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Evaluation of test results and ranking criteria for Varestraint testing of an austenitic high-temperature alloy
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Research Enviroment Production Technology West. Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81 Sandviken, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7880-6002
Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81 Sandviken, Sweden.
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8822-2705
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9065-0741
2020 (English)In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 64, p. 903-912Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Varestraint testing is commonly used to evaluate hot cracking susceptibility of materials. In this paper, the dependence of operators and evaluation technique on test results is studied for a high-temperature austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31035). Samples were tested at six different strain levels ranging from 0.7 to 3.8%. Four different operators evaluated the same samples following the same instructions on how to measure the cracks manually in an optical microscope at x 25 magnification. The largest variation among operators evaluation was found for low strain levels where small and few cracks were found. In addition, one of the four operators used image analysis to evaluate the samples at x 50 magnification. The average total crack length and total number of cracks in fusion zone and heat-affected zone were approximately 1.5 times higher when using image analysis compared with manual evaluation. Image analysis at x 50 made it possible to detect smaller cracks compared with manual evaluation at x 25 magnification, contributing to an increased number of cracks detected. The maximum crack length using image analysis at x 50 was similar to manual evaluation made at x 25 magnification and was the criterion that showed the least variation in this study. However, further comparisons using other magnifications are needed to verify the agreement between manual evaluation and image analysis found in this study. An advantage with evaluation using image analysis is that it provides traceable results. A harmonized standard for Varestraint testing, and especially for evaluation, would decrease the variation among operators and laboratories.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2020. Vol. 64, p. 903-912
Keywords [en]
Varestraint testing; High-temperature austenitic stainless steel; Hot crack evaluation; Ranking criteria
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-15119DOI: 10.1007/s40194-020-00891-6ISI: 000522945300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85083270874OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-15119DiVA, id: diva2:1424253
Funder
Knowledge FoundationAvailable from: 2020-04-16 Created: 2020-04-16 Last updated: 2026-04-01
In thesis
1. Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Austenitic High-Temperature Alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Austenitic High-Temperature Alloys
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Manufacturing thermal power plants requires welding of high-temperature alloys such as stainless steels and Ni-based alloys. These alloys are sensitive to hot cracking during welding, mainly due to their FCC-microstructure, especially in multipass welding of thick sections where thermal stresses increase. This work evaluates the hot cracking susceptibility of Sanicro® 25 and 310S stainless steels, as well as all-weld metal produced with Ni-based filler metals Alloy 617 and Alloy 617mod., commonly used for welding Sanicro® 25. The aim of this thesis is therefore to improve understanding of cracking susceptibility in high-temperature stainless steels and Ni-based alloys for thermal power plant applications. Varestraint weldability testing was used to rank and assess hot cracking susceptibility under controlled conditions.

Additional testing and examination included metallography, mechanical testing and the use of computational thermodynamics. Results show that Sanicro® 25 is slightly more susceptible to hot cracking than 310S, while both Alloy 617 all-weld metals were less susceptible than Sanicro® 25. The higher cracking susceptibility correlates with a larger fraction of phases and precipitates in or close to the cracks in the microstructure, which was also consistent with thermodynamic calculations. These calculations revealed a narrower solidification interval for 310S compared to Sanicro® 25, and higher a fraction of precipitated phases for Alloy 617 than Alloy 617mod. Overall, it is concluded that Sanicro® 25 remains as a good candidate material for thermal power plants and that today’s recommended filler metal Alloy 617, and in particular the Alloy 617mod. version, is less susceptible to hot cracking than Sanicro® 25. Thus, based on the hot cracking susceptibility, Sanicro® 25 material can be assessed for welded thermal power plant applications based on the parent materials inherent properties and the weldment will not be the weakest part. 

Abstract [sv]

Värmekraftverk kräver användning av högtemperaturbeständiga metalliska material vilka är utvecklade för att fungera vid de högre temperaturerna som uppstår under drift i ett värmekraftverk. I dessa värmekraftverk används rostfria stål och Ni-baserade legeringar, vilka är känsliga för en viss typ av defekt kallad ”varmsprickor” som kan uppstå vid svetsning av materialet, som i svetsoperationen kommer att smälta och åter stelna. Varmsprickorna påverkas negativt av spänningar som uppstår i materialet på grund av svetsning, vilka kommer att öka desto tjockare material som svetsas, då flera lager av svetsning krävs vid ökad materialtjocklek.  

I detta arbete så utvärderas känsligheten för varmsprickbilning hos de rostfria stålen Sanicro® 25 och 310S samt för svetsgods tillverkat med det Ni-baserade tillsatsmaterialen Alloy 617 och Alloy 617mod., vilka vanligtvis används för svetsning av Sanicro® 25. Målet har varit att förbättra förståelsen för varmsprickkänsligheten hos dessa högtemperaturmaterial för tillämpningar i värmekraftverk. För att för att rangordna och bedöma legeringarnas varmsprickkänslighet under kontrollerade förhållanden användes så kallad Varestraintprovning, som innebär att material får stelna samtidigt som det böjs. Dessutom användes mikroskopiska undersökningar samt beräkningsmetoder för att bättre förstå resultaten från Varestraintprovningen. 

Resultaten visar att Sanicro® 25 är något mer känsligt för varmsprickbildning än 310S. Däremot konstaterades att båda Alloy 617-svetsgodsen var mindre känsliga än Sanicro® 25, vilket indikerar att tillsatsmaterialet inte är den svaga länken ur ett varmsprickperspektiv och därmed ett möjligt alternativ för applikationer i värmekraftverk.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2026. p. 66
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 59
Keywords
Varestraint testing; Hot cracking; Weldability; Sanicro® 25; 310S; Alloy 617; Stainless steel; Ni-based alloys, Varestraintprovning; Varmsprickor; Svetsbarhet; Sanicro® 25; 310S; Alloy 617; Rostfria stål; Ni-baserade legeringar
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-25030 (URN)978-91-89969-66-7 (ISBN)978-91-89969-65-0 (ISBN)
Presentation
2026-05-11, J106, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper C is accepted for publication in the licentiate thesis. After printing, paper C has been published and is also available as a partial work here.

Available from: 2026-05-11 Created: 2026-04-01 Last updated: 2026-04-30

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Johansson, MikaelKarlsson, LeifAndersson, Joel

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