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Energy Resilience: in Crisis and Everyday Life
University West, Department of Social and Behavioural Studies, Division of Psychology, Pedagogy and Sociology. (KAMAIL)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7597-8359
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Energiresiliens : i kris och vardag (Swedish)
Abstract [sv]

Sveriges elsystem genomgår stora förändringar och möter ett antal utmaningar och risker. Elsystemet behöver kunna hantera den pågående energiomställningen och tekniska transformationer, men också klimatförändringar och säkerhetshot. Som svar mot alla dessa utmaningar föreslår både myndigheter och forskare att elsystemet behöver stärka sin resiliens. Resiliens avser ett systems förmåga att tolerera, anpassa sig och återhämta sig från utomstående störningar och förändringar, och att på sikt transformeras för på att bli ännu mer kapabelt att hantera störningar i framtiden. Denna förmåga benämns i sin tur som energiresiliens när fokus är på energisystem eller energirelaterade störningar. Resiliens är dock ett begrepp som används i många olika forskningsfält, vilket gör att resiliens har varierande betydelser och saknar universell definition. När det gäller elsystemet har forskningen kring resiliens hittills karaktäriserats av tekniska perspektiv till stor del, som fokuserat på hur de fysiska och digitala egenskaperna hos elnätet kan förbättras. Tekniska strategier för att möta elsystemets utmaningar innebär ofta expansion och utbyggnad av infrastrukturen, vilket är resurskrävande. Hur elsystemet fungerar beror dock inte bara på dess tekniska system, utan påverkas i stor utsträckning av de många sociala aktörer som exempelvis använder el eller arbetar med produktion och distribution av el. De sociala dimensionerna av resiliens i det svenska elsystemet och hur de kan förstås är hittills en till stor del obesvarad fråga.

Den här avhandlingen utforskar vad resiliens i det svenska elsystemet betyder ur ett socialt perspektiv, med fokus på två centrala aktörer: hushåll och elnätsbolag. Med hjälp av resiliens-begreppet undersöks hur hushåll och elnätsbolag tolkar pågående utmaningar i elsystemet, och hur de anpassar sig till dem. Avhandlingen bidrar till kunskap om förutsättningarna för hushåll och nätbolag att tillsammans hantera utmaningar i elsystemet, vilket kan förstås som ett samskapande av resiliens.

Forskningen i avhandlingen presenteras genom fem artiklar, varav tre berör hushåll och två berör elnätsbolagen, och resultaten sammanförs och diskuteras i kappan. Data inhämtades genom intervjuer och fokusgrupper med hushåll och anställda på elnätsbolag. Forskningen använder resiliens-begrepp, praktik­teori och lärande-begrepp som analytiska linser.

Resultaten pekar på flera överordnade insikter kring resiliens i elsystemet. En insikt handlar om att resiliens kan förstås som en pågående process som förhandlas genom vardagsrutiner och diskursiva aktiviteter. Resiliens förhandlas i vardagligt hushållsarbete när hushållen försöker justera sina rutiner kring exempelvis elbilsladdning, uppvärmning och tvätt i tider av energikris eller när de möter nya prissignaler. Resiliens förhandlas också i elnätsbolagen, exempelvis i de anställdas lärandeprocesser, där de gör avvägningar kring hur elsystemets utmaningar ska hanteras både internt och i interaktion med andra aktörer. Båda typer av förhandlingar sker i viss mån hos båda aktörerna, men hushållens främsta interaktion med elsystemet är genom deras vardagsrutiner, medan nätbolag i större utsträckning ägnar sig åt diskussion om elsystemets omställning som en del av sitt arbete. Sätten på vilka resiliens förhandlas formas också tydligt av olika former av kunskap. Det handlar dels om den kunskap som finns inneboende i vardagliga rutiner så som tekniska och praktiska färdigheter. Det handlar också om reflexiv kunskap, det vill säga förmågan att ifrågasätta antaganden som underbygger befintliga rutiner, och att kunna reflektera kring roller, ansvarsfördelning och komplexitet.

