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Keyhole TIG welding of newly developed nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 780
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung (IDN). (KAMPT)
University West, Department of Engineering Science. (KAMPT)
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9065-0741
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (CAN).
2023 (English)In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 67, no 1, p. 209-222Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The influence of keyhole TIG (K-TIG) welding parameters on the weld geometry and defects of a new nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 780 alloy were investigated using a statistical design of experiment, and the microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the K-TIG-welded VDM Alloy 780 were characterized. No cracks are found in the FZ and HAZ. Travel speed significantly influences the minimum weld width (Wm), face and root excess weld metal, face underfill, and average pore diameter. Welding current and the interaction current*travel speed significantly influence the face and root excess weld metals, respectively. Interdendritic microconstituents in the FZ are identified as (Nb,Ti)C particles and γ/Laves eutectic constituents based on SEM–EDS analysis. In addition, plate-like precipitates likely to be δ/η phase are observed surrounding the interdendritic Laves eutectics, and γ′ precipitates are found to be inhomogeneously precipitated in the FZ. In the partially melted zone (PMZ), (Nb,Ti)C, Laves phase, and plate-like particles are found in the liquated and resolidified regions. Constitutional liquation of (Nb,Ti)C in HAZ is observed where the liquated (Nb,Ti)C appears to be associated with the γ/Laves eutectic as a resolidified product. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2023. Vol. 67, no 1, p. 209-222
Keywords [en]
Defects; Design of experiments; Eutectics; Gas welding; Heat affected zone; Microstructure; Nickel alloys; Fusion zones; Heat-affected zones; Keyhole TIG welding; Nickel-based superalloys; TIG-welding; Travel speed; VDM alloy 780 superalloy; Weld defects; Weld geometry; Weld metal; Superalloys
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-19484DOI: 10.1007/s40194-022-01425-yISI: 000885048100001PubMedID: 36388256Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85143126389OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-19484DiVA, id: diva2:1721681
Funder
Vinnova, 2019-02787
Note

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,

This work is based on the research within the FEAST (Weld Feasibility Heat Treatment Studies of New Superalloys, registration number: 2019–02787) project funded by the Swedish funding agency VINNOVA.

Available from: 2022-12-22 Created: 2022-12-22 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Keyhole TIG Welding and Microstructural Analysis of Advanced Nickel-Based Superalloys: VDM Alloy 780 and Alloy G27
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Keyhole TIG Welding and Microstructural Analysis of Advanced Nickel-Based Superalloys: VDM Alloy 780 and Alloy G27
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Nyckelhåls TIG-svetsning och mikrostrukturanalys av avancerade nickelbaserade superlegeringar : VDM Alloy 780 och Alloy G27
Abstract [en]

VDM Alloy 780 and G27 are new γ'-hardening polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys that are promising material candidates for aerospace applications, especially in the hot sections of an aero engine where welding is extensively used to fabricate themassive hot structural components by joining small pieces of superalloys. VDM Alloy 780 was developed to surpass the service temperature capability of Alloy 718 (up to 750°C) while maintaining the excellent workability of Alloy 718, whereas G27 was designed to match, if not exceed, the mechanical properties of Waspaloy, especially in terms of crack growth resistance under dwell fatigue.

In a superalloy weldment, the weld fusion zone (FZ) microstructure that typically consists of γ dendrite and secondary phase constituents that form due to elemental microsegregation during rapid weld solidification is one of the critical factors that invariably control the properties of the welded superalloys. In the present work, the observed elemental microsegregation pattern observed in the weld FZ of VDM Alloy 780 and G27 during the solidification of the weld results in the formation of Nb-rich MC carbides and coarse irregular-shaped Laves phases as the major secondary phase constituents in the interdendritic region. 

After welding, post-weld solution heat treatment (PWSHT) is typically carried outon superalloy weldment to relieve residual stresses and modify the as-welded microstructure. Considering large-sized irregular Laves phases that are generally known to be potentially detrimental to the mechanical properties form in the aswelded FZ of VDM Alloy 780 and G27, suitable PWSHT needs to be developed to remove the Laves phases to achieve optimum microstructures and reliable properties of the welded superalloys. WSHT for an hour performed at 954°C only partially eliminates the Laves phases in both alloys with substantial η phase formation along the interdendritic regions. The excessive amount of η phase also needs careful consideration when developing suitable PWSHT since it may further potentially deteriorate the mechanical properties of the weldment. The Laves phases are completely dissolved without forming η phase after implementing PWSHT at 1060°C for 1h. Thus, with regard to the secondary phase constituents in the FZ,PWSHT at 1060°C/1h is suitable for VDM Alloy 780 and G27 since it completely removes Laves phases with no η phase formation.

