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Norm-critical elements in nursing and healthcare education: a scoping review
University West, Department of Health Sciences, Section for nursing - graduate level. (NormAIL)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0817-2360
University West, Department of Health Sciences, Section for nursing - undergraduate level. (NormAIL)
Medical Library, Region Västra Götaland, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde (SWE).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4223-5014
Department of Health Sciences, Occupational Health Science, Mid Sweden University, Östersund (SWE).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2358-5086
2026 (English)In: BMC Medical Education, E-ISSN 1472-6920, Vol. 26, no 1, article id 759Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

Access to healthcare is a fundamental human right that is often influenced by social norms and power structures. Implicit biases in society, healthcare, and education contribute to health inequalities. Incorporating equity and social justice into nursing and healthcare education, through norm-critical pedagogy can empower learners to address and promote social justice and health equity in patient care and community health.

Methods

The aim of the study was to describe characteristics and recurring elements of norm-critical literature in published research. This study followed Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for scoping reviews to report the findings. A search was conducted in across five scientific databases – CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, ERIC, Medline, and Web of Science – limiting results to English language articles. Two authors independently screened, extracted, and analysed the data, guided by selected key concepts based on the population, concept, and context framework. The included articles were condensed according to specific characteristics and analysed thematically.

Results

Sixteen articles were included in the review, and all published from 2017 onwards, primarily in nursing journals. Most of these articles employed qualitative methodologies. A thematic analysis generated three themes: ‘Redesigning education toward norm-critical pedagogy’, ‘Redefining one’s positionality as a teacher’, and ‘Transforming education for a norm-conscious sustainable healthcare future’.

Conclusions

This scoping review concludes that the characteristics of norm-critical literature, primarily centred on Western nursing education, has limited applicability in other healthcare educations. The literature describes key challenges in integrating norm-criticism into educational structures, often placing undue responsibility on individual teachers to adopt a norm-critical pedagogy. This review calls for further empirical research on norm-criticism to advance its use as a pedagogical model in nursing and healthcare education.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2026. Vol. 26, no 1, article id 759
Keywords [en]
Healthcare education, Nursing education, Norm-criticism, Norm-critical pedagogy, Health equity, Social justice
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Work-Integrated Learning; NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE, Nursing science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-25330DOI: 10.1186/s12909-026-09400-7ISI: 001765259300002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105039073152OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-25330DiVA, id: diva2:2064107
Note

CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2026-06-01 Created: 2026-06-01 Last updated: 2026-07-23
In thesis
1. What is the ‘norm’ in nursing education?: Navigating norm-criticism in a campus based clinical learning environment for a work-integrated nursing education program
Open this publication in new window or tab >>What is the ‘norm’ in nursing education?: Navigating norm-criticism in a campus based clinical learning environment for a work-integrated nursing education program
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Vad är ‘normen’ inom sjuksköterskeutbildning? : Att navigera normkritik i en campusbaserad klinisk lärmiljö för ett arbetsintegrerat sjuksköterskeprogram
Abstract [en]

Background:

In nursing education, perspectives on social justice and health equity have increasingly been highlighted, mainly within the theoretical aspects of education. Various strategies have been used to integrate these concepts into practice-oriented learning activities. The strategy of norm-criticism aims to elevate the perspectives of equity and social justice in education. There is a need to integrate health equity into the practical aspects of education. This dissertation has thus explored a clinical learning environment (CBCLE) with norm-criticism and work-integrated learning (WIL) as parts of its educational structure.

Aims:

To explore the integration of and encounters with norm-criticism in a campus-based clinical learning environment for a work-integrated nursing education program.

Methods:

Study I was a scoping review of 16 peer-reviewed articles, with data that was thematically charted and analyzed to map out the existing research. Study II combined document analysis of 64 academic records with qualitative interviews of seven faculty members/stakeholders. This data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Study III involved participatory observation at a CBCLE, with field notes analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis. Study IV drew on narrative accounts from 14 undergraduate nursing students, which were analyzed through a narrative analysis and a theoretical analysis.

Results:

In Study I norm-critical research in nursing education was found to be predominantly qualitative and Western-oriented. Norm-criticism involved modifying curricula and learning environments to challenge norms and foster health equity. Teachers were encouraged to undergo a personal relearning process to teach more inclusively. In Study II the CBCLE was constructed to educate nursing students beyond the scope of traditional education and in partnership with societal elements. The WIL approach framed the incorporation of norm-criticism, allowing norm-criticism to be integrated and elevated to practical use. However, its inclusion caused institutional hesitation because of its political connotation. In Study III norm-critical dialogues were seldom initiated by the teachers, and only brief norm-critical moments were observed. Technical nursing skills were emphasized, which reinforced a theory-practice gap.