Ytterligare en insikt kring resiliens innefattar att förstå länken mellan infrastrukturens utformning och hushållens elanvändning i vardagen. Studierna illustrerar hur hushållens förväntningar på elsystemet formas av elsystemet självt, och huruvida det signalerar att elen är obegränsad eller begränsad. Elnätsbolagen i sin tur har en teknisk förståelse av resiliens där de arbetar för att hushållen i första hand ska skyddas från störningar och förändringar. Ett elsystem som gör att elen upplevs som ständigt obegränsad kan dock ses som problematisk då den understödjer oaktsam elanvändning och en låg medvetenhet kring störningar hos hushållen. Avhandlingen förespråkar därför ett skifte i elbranschen från en teknisk förståelse av resiliens till en mer socio-teknisk förståelse, där hushåll erkänns som en viktig social aktör vars praktiker både påverkar och påverkas av elsystemet. En sådan förståelse bör inkludera hushållens krisberedskap och anpassningsförmåga som en del av elsystemets resiliens, snarare än något som står utanför. Utifrån dessa resultat gör avhandlingen både teoretiska och empiriska kunskapsbidrag gällande hur sociala dimensioner av resiliens i elsystemet kan förstås, samt ger rekommendationer för hur energibranschen kan främja samarbete med hushållen för att möta elsystemets utmaningar.

Avhandlingen föreslår att elbranschen och politiken bör utforska sociotekniska vägar att arbeta med energiresiliens där sociala aktörer som hushåll ses som viktiga medskapare. På så sätt kan elsystemet stödja vardagliga rutiner som hjälper till att både hantera störningar och möjliggöra ett gott vardagsliv på ett resurseffektivt sätt.

Abstract [en]

Electric power systems worldwide are undergoing transformational changes and face diverse threats, including energy transitions, technological transformation, climate change, and security threats. As a response, energy authorities and research suggest that power systems should strengthen their resilience, referring to the ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from external disturbances, and over time, transform to better handle future challenges. When applied to energysystems and energy disruptions, this concept is often labelled energy resilience.However, research on energy resilience in power systems has mostly focused on technical aspects, such as securing electricity access by improving physical and digital properties of the grid. Increasing resilience by expanding and reinforcing the infrastructure, however, requires substantial material resources. Meanwhile,social actors involved in producing, distributing, and using electricity also play acritical role, yet the social dimensions of resilience in power systems remain largely unexamined.

This thesis explores what resilience in Sweden’s power system means from a social perspective, focusing on households and electric utility companies. It examines how these actors interpret ongoing changes and threats related to the power system, and how they adapt to them. In so doing, the thesis advances both theoretical and empirical understanding of the social dimensions of power system resilience. More specifically, it contributes knowledge on how households and utilities can jointly address power system challenges. The research is presented infive articles, three focusing on households and two focusing on electric utilities, and the results are discussed jointly in this cover essay. The articles draw on interviews and focus groups, and use concepts of resilience, social practice theory, and concepts of unlearning and relearning as analytical lenses.

The findings highlight that resilience can be understood as an ongoing process evolving through enacted and discursive negotiations. For households, this negotiation typically happens as they adjust everyday practices such as electric car charging, washing, and heating in times of energy crisis, in the adoption of new technologies, or in response to new price signals. For utilities, negotiations are visible in the employees’ learning processes and their interactions with other actors. These negotiations are shaped by embodied and reflexive knowledge, including practical skills and the ability to critically reflect on roles, responsibilities, and complexity. The thesis also identifies signs of a potential shift in the Swedish power system, in which electricity is becoming re-materialized in the everyday life of the studied households. This shift demonstrates the link between infrastructure governance and households’ expectations and practices concerning electricity.

The thesis suggests that the electricity sector and policymakers should explore socio-technical approaches to resilience, in which households are recognized as key social actors whose practices, preparedness, and adaptability are part of power system resilience. This enables a more resource-efficient power system that can both manage disruptions and maintain a good quality of life.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West , 2026. , p. 138
Series
PhD Thesis: University West ; 81
Keywords [en]
Resilience; Power system; Household; Electric utility; Work-integrated learning
Keywords [sv]
resiliens; elsystem; hushåll; elnätsbolag; arbetsintegrerat lärande
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Energy Systems Other Educational Sciences
Research subject
Work-Integrated Learning
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-24762ISBN: 978-91-89969-61-2 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89969-60-5 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-24762DiVA, id: diva2:2030162
Public defence
2026-02-27, F314, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Papers 2, 4, and 5 are not yet published and are therefore not included in the electronic thesis.