Apart from removing Laves phase, it is also essential to understand the effect of PWSHT at 1060°C/1h on the new superalloys' base metal (BM) grain sizes. For the widely used Alloy 718, PWSHT at 1060°C/1h is considered unfeasible since itresults in an excessive grain coarsening in the BM, reducing its tensile and fatigue performance. Based on the results in the present study, PWSHT at 1060°C/1h increased BM grain sizes from 50 to 63 µm in VDM Alloy 780 and 25 to 57 µm in G27. However, the extent of grain growth in VDM Alloy 780 and G27 is proven to be less severe than that in the widely used Alloy 718, showing that the grain growth kinetics in new superalloys are slower than in Alloy 718 at 1060°C, which is believed to be due to pinning effect of Mo-rich Laves phase in G27, and likely to be due to solute segregation at grain boundaries in VDM Alloy 780. The slower kinetics of grain growth at 1060°C in VDM Alloy 780 and G27 relative to Alloy 718 is beneficial in preserving a finer grain structure in the BMs of VDM Alloy 780 and G27 relative to Alloy 718 during PWSHT that aims to remove the Laves phases in the weld FZ

Abstract [sv]

VDM Alloy 780 och G27 är nya γ'-härdande polykristallina Ni-baserade superlegeringar som är lovande materialkandidater för rymdtillämpningar, särskilt i de varma sektionerna av en flygmotor där svetsning används flitigt för att tillverka de massiva heta strukturella komponenterna genom att sammanfoga små bitar av superlegeringar. VDM Alloy 780 utvecklades för att överträffa driftstemperaturkapaciteten hos Alloy 718 (upp till 750°C) samtidigt som den utmärkta bearbetbarheten hos Alloy 718 bibehölls, medan G27 utformades för att matcha, om inte överträffa, de mekaniska egenskaperna hos Waspaloy, särskilt när det gäller spricktillväxtmotstånd under uppehållströtthet.

I en superlegeringssvetsning är mikrostrukturen i svetsfusionszonen (FZ) som vanligtvis består av γ dendrit och sekundärfasbeståndsdelar som bildas på grund av elementär mikrosegregation under snabb svetsstelning en av de kritiska faktorerna som alltid styr egenskaperna hos de svetsade superlegeringarna. I det aktuella arbetet resulterar det observerade elementära mikrosegregationsmönstret som observerats i svetsen FZ av VDM Alloy 780 och G27 under stelningen av svetsen i bildandet av Nb-rika MC-karbider och grova oregelbundet formade Laves-faser som de viktigaste sekundära fasbeståndsdelarna i den interdendritiska regionen.

Efter svetsning utförs vanligtvis värmebehandling efter svetsning (PWSHT) på superlegeringssvetsning för att lindra kvarvarande spänningar och modifiera den svetsade mikrostrukturen. Med tanke på stora oregelbundna Laves-faser som är allmänt kända för att vara potentiellt skadliga för de mekaniska egenskaperna i den svetsade FZ av VDM Alloy 780 och G27, måste lämplig PWSHT utvecklas för att ta bort Laves-faserna för att uppnå optimala mikrostrukturer och tillförlitlig egenskaper hos de svetsade superlegeringarna. WSHT under en timme utförd vid 954°C eliminerar endast delvis Laves-faserna i båda legeringarna med betydande η-fasbildning längs de interdendritiska regionerna. Den överdrivna mängden η-fas behöver också noggrant övervägasnär man utvecklar lämplig PWSHT eftersom det ytterligare potentiellt kan försämra de mekaniska egenskaperna hos svetsen.

Laves-faserna är helt upplösta utan att bilda η-fas efter implementering av PWSHT vid 1060°C under 1 timme. Sålunda, med avseende på sekundärfasbeståndsdelarna i FZ, är PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h lämplig för VDM Alloy 780 och G27 eftersom den helt tar bort Lavesfaser utan η-fasbildning. Förutom att ta bort Laves-fasen är det också viktigt att förstå effekten av PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h på de nya superlegeringarnas basmetall (BM) kornstorlekar. För den allmänt använda Alloy 718 anses PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h omöjligt eftersom det resulterar i en överdriven kornförgrovning i BM, vilket minskar dess drag- och utmattningsprestanda. Baserat på resultaten i denna studie ökade PWSHT vid 1060°C/1h BM-kornstorlekarna från 50 till 63 µm i VDM Alloy 780 och 25 till 57 µm i G27. Omfattningen av korntillväxten i VDM Alloy 780 och G27 har dock visat sig vara mindre allvarlig än den i den allmänt använda Alloy 718, vilket visar att korntillväxtkinetiken i nya superlegeringar är långsammare än i Alloy 718 vid 1060°C, vilket är tros bero på pinningseffekt av Mo-rich Laves-fas i G27, och sannolikt bero på segregering av lösta ämnen vid korngränserna i VDM Alloy 780. Den långsammare kinetiken för korntillväxt vid 1060°C i VDM Alloy 780 och G27 i förhållande till Legering 718 är fördelaktig för att bevara en finare kornstruktur i BMs av VDM Alloy 780 och G27 jämfört med Alloy 718 under PWSHT som syftar till att ta bort Laves-faserna i svetsen FZ.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2024. p. 85
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 52
Keywords
K-TIG welding; VDM Alloy 780; G27; Superalloys; Microstruture; Heat Treatments; Laves phase; Grain Growt, K-TIG-svetsning; VDM Alloy 780; G27; Superlegeringar; Mikrostruktur; Värmebehandlingar; Laves fas; Spannmålstillväxt
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-22571 (URN)9789189969155 (ISBN)9789189969148 (ISBN)
Presentation
2024-12-05, F211, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper 3 is not included in the elecronic licentiate thesis.

Available from: 2024-12-05 Created: 2024-10-31 Last updated: 2025-09-30

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