Abstract Men are exposed to violence in close relationships in both same-sex and heterosexual relationships. Men who are exposed to violence stated that they were exposed to psychological violence rather than physical violence. Psychological violence can be about verbal attacks, isolation, jealousy, threats of physical violence, threats of divorce and destruction of personal property. Men who have been subjected to violence by their partner may develop mental illness. Most men find it difficult to say that they are exposed to violence because of society's gender norms which say that the man must be strong, independent and have self-confidence.

Aim The aim of this study was to describe men’s experiences after being exposed to violence in close relationships.

Method A literature-based study with systematic searches, in which eight articles were selected.

Results The results have shown that men who are exposed to violence in close relationships isolated themselves, had suicidal thoughts, low self-esteem, increased fear and mental illness. Men also stated that they did not dare to talk about their situation to others around them. This was mainly because others did not trust them, but it also had to do with society's gender norms.

Conclusion Men also fall victim to violence in a close relationship and the impact can mean great psychological strain on the man. Isolation, fear, self-esteem, suicidal thoughts and mental illness were identified in the results. The most common consequences after the violence were isolation and fear. When it comes to mental illness, post-traumatic stress disorder was the most common.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in Fig. 2 part labels, the label "d" was incorrectly labelled as "c" and the subsequent labels should be corrected as d, e, and f. The corrected Fig. 2 is given below.

With increasing numbers of children being diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) attention has been drawn to these children's physical health. We aimed to identify the prevalence of defined physical problems (epilepsy, migraine, asthma, cancer, diabetes, psoriasis, lactose intolerance, celiac disease, diarrhea, constipation, daytime enuresis, encopresis) in a nationwide population of 9- and 12-year-old twins subdivided into those with and without indications of NDDs. Parents of 28,058 twins participated in a well-validated telephone interview regarding their children's mental health and answered questions about their physical problems. The results indicate a high rate of physical problems in children with NDDs, particularly in those with indications of the presence of combinations of several NDDs.

In this study, we explore more closely how different organizations in society work and do their business to learn about sex and social information for newly arrived young people. In the study, the participants' own stories will provide an insight into how it may appear to work with sex and social information for newly arrived young people. These organizations work to provide sex education to newly arrived young people in diverse ways, which made it interesting to rigorously compare the organizations work methods with each other and then highlight the forces in the diverse ways of working. The purpose of this study is to investigate how some organizations in society work with sex and social information aimed at newly arrived young people. Furthermore, an aim is to investigate these organizations own perceptions of this work and look at similarities and differences in their way of working. In this qualitative study, interviews have been chosen as data collection methods. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze data for this study. The main result of the study was presented in the form of "Change". The theme Change shows the informants' desire for change in both working methods and perceptions. The theme consists of two domains. The first domain is "Way of working" and represents how the different organizations look at the work, and what are the shortcomings. For example, more resources and continuity at work are needed, and generally how the work on sex and cohabitation information looks. Under the domain of Work, there are four categories "more resources", "continuity", "grouping" and "participation and interaction". The second domain is "Knowledge Situation and Needs", which represent the actors' perceptions of how the knowledge situation among the youths. Under the Knowledge and Requirements domain, there are two categories, "ignorance" and "attitudes". In these categories, the group's attitudes towards sexual and social information and the meetings with the organizations, as well as the attitudes of the activities, are emphasized. An illumination of the lack of knowledge of the group is in the category of ignorance, deviant ignorance compared to young people in general. In conclusion, it is generally necessary to add more resources and the theme 'Change' summarizes the whole of how the organizations work with sex and social information or how they want to work with it. More resources should be invested in the field and they need to work continuously with this area for a lengthy period. A common picture and perception was established regarding that more involvement and cooperation between organizations. The organizations consider that diverse ways of grouping at the meeting with young people are needed and constructive work with the attitudes of young people and the ignorance that the organizations consider is associated with sex and cohabitation among young people.

