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Varestraint weldability testing of Sanicro 25 and 310S stainless steel
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of mechanical engineering. Alleima EMEA AB, Sandviken (SWE). (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7880-6002
Alleima EMEA AB, Sandviken (SWE).
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3374-6282
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9065-0741
2022 (English)In: Advances in Welding & Additive Manufacturing Research / [ed] Stan A. David,Zhili Feng, Thoams J. Lienert, American Welding Society , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Sandvik Sanicro 25 (UNS S31035) is an advanced high temperature austenitic stainless steel that potentially can be used in super-heaters and reheaters in the next generation of advanced ultra-super critical power plants (A-USC). The material possesses both high creep strength and good corrosion resistance at temperatures up to 700°C. It is, however, well known that an austenitic solidification mode combined with a fully austenitic microstructure exacerbate susceptibility towards hot cracking. In this paper, the Varestraint test is used to investigate the susceptibility to hot cracking of Sanicro 25 and is compared to the well-known grade 310S (UNS S31008), which has been used in past generations of power plants. This investigation therefore attempts, based on the Varestraint weldability test, microstructural inspection, and thermodynamical calculations, to investigate if there are any differences in cracking mechanisms between these two grades due to the additional alloying elements used in Sanicro 25. The results show that the hot cracking susceptibility of Sanicro 25 is only slightly higher than that of 310S. The larger solidification interval for Sanicro 25 compared to 310S predicted by computational thermodynamics and the niobium-enriched phases in the grain boundaries of Sanicro 25 supported the hot cracking susceptibility results. Weldability of the two alloys is therefore judged to be comparable making the newer alloy a good candidate material to be used in A-USC power plants from a weldability perspective.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Welding Society , 2022.
Keywords [en]
varestraint weldability, stainless steel.
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-19967OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-19967DiVA, id: diva2:1756235
Conference
Advances in Welding & Additive Manufacturing Research Virtual Conference 2022, June 13,2 2022 - June 16, 2022
Note

The conference organizer has given permission to publish the conference paper in full text.

Available from: 2023-05-11 Created: 2023-05-11 Last updated: 2026-04-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Austenitic High-Temperature Alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Austenitic High-Temperature Alloys
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Manufacturing thermal power plants requires welding of high-temperature alloys such as stainless steels and Ni-based alloys. These alloys are sensitive to hot cracking during welding, mainly due to their FCC-microstructure, especially in multipass welding of thick sections where thermal stresses increase. This work evaluates the hot cracking susceptibility of Sanicro® 25 and 310S stainless steels, as well as all-weld metal produced with Ni-based filler metals Alloy 617 and Alloy 617mod., commonly used for welding Sanicro® 25. The aim of this thesis is therefore to improve understanding of cracking susceptibility in high-temperature stainless steels and Ni-based alloys for thermal power plant applications. Varestraint weldability testing was used to rank and assess hot cracking susceptibility under controlled conditions.

Additional testing and examination included metallography, mechanical testing and the use of computational thermodynamics. Results show that Sanicro® 25 is slightly more susceptible to hot cracking than 310S, while both Alloy 617 all-weld metals were less susceptible than Sanicro® 25. The higher cracking susceptibility correlates with a larger fraction of phases and precipitates in or close to the cracks in the microstructure, which was also consistent with thermodynamic calculations. These calculations revealed a narrower solidification interval for 310S compared to Sanicro® 25, and higher a fraction of precipitated phases for Alloy 617 than Alloy 617mod. Overall, it is concluded that Sanicro® 25 remains as a good candidate material for thermal power plants and that today’s recommended filler metal Alloy 617, and in particular the Alloy 617mod. version, is less susceptible to hot cracking than Sanicro® 25. Thus, based on the hot cracking susceptibility, Sanicro® 25 material can be assessed for welded thermal power plant applications based on the parent materials inherent properties and the weldment will not be the weakest part. 

Abstract [sv]

Värmekraftverk kräver användning av högtemperaturbeständiga metalliska material vilka är utvecklade för att fungera vid de högre temperaturerna som uppstår under drift i ett värmekraftverk. I dessa värmekraftverk används rostfria stål och Ni-baserade legeringar, vilka är känsliga för en viss typ av defekt kallad ”varmsprickor” som kan uppstå vid svetsning av materialet, som i svetsoperationen kommer att smälta och åter stelna. Varmsprickorna påverkas negativt av spänningar som uppstår i materialet på grund av svetsning, vilka kommer att öka desto tjockare material som svetsas, då flera lager av svetsning krävs vid ökad materialtjocklek.  

I detta arbete så utvärderas känsligheten för varmsprickbilning hos de rostfria stålen Sanicro® 25 och 310S samt för svetsgods tillverkat med det Ni-baserade tillsatsmaterialen Alloy 617 och Alloy 617mod., vilka vanligtvis används för svetsning av Sanicro® 25. Målet har varit att förbättra förståelsen för varmsprickkänsligheten hos dessa högtemperaturmaterial för tillämpningar i värmekraftverk. För att för att rangordna och bedöma legeringarnas varmsprickkänslighet under kontrollerade förhållanden användes så kallad Varestraintprovning, som innebär att material får stelna samtidigt som det böjs. Dessutom användes mikroskopiska undersökningar samt beräkningsmetoder för att bättre förstå resultaten från Varestraintprovningen. 

Resultaten visar att Sanicro® 25 är något mer känsligt för varmsprickbildning än 310S. Däremot konstaterades att båda Alloy 617-svetsgodsen var mindre känsliga än Sanicro® 25, vilket indikerar att tillsatsmaterialet inte är den svaga länken ur ett varmsprickperspektiv och därmed ett möjligt alternativ för applikationer i värmekraftverk.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2026. p. 66
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 59
Keywords
Varestraint testing; Hot cracking; Weldability; Sanicro® 25; 310S; Alloy 617; Stainless steel; Ni-based alloys, Varestraintprovning; Varmsprickor; Svetsbarhet; Sanicro® 25; 310S; Alloy 617; Rostfria stål; Ni-baserade legeringar
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-25030 (URN)978-91-89969-66-7 (ISBN)978-91-89969-65-0 (ISBN)
Presentation
2026-05-11, J106, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper C is accepted for publication in the licentiate thesis. After printing, paper C has been published and is also available as a partial work here.

Available from: 2026-05-11 Created: 2026-04-01 Last updated: 2026-05-18

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