In Study IV students’ gradual engagement with norm-criticism evolved from confusion to meaning making, which called for deeper integration of norm-criticism. Through WIL, norm-criticism was operationalized, bridging theory and practice while shaping professional identity and critical consciousness.

Conclusion:

Norm-criticism at the CBCLE was interpreted across three layers. These included a structural pedagogical norm aligned with the WIL approach, a disruptive personal experience fostering reflection and professional formation, and a theoretical-practical tool to support health equity. These layers collectively redefined teaching and learning practices in nursing education, thus constituting a new normal for the field.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund:

Inom sjuksköterskeutbildning har rättvis och jämlik hälsa fått allt större uppmärksamhet, främst inom utbildningarnas teoretiska delar. Olika lärstrategier har använts för att integrera dessa perspektiv i utbildningens praktiska delar. Genom en normkritisk strategi kan normer synliggöras och frågor om social rättvisa lyftas fram. Det finns ett behov att integrera rättvis och jämlik hälsa i sjuksköterskeutbildningars praktiska delar. Denna avhandling har utforskat en campusbaserad klinisk lärandemiljö (KLC) där normkritik och arbetsintegrerat lärande (AIL) utgör en del av den pedagogiska strukturen.

Syfte:

Att utforska möten med och integrering av normkritik i en campusbaserad klinisk lärandemiljö i ett arbetsintegrerat sjuksköterskeutbildningsprogram.

Metod:

Studie I granskade 16 peer-reviewade artiklar, där data tematiskt strukturerades och analyserades för att få en överblick över befintlig forskning. Studie II kombinerade dokumentanalys av 64 dokument med kvalitativa intervjuer med sju aktörer bestående av fakultetsmedarbetare och partners från civilsamhället. Data analyserades med reflexiv tematisk analys. Studie III utgjordes av deltagande observationer vid ett KLC, där fältanteckningar analyserades med reflexiv tematisk analys. Studie IV bestod av berättelser från 14 sjuksköterskestudenter på grundnivå, berättelserna tolkades med hjälp av narrativ analys samt genom ett teoretiskt raster.

Resultat:

I studie I framkom att normkritisk forskning inom sjuksköterskeutbildning främst är kvalitativ och västerländskt präglad. Normkritik medförde förändringar i läroplaner och lärandemiljöer för att kunna utmana normer och främja rättvis och jämlik hälsa. Lärare uppmuntrades att genomgå en personlig omlärningsprocess för att undervisa mer inkluderande. I studie II framkom att KLC konstruerades i samverkan med civilsamhället med målet att utbilda sjuksköterskestudenter på ett annat sätt än traditionell sjuksköterskeutbildning. AIL-ansatsen utgjorde en ram för att integrera och möjliggöra att normkritik kunde omsättas till praktisk tillämpning. Dock medförde implementeringen en institutionell tveksamhet till normkritiken på grund av dess politiska laddning. Studie III uppmärksammar att normkritiska dialoger sällan initierades av lärarna och endast korta normkritiska inslag i undervisningen observerades. Medicintekniska färdigheter i relation till omvårdnad betonades, vilket förstärkte klyftan mellan teori och praktik. I studie IV utvecklades studenternas gradvisa engagemang i normkritik från förvirring till meningsskapande, vilket tydliggjorde vikten av att införliva normkritik på en djupare nivå på KLC. Genom AIL kunde normkritik konkretiseras och förena teori och praktik samtidigt som kritisk medvetenhet och professionell identitet formades.

Slutsats:

Normkritik vid KLC representerade tre lager: en strukturell pedagogisk norm i linje med AIL-ansatsen, en utmanande personlig erfarenhet som främjade reflektion och professionell utveckling, samt ett teoretisk-praktiskt verktyg för att stödja rättvis och jämlik hälsa. Dessa nivåer omformade undervisningen och lärandet och utgjorde därmed det nya normala inom sjuksköterskeutbildningen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2025. p. 134
Series
PhD Thesis: University West ; 77
Keywords
Campus-based clinical learning environment; Health equity; Norm-criticism; Nursing education; Work-integrated learning, Arbetsintegrerat lärande; Kliniskt lärandecentrum; Normkritik; Rättvis hälsa; Sjuksköterskeutbildning
National Category
Nursing Other Educational Sciences
Research subject
Work-Integrated Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-24527 (URN)978-91-89969-44-5 (ISBN)978-91-89969-43-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-19, F315, Trollhättan, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper I and IV are to be submitted and not included in the electronic thesis.

Available from: 2025-12-01 Created: 2025-11-12 Last updated: 2026-07-23

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