Background: Sexual abuse of children is a serious restriction on the child's integrity and can cause serious psychological impacts in the form of trauma-related symptoms. It is important that the child then receives treatment to develop mental well-being.

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to create an overview of the state of knowledge about the impact of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and game-based cognitive behavioral therapy in children who have been sexually abused.

Method: This study is based on a literature review where data has been collected from existing information. Based on a three-step model, six scientific articles have been reviewed.

Result: The results showed that trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and game-based cognitive behavioral therapy (GB-CBT) have a positive impact in improving trauma-related symptoms in children between the ages of 4 - 18 who have been sexually abused. The results further showed that the child's knowledge area and safety thinking regarding sexual abuse increased after treatment.

Conclusion: The present study shows that children who have been sexually abused are at risk of developing mental illness in the form of depression, PTSD, outgoing and introverted behavioral problems and sexual disorders. The result showed that cognitively behavioral treatments in the form of TF-CBT and GB-CBT have a positive effect on improving traumarelated symptoms because of sexual abuse. The result also showed that GB-CBT increases the child's safety thinking and other knowledge about sexual abuse. Because sexual abuse of children can have serious consequences for the child's future, it is important to highlight the positive impact treatments have and how the child's knowledge and safety mindset about sexual abuse can increase. The present study can thus be helpful for occupations that work with children.

Background: The implementation of evidence-based methods in hospital settings is challenging and multifaceted. There are several different factors that may affect implementation processes, of which the organisational culture may be one. It is well known that conservative organisational culture can hinder implementations; accordingly, a mix of different organisational cultures is preferable. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to follow the implementation process of an ICF-based assessment tool regarding cultural differences associated with the implementation in a psychiatric clinic. As part of the project, an assessment tool based on the International classifi cation of functioning disability and health (ICF) was developed and implemented. Method: In Study I, three Swedish expert groups participated and analysis of inter-rater reliability was conducted through simulated patient cases. In Study II, data were collected through focus group interviews pre- and post-implementation of the ICF-based assessment tool; thereafter, data were analysed using directed content analysis guided by Normalization Process Theory (NPT). Data from 109 nursing staff who completed the organisational values questionnaire (OVQ) and resistance to change (RTC) were investigated, and the association between the OVQ and RTC was examined with regression analysis (Study III). Patients n=50 representing the intervention hospital and n=64 representing the control hospital answered the Empowerment scale (ES) and Quality in psychiatric care (QPC-IP) (n=45 from intervention hospital and n=64 from control hospital). Staff n=37 at the control hospital answered the OVQ which was presented as descriptive data (Study IV). Results: Inter-rater reliability of the ICF-based assessment tool (DLDA) displayed acceptable kappa values (Study I). The DLDA tool showed the potential for empowering patients. Furthermore, it was considered useful for dialogues, refl ection and for identifying patients’ strengths. Nonetheless, it was diffi cult to implement it in practice due to contributing factors such as time pressure, heavy workload, stress and lack of routine in using the tool (Study II). The intervention hospital was characterised by an organisational culture of trust, belongingness and fl exibility, i.e. a human relation culture. One ward (I.W.3), however, was not dominated by a human relation culture. This ward had an almost equal mix of different cultures (human relation, open system, internal processes and rational goal) (Study III). The results of Study IV were non-signifi cant; however, it indicated that intervention ward 3 proved to be the most prominent ward regarding patient participation and empowerment among the intervention group. The results suggest hospital wards with equal mix of different cultures is more successful than cultural polarisation. Conclusion: Only one of fi ve wards succeeded in implementing the DLDA successfully (ward 5). Ward number three was the most successful of the inpatient intervention wards. The intent of the DLDA method was considered to be good and its use in a psychiatric nursing context can provide structured support in order to improve the dialogue with the patient, but it was not used in practice in all the studied wards. The organisational culture of the intervention hospital was dominated by human relation properties, however with one exception, ward number three. The results tentatively show that organisational culture may affect outcomes of implementation processes. Consequently, it appears that an equal mix of different cultures are more auspicious than cultural polarisations. The results seems to confi rm previous research, where one ward with a balanced mix of different cultures succeeded best to implement DLDA, of the wards representing psychiatric inpatient care. Ward number three did also show the best results in terms of empowerment and patient participation of the intervention wards. Further research aims to continue developing and conducting psychometric testing of the DLDA tool. The DLDAs impact on patient assessed empowerment and patient participation requires studies on larger populations than the current study

