 001229990300010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85191316558ISBN: 9781643685106 (print)ISBN: 9781643685113 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-21505DiVA, id: diva2:1852202
Note

CC BY NC 4.0

Available from: 2024-04-17 Created: 2024-04-17 Last updated: 2026-02-23
In thesis
1. Towards Development of Functionally Graded Alloy 718-NiCrAlY and Alloy 718-YSZ Systems using DED-LB/p Process
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards Development of Functionally Graded Alloy 718-NiCrAlY and Alloy 718-YSZ Systems using DED-LB/p Process
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Mot utveckling av funktionsgraderade materialkombinationer av legering 718-NiCrAlY och legering 718-YSZ med hjälp av DED-LB/p-processen
Abstract [en]

Alloy 718 is a nickel-based superalloy widely used in high-temperature structural applications such as aeroengines, combustion chambers, and gas turbines, owing to its excellent high-temperature mechanical strength, good creep resistance, and oxidation performance. However, under aggressive thermal loads, Alloy 718 often experiences setbacks in meeting long-term durability and oxidation resistance demands.

Traditionally, these limitations are addressed using thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems, in which Alloy 718 is coated with a top ceramic coat primarily for thermal insulation and an intermediate metallic bond coat for mitigating the property difference between substrate and ceramic coat, and for oxidation resistance. Yttria-stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) and NiCrAlY are the widely used ceramic and bond coat materials, with proven success in enhancing oxidation resistance. Yet, these coatings experience issues with poor adhesion and thermal property mismatch, resulting in spallation of coatings under cyclic loading. Developing these layers with Directed Energy Deposition with laser beam and powder (DED-LB/p) process improves interfacial bonding both between the layers and with the substrate, and allows for potential integration of substrate and coating fabrication into a unified manufacturing process. Despite having these advantages, the direct deposition of NiCrAlY and YSZ involves a sharp interface that is prone to cracking due to sudden variation in properties. Replacing this sharp interface with a gradient composition helps in minimising the interfacial stresses and enhances the durability of the coating.

The DED-LB/p process, with its ability to use multiple powder feeders and dynamic feed rate adjustments, attracted research on developing these compositionally graded structures called Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). Hence, this thesis investigates the development of Alloy 718-NiCrAlY and Alloy 718-YSZ compositionally graded FGMs using DED-LB/p process. The main objective of this thesis is to compositionally grade Alloy 718 with NiCrAlY to improve external oxidation protection and grade Alloy 718 with YSZ to reduce the temperatures experienced by the Alloy 718 substrate, resulting in improved high-temperature performance. This study primarily focused on understanding the metallurgy-related and process-induced challenges in realising fully functional and optimised FGM structures. 

In the Alloy 718-NiCrAlY system, a two-level three-factor Design of Experiments (DoE) was conducted to understand the influence of laser power, scan speed, and powder feed rate on geometrical and microstructural characteristics of the NiCrAlY deposition on Alloy 718 substrate. The process parameters, primarily laser power and scan speed, influenced the dilution of the substrate, which affected the grain morphology and phase fractions of γ-Ni and β-NiAl. Single track, multilayer direct deposition of NiCrAlY exhibited top surface transverse cracking, primarily attributed to the presence of brittle β-NiAl phase and thermal mismatch. The 10 wt.% compositionally graded FGM effectively reduced the surface cracking, but compositional mixing along the gradient led to the formation of crack-susceptible compounds, which ultimately developed solidification cracking in intermediate regions. In the Alloy 718-YSZ system, 10 wt.% gradient single-track experiments showed a clear separation of Alloy 718-rich and YSZ-rich regions, with increasing YSZ content. It was observed due to inferior wetting, significant density differences, and improper melt pool mixing between materials. The grain structure of YSZ in ceramic regions also changed with an increase in YSZ content. Formation of low-melting or deleterious compounds in intermediate regions was identified as a major challenge in developing Alloy 718-NiCrAlY FGMs, whereas melt pool separation and lack of gradient-specific process parameters were identified as major challenges to be addressed in the development of the Alloy 718-YSZ system to realise a structurally and functionally sound FGM.

Abstract [sv]

Alloy 718 är en nickelbaserad superlegering som används flitigt i högtemperaturstrukturella tillämpningar som flygmotorer, förbränningskammare och gasturbiner, tack vare sin utmärkta mekaniska styrka vid höga temperaturer, god krypmotståndskraft och oxidationsbeständighet. Men under aggressiva termiska belastningar upplever Alloy 718 ofta bakslag när det gäller att uppfylla kraven på långsiktig hållbarhet och oxidationsbeständighet.