Available from: 2026-02-04 Created: 2026-01-20
List of papers
1. Exploring energy resilience: households’ perspectives on a changing power system
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring energy resilience: households’ perspectives on a changing power system
2025 (English)In: Energy, Sustainability and Society, E-ISSN 2192-0567, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 31Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

In many countries, essential infrastructures, like power systems, are often taken for granted and thus invisible to ordinary people. However, because of energy transitions and climate impacts, the power system in countries such as Sweden is changing. For example, due to variable renewable power sources and increasing demand there is a potential need to deal with changing conditions, including disruptions at an end-use level, which makes the energy system come to the foreground. As argued in the paper, deeper knowledge about people’s understanding of a changing energy system is needed to support households in taking on new roles. The aim of this study was to explore energy resilience from a household perspective by investigating how households make sense of possible future power deficit scenarios. The concept of household energy resilience was used as a lens. Twelve interviews were conducted with people from seven households participating in a trial with remote-controlled heat pumps. The participating households all lived in detached houses in Sweden.

Results

The findings illustrate how the households relate to energy resilience through diverse approaches. More specifically, they anticipate the need to become resilient while questioning the idea that they should have to become resilient, and negotiate resilience as a shared responsibility between the different stakeholders of the grid. These insights reveal conditions under which households anticipate taking more active roles in a changing energy system. However, the insights also show that other energy actors need to communicate clearly which responsibilities they are taking on to support households and the energy transition overall. Households cannot be expected to embrace household energy resilience without reciprocity and other actors’ taking on responsibility.

Conclusions

Our results show that there is potential for more active and engaged electricity end-users, beyond, for example, flexibility programs. However, households’ active participation, including becoming more energy resilient, is conditional on challenges of value, involvement, and reciprocity. The results will be of interest to professionals involved in electricity supply-related matters including suppliers, policymakers, and researchers.

Keywords
Resilience, Power system, Power grid, Household, Flexibility, Demand response
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Work-Integrated Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-24292 (URN)10.1186/s13705-025-00530-2 (DOI)001526606500001 ()2-s2.0-105010411646 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P50343-1
Note

CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2025-09-29 Created: 2025-09-29 Last updated: 2026-01-20
2. Re-configuring practices in times of energy crisis: A case study of Swedish households
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Re-configuring practices in times of energy crisis: A case study of Swedish households
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Energy Research & Social Science, ISSN 2214-6296, E-ISSN 2214-6326, Vol. 114, article id 103578Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

During the autumn, winter and early spring of 2022/2023, Europe faced rapidly increasing energy prices and threats of power cuts. The situation was consequently labelled an “energy crisis”, and one sector that was severely affected was households. In response to the situation, European households made efforts to reduce and time-shift their energy use to mitigate the effects of the crisis. Considering that domestic energy practices are often difficult to change, particularly in the long term, we find this effect of the energy crisis on households important to understand more deeply. In this paper, we use social practice theory to investigate how Swedish households responded to the crisis and what changes they made in terms of re-configurations of their practices. The aim was to contribute knowledge on how households adapt to a changing energy system with volatile prices, limitations in electric power, and threats of energy crisis. We conducted two rounds of semi-structured interviews with 9 households in single-family houses in the middle and south of Sweden during and after the crisis, in total 18 interviews, to examine what re-configurations of practices emerged and which persisted over time. The results show that significant changes were apparent in primarily the practice domains of heating and hygiene. While some of these changes were temporary, other re-configurations of energy practices persisted beyond the months of crisis and high prices, indicating that meanings of frugality and sufficiency were strengthened. Our results demonstrate that households were reminded of certain electricity use that is otherwise typically backgrounded in homes and that the energy crisis stimulated re-configuration and re-examination of norms as well as reflection on electricity use in general. Finally, we discuss the effects of the energy crisis on household practices in comparison with other crises and disruptions, and point to the importance of communicating clearly with households about the societal effects of their efforts, in order to manage the legacy of this crisis for similar future crisis situations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Energy crisis Households Social practices Electricity Energy Flexibility
National Category
Educational Sciences Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Work-Integrated Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-21661 (URN)10.1016/j.erss.2024.103578 (DOI)001244988800001 ()2-s2.0-85193611538 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P50343-1
Available from: 2024-05-30 Created: 2024-05-30 Last updated: 2026-01-20

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