An equal mix of organizational cultures is important for a successful implementation process. The aim of this study was to examine the implementation of a new working method in psychiatric hospital wards, representing different cultural characteristics. Descriptive quantitative data were collected at two hospitals (intervention and control). The results revealed one ward characterized by a mix of organizational cultures. This ward, compared with other intervention wards, showed the best results regarding patient assessed empowerment and participation. The result shows tentatively that organizational culture may have an impact on the implementation processes.

The implementation of evidence-based methods in hospital settings is difficult and complex. The aim of the present study was to highlight the implementation process concerning a new working method, i.e. a new assessment tool, based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF), among psychiatric nursing staff on five participating wards at a Swedish county hospital. Descriptive, qualitative data were collected through focus group interviews pre- and post-implementation. Data were analysed using directed content analysis, guided by Normalization Process Theory (NPT). The results revealed that just one of the five participating wards met the criteria for a successful implementation process. The results confirm previous studies showing the difficulty of implementation. Although participants agreed with the intention of the model, they were reluctant to apply it in practice. The implementation process seemed to be influenced by factors such as: time pressure; heavy workload; stress; lack of routines in using the tool; lack of nursing staff; as well as cultural characteristics and resistance to change.

Background: Elderly are a heterogeneous and growing group and therefore they have to be seen as separate individuals with different needs. In Sweden the municipality has the overall responsibility of elderly care and the social welfare board has to make sure that the elderly get to live independently under safe conditions.

Aim: The aim of this study is to describe different factors that affects social isolation and loneliness among elderly.

Method: The method that was chosen for this study was a literature review. Systematic and unsystematic searches were conducted to find articles for the results. Eight articles were chosen for this study, four quantitative and four qualitative.

Results: The result includes two themes and four subthemes. One factor that was found was the loss of earlier life with two subthemes the body that no longer works and when the significant other pass away. Another factor was the importance of context with two subthemes importance of family and friends and in the absence of social connection.

Conclusion: Factors that were shown to have an impact on social isolation and loneliness were individual and could depend on body function, losses and personality. The elderly need to feel safe in their environment and that there is someone who can help them.

Background According to the Public Health Agency of Sweden, mental ill-health is increasing in Sweden and the affected are becoming younger and younger. There is therefore an increasing need for more research on children and their mental ill-health. To be able to stop this negative development it is of foremost importance that children get help as early as possible. Preschool staff members play a vital role in the identification of mental ill-health among young children and making sure that the right help is given. Aim The aim of the study is to illustrate preschool staff member´s experience of identifying children with mental illhealth. Method The method used is qualitative interview study. Six female preschool staff members have been interviewed and a content analysis has been applied on the answers. Results Children´s mental ill-health is a very complex subject and something that is not included in the Swedish curriculum. Additionally, the education of preschool staff members does not include anything concerning children's mental ill-health. Consequently, preschool staff members battle with a situation where they play a crucial role in the identification of mental ill-health among the children however they do not possess neither the knowledge nor the skills to do so. Conclusion Mental ill-health among children in preschool is a very complex subject. Preschool staff members face a very tough responsibility in identifying the signs of mental ill-health among the children and the reasons for this are many.

Background: Sickness absence in Swedish municipalities have increased during the past five years. This is a trend that follows all Swedish municipalities. A municipality in Western Sweden has worked much to prevent sickness absence through rehabilitation. However, the municipality now wants to shift focus and work more with those who are healthy by investigating what creates health among their employees.