Traditionellt hanteras dessa begränsningar med hjälp av termiska barriärbeläggningssystem (TBC), där Alloy 718 beläggs med ett keramiskt toppskikt främst för termisk isolering och ett mellanliggande metalliskt bindskikt för att mildra egenskapsskillnaden mellan substratet och det keramiska skiktet, samt för oxidationsbeständighet. Yttria-stabiliserad zirkonia (YSZ) och NiCrAlY är de mest använda keramik- och bindskiktsmaterialen, med bevisad framgång när det gäller att förbättra oxidationsbeständigheten [A1.1]. Ändå upplever dessa beläggningar problem med dålig vidhäftning och termisk mismatch, vilket resulterar i att beläggningarna flagnar under cyklisk belastning. Att utveckla dessa skikt med Directed Energy Deposition med laserstråle och pulver (DED-LB/p)-processen förbättrar gränssnittsbondningen både mellan skikten och med substratet och möjliggör potentiell integration av substrat- och beläggningstillverkning till en enhetlig tillverkningsprocess. Trots dessa fördelar innebär direkt deposition av NiCrAlY och YSZ en skarp gränsyta som är benägen att spricka på grund av plötsliga variationer i egenskaper. Att ersätta detta skarpa gränssnitt med en gradientkomposition bidrar till att minimera gränssnittsstressarna och förbättrar beläggningens hållbarhet.

DED-LB/pprocessen med sin förmåga att använda flera pulvertillmatare och dynamiska justeringar av matningshastigheten lockade till forskning om utveckling av dessa kompositionsgraderade strukturer som kallas Funktionellt graderade material (FGM). Därför undersöker denna avhandling utvecklingen av kompositionsgraderade FGMs av legering 718-NiCrAlY och legering 718-YSZ med hjälp av DED-LB/p-processen. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling är att kompositionsgradera Alloy 718 med NiCrAlY för att ge externt oxidationsskydd och att gradera Alloy 718 med YSZ för att minska temperaturerna som Alloy 718-substratet utsätts för, vilket resulterar i förbättrad högtemperaturprestanda. Denna studie fokuserade främst på att förstå de metallurgirelaterade och processinducerade utmaningarna vid realiseringen av fullt funktionella och optimerade FGM-strukturer.

I systemet Alloy 718-NiCrAlY genomfördes en tvånivåtrefaktor Design of Experiments (DoE) för att förstå inflytandet av lasereffekt, skanningshastighet och pulvertillförselhastighet på de geometriska och mikrostrukturella egenskaperna hos NiCrAlY-avsättningen på Alloy 718-substratet. Processparametrarna, främst lasereffekten och skanningshastigheten, påverkade utspädningen av substratet, vilket i sin tur påverkade kornmorfologin och fasfraktionerna av γ-Ni och β-NiAl. Enkelspårig, flerskiktig direkt deposition av NiCrAlY uppvisade tvärgående sprickbildning på ytan, vilket främst tillskrivs närvaron av den spröda β-NiAl-fasen och termisk mismatch. Den 10 viktprocent kompositionsgraderade FGM:en minskade effektivt ytans sprickbildning, men kompositionsblandning längs gradienten ledde till bildning av sprickkänsliga föreningar, vilket i slutändan utvecklade stelnesprickor i mellanliggande områden. I systemet Alloy 718-YSZ visade gradientexperiment med enskilda spår med 10 viktprocent en tydlig separation av Alloy 718-rika och YSZ-rika områden, med ökande YSZinnehåll. Det observerades på grund av sämre vätning, betydande densitetsskillnader och otillräcklig blandning av smältbadet mellan materialen. Kornstrukturen hos YSZ i keramikområdena förändrades också med ökningen av YSZ-innehållet. Bildandet av lågsmältande eller skadliga föreningar i mellanliggande regioner identifierades som en stor utmaning vid utvecklingen av Alloy 718-NiCrAlY FGMs, medan separation av smältbadet och brist på gradient-specifika processparametrar identifierades som stora utmaningar som måste hanteras i Alloy 718-YSZsystemet för att uppnå en strukturellt och funktionellt sund FGM.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2025. p. 74
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 57
Keywords
Functionally Graded Materials, Directed Energy Deposition, Multi-material deposition, Alloy 718, NiCrAlY, YSZ, Metal-Ceramic interface, Funktionsgraderade material, riktad energideposition, flerkomponentsdeposition, Alloy 718, NiCrAlY, YSZ, Metall-keramiskt gränssnitt
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-24506 (URN)978-91-89969-50-6 (ISBN)978-91-89969-49-0 (ISBN)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper D is to be submitted and not included in the electronic licentiate thesis.

Available from: 2025-11-21 Created: 2025-10-30 Last updated: 2026-01-27

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Choudary Ratnala, DilipkumarHanning, FabianAndersson, JoelJoshi, Shrikant V.

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