Purpose & Issue: This study aims to investigate which resource factors of health that contributes to the working presence in a municipality in Western Sweden. Method: A qualitative method with inspiration from phenomenography has been used for the study design, for gathering data and for the data analysis.

Result – Outcome space & Conclusions: Four main categories emerged identifying The result shows four categories identified as the most important resource factors for health among for the informants. These four categories were: job satisfaction, morale, opportunity to influence and wholeness.

Background: Knowledge about adolescents' aggressive and antisocial behaviour is of highest importance to possess in human-treating organizations. This knowledge should be based on a holistic approach, which takes into account the environment (social and cultural factors) effect on behaviours. Previous research on youths' aggressive and antisocial behaviour primarily focused on biological and social factors. The present study focuses on the possible association between environment and aggressive and antisocial behaviours from a cultural perspective.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe the frequency of aggressive and antisocial behaviours of high school students in Morocco and Sweden and compare them between genders and countries.

Method: Self-reported frequency of aggressive and antisocial behaviours was assessed by the "Life History of Aggression" instrument. The study population consisted of 361 high school students in Morocco and 276 high school students in Sweden. Mann-Whitney U test was used o examine differences in the frequency of aggressive and antisocial behaviour between Moroccan and Swedish high school students and between genders. Eta2 was used to measure the effect size of the differences. 

Results: The male students (in both countries) estimated their aggressive and antisocial behaviour higher than the female students. Moroccan male students scored significantly higher on aggressive behaviours directed both against others and themselves than Swedish male students. Swedish female students indicated significantly more often occurring antisocial behaviours than the Moroccan female students.

Conclusion: The result indicates significant differences in the frequency of aggressive and antisocial behaviour between high school students in Morocco and Sweden. In general, the Moroccan students reported more aggressive and antisocial behaviour than the Swedish students. Importantly, this cannot be interpreted that Moroccan high school students have more atypical and norm-breaking behaviour than Swedish high school students, as atypical and norm-breaking behaviours are culture-sensitive. The result also showed some gender-specific behavioural differences between the countries.

Background: Being subjected to violence is a trauma for every individual whom is exposed. If a child is exposed to violence there is a risk that the child will have consequences that in some cases also follow the child into adulthood.

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to describe how experiences of physical and/or psychological violence in childhood can affect mental health in adulthood.

Method: The study was done through a literature review where data was obtained already existing research. Seven scientific articles have been reviewed according to a five step modell.

Result: The result shows that different types of violence against children often occur in parallel with each other. The result also shows that the consequences for the exposed individual differ depending on the type of violence used and to what extent. In addition to various types of mental illness as a result of violence in childhood the vulnerable individuals tend to develop negative behaviors, e.g. in form of problems with impulse control and difficulties in adapting to change.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this paper is that violence, regardless of form, has a negative impact on the child whom is exposed. The exposure to violence affects the individual negatively not only when he or she is a child but can also affect the exposed individual later in life.

The program in Social Psychiatric Care is a three-year program at the university level leading to a vocational qualification in social psychiatric care and a bachelor's degree in the field of Health Sciences. Until the spring of 2018, six litters have graduated. Students in the social psychiatric care program often have personal interest, previous professional experience from the business areas or inspiration from related friends working in the field of activity. Personal experiences of problems in the fields of activity are also prominent among the students. Students believe that personal experience, willingness and ability is important in order to work within the profession. Characteristics of the students are also an interest and a clear empathetic willingness to work with people and they consider that the profession primarily requires characteristics such as altruism, empathy, social skills and deeper knowledge and understanding in the field. Upon completion of education, students want a career role where they can help other people, feel motivated, or they aim for specific positions or areas of activity. Both managers and alumni from the Social Psychiatric Care program value the broad professional competence that the program leads to. Psychiatric competence is emphasized as particularly valuable by both alumni and managers. This competence means that they also complement the other professions in the activities. Students consider themselves possessed a professional identity that involves introducing psychiatric and custody skills to organizations that previously lacked these perspectives. Something that also brings new approaches to patients, users and clients. Being able to use knowledge from several disciplines are considered to be a strength and competence that are well-needed in environments where people with mental ill health are cared for. The alumni perceive their knowledge as both interdisciplinary and interprofessional.

Background: Mental illness is a growing problem worldwide where depression is reported as the most common underlying cause. Living with depression can adversely affect individuals' abilities, functions and their quality of life. There are various forms of treatment that can benefit recovery. Studies show that social support obtain quality aspects that can support the individual in his or her recovery. Since there was little research regarding how social support promotes recovery in major depression, it became an interesting area to research further. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate adult experiences of how social support promotes recovery. Method: To answer the purpose, a literature-based study was chosen for examining patients' subjective opinions. Results: The results appeared in two themes: Promoting information with subthemes Support through knowledge transfer, and Getting to communicate; To be supported with care with subthemes The value of emotional and practical support, and To support oneself helps. Conclusion: Social support could promote recovery by providing individuals with the knowledge, skills and ability to communicate. The knowledge contributed to perceived participation, increased sense of control and empowerment. Social support supported people emotionally and practically by helping, listening, confirming and providing people with love and hope. Social support could promote recovery by providing space and opportunity for people to support themselves

Background: Different kinds of physical activity were and had been of interest to both of us for the larger part of our lives. This made us decide to create a quantitative survey study. The focus of this study would be on motivation for being physically active. The reason for this decision being, that we both thought it would be interesting to study what motivates gym-goers to be and stay physically active. The positive effects of physical activity are well documented in today’s society. It helps diminish the effects of heart problems, strengthens the immune system, and makes the individual more energetic.

Purpose & Issues: The purpose of this study, was to investigate, and try to pinpoint what makes people motivated to be and stay physically active. Further important topics and issues that were to be investigated in this study, was if there were any differences regarding gender, and how motivation could differentiate between subgroups regarding the subject of physical activity.

Method: This study has been a quantitative cross-sectional study, using a survey to collect data.

Results: The result shows that most people who responded to this survey, indicated that the health and pleasure that exists within physical activity are the main motivational factors. Further comparisons also show that there are some differences in what men and women prefer to do in correlation of physical activity, and how the level of motivation may differ from earlier exercise experiences. Our results showed, that in general strength training was more popular among men, while endurance training was more popular among women.

Conclusion: After the analysis of the result of this study, the conclusion could be made that people are motivated by what they think is fun. To preserve the health and joy in their physical activity, was what appeared to be the main motivation sources. A further conclusion was also that people became more motivated, the longer they had been regularly physically active. A slight difference was also observed between men and women regarding training habits. Men engage more in strength training, whilst women are more active regarding endurance training.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka landsbygdsbors förhållande till naturen, med fokus på dess betydelse för det mentala välbefinnandet. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och material har samlats in i form av självrapporter, i vilka informanter i olika delar av landet har delat med sig av tankar om sin vardag på landsbygden och naturens roll i vardagen. Resultatet visar att närheten till naturen har stor betydelse för informanternas dagliga välbefinnande och deras förmåga att hantera vardagen. Naturen utgör en källa till rekreation och fungerar även som en slags terapeut för bearbetning av tankar och känslor. Den andel av informanterna som både bor och arbetar på landsbygden lägger något större fokus på upplevelsen av att ha naturen ständigt närvarande, jämfört med den grupp som arbetar i tätorter och fokuserar på att de söker sig till naturen i rekreationssyfte. Det framkommer att närheten till naturen har stor betydelse för livskvaliteten, genom att stämma överens med informanternas uppfattningar om vad ett gott liv innebär. Vikten av att leva ett liv som överensstämmer med de egna värderingarna är potentiellt den främsta slutsatsen som kan dras av resultatet. Det tredje och sista temat som framträder visar en medvetenhet kring miljöfrågor och hållbarhet, både kring den fysiska miljön och de strukturella förutsättningar som råder på landsbygden. En viss oro för framtiden lyfts och man understryker hur viktigt det är med en levande landsbygd. Resultatet har tolkats utifrån teorier om livskvalitet, rekreation och miljöengagemang.

This article presents a PhD supervisor's reflections on a didactic change in supervision. The change included adding digital collaborative supervision activities to meet expectations, demands, and prerequisites for PhD supervision. Small-scale changes in supervisor didactic practices, such as online monthly group meetings and online retreats, can be useful for the progress of PhD students and for improving the working situation for supervisors. Collaboration is a key feature that ensures shared responsibility, meaningful focus, and better use of both traditional and new supervision meetings and activities. Furthermore, PhD students appear to have positive outcomes regarding social life, academic belonging, academic skills, academic leadership, and academic friendship. The findings from this small, pragmatic quality improvement project provide useful insights for PhD supervision. Reflections on a supervisor's experience from a didactic change with digital, collaborative supervision can provide useful learning relevant to other PhD supervisors, PhD students, and graduate schools.

Work integrated learning in academia and wellbeing for PhD-students

Few PhD-students have a clear plan for their coming career after completion of their PhD-studies. There can be dreams of starting new enterprises, combining research with innovations in practice, or to pursue a career in academia. In health and welfare research schools there are many PhD-projects involving single PhD-students, as well as part-time PhD-students whose project is connected to their workplace. Research shows risk of low wellbeing and high levels of stress among PhD-students, together with feelings of isolation and impostor syndrome (Seeber and Horta, 2021, Schmidt and Hansson, 2018). Such negative feelings negatively impact the outcome of the PhD period and may also affect the future career of the PhD-student. To promote and sustain PhD-students health and wellbeing, there is a need to test activities that can decrease experienced negative stress during the PhD-period as well as enhancing academic competencies like academic leadership, academic writing skills and pedagogical skills. In addition, successful academics should have excellent competence in their field, collaborate with stakeholders and engage in impact activities. Thus, the PhD period needs to provide work integrated learning in academia to provide learning opportunities to develop those skills. Research conce rning PhD-students’ wellbeing and progress shows that the supervisor has an extremely important role for completion of the PhD and for the wellbeing of the student (Buirski, 2022). However, there are limited resources set up for PhD supervision and mentoring, which can create stress and mismatch in needs and capacities between the supervisor and the PhD-student. During the covid-19 pandemic the risk of losing pace in PhD-projects increased, in addition to disconnectedness with academy due to digital instead of physical meetings. However, this change also provided opportunities for novel and pragmatic ways of structuring supervision and enhancing the self-efficacy of the PhD-students. The purpose is to present learnings and outcomes of work-integrated learning project in academia for PhD-students.The focus is on two novel learning activities: online writing retreats and online monthly meetings, which were tested during the covid-19 pandemic. The aim of the learning activities was to encourage the PhD-students to be the leaders of their projects, to collaborate with others to find their role in academia, and learn the trade of being an academic, while practicing doing so, and promote wellbeing during the PhD period. The project has been performed with Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) in biannual evaluation cycles. The PDSA is a quality improvement tool focusing on the translation of ideas and intentions into action (Reed and Card, 2016). The iterative structure of PDSA is well suited to promote learning of a tested change and help shape organizational culture for the better (Reed and Card, 2016). Evaluation data includes number of participants, types of spin-offs from the learning activities, and participants’ oral and written feedback on the learning activities. The collected data was analyzed from the perspective of usefulness of the learning activities related to theories of work-integrated learning. Online structured digital writing retreats Open to more than the PhD-students supervised by the facilitating supervisor (any PhD-student who considered themselves in need of learning better academic writing structure, master students who wanted to become PhDstudents, other supervisors who wanted to see how a digital writing retreat worked). This activity showed participants the importance and diversity of academic writing. The participants chose their own writing tasks, report on their progress, and plan for their next step – but being their own controller and thus actively practicing self-leadership. At the same time the participants shared their feelings of participating in the writing retreat when reporting their writing progress – thus creating a social, international, and interdisciplinary forum, increasing their networks and enhancing feelings of belonging. This in turn ignited cross-project collaboration, thematic discussions and sharing of scientific literature of importance. As facilitating supervisor, I participated on the same level as other participants, sharing my writing progress and feelings related to academic writing. The 1-hour monthly meetings for PhD students supervised by the same supervisor.

The meetings were co-designed by the PhD-students, where the first meeting developed from a shared practical problem concerning digital data safety. Coming meetings were then co-designed depending on experienced needs by the PhD-students. The PhD-students were in different phases of their PhD-process; thus, they could bring in varied perspectives and share learning with each other on the academic processes. They could also discuss issues that they considered important, such as being asked to review for a journal or being asked to teach at bachelor or master programs. Such collaborative working discussions across projects and disciplines are important in academia and the meetings were used to solve problems in academic practice and to test scientific ideas. As the meetings also were led in turn by the participating PhD-students, academic leadership skills were practiced in this setting. As participating supervisor, I had a more passive role than in traditional supervision meetings, and the meetings were inspirational and provided opportunities for shared learning.

Outcomes from the novel learning activities

The PhD students themselves describe how they have both acquired increased academic skills, and that the online writing retreats have been important in decreasing negative stress, creating a safe social environment which has been important for their wellbeing. The shared learning activities also presented a view of how to work together in academia, which may support the students when thinking of their future career and if this is to relate to academia. As a supervisor, I can clearly see that the activities have enhanced self-efficacy, leadership skills, cross-disciplinary collaboration, national and international networks and decreased dependency on supervisors. The additional bonus of those work-integrated learning activities has been the good progress of the participants’ projects and joy at work!

Academic reading is a challenge for many students and there is therefore a need to explore opportunities to support students in reading scientific articles in English, and to understand the new knowledge in a Norwegian context and enable them to use the knowledge in their future professional practice. This article shows how a digital tool provides new opportunities for asynchronous interaction between students about subject content and syllabus, and how this can be used to promote academic reading, professional learning and at the same time increase student interaction.

Background: One-third of patients in psychiatric care were also parents who lived with their children. There is a connection between mental illness among parents and mental illness among children. Mental illness may affect the parental ability. Despite laws and regulation that exists to protect and support children who were living with a parent suffering from mental illness, these children are often forgotten. Children's needs are sometimes not recognized and met. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate children's experience of living with a parent who suffers from mental illness. Method: A qualitative literature study based on 13 qualitative studies was conducted. Results: The result of this study is divided in two themes of experiences. The results shows that children who were living with a parent who suffers from mental illness experiences a different everyday life and feelings of being different and alone. A life full of fear and worries, a shifting parenting role, lack of knowledge and feeling of being invisible constitute the first theme. The second theme shows children's experiences of being on the outside, alone with thoughts and living in uncertainty. Conclusion: The result shows that children who lived with a parent with mental illness are affected in one or another way. An interpretation of the result is that parents who suffers from mental illness deficits to vouch for the children and that children are forced to handle strenuous situations on their own.

Adolescents mental health has increased during the past decade, meanwhile social media has expanded in our society. High standards and idealistic expectations for appearance, health and lifestyle are created and maintained through social media. The aim of this study was to describe how social media impact on adolescents mental health. To provide an overwiew of social medias impact on adolescents mental health this study were conducted as a literature review. The search for studies were made in different databases using words like adolescents, mental health and social media. The inclusion criterias were adolescents of both gender, depressive symptoms and social medias. The analysis was conducted by a thematic analysis where the similarities and differences were identified and created themes. The results showed that social media had an impact on adolescents mental health. The impact was made through victimization on social medias and the usage frequency of social medias. Victimization on and usage frequency of social medias showed a relationship to social comparison, lower self-esteem and increased depressive symptoms among adolescents. Social medias impaired adolescents mental health. It needs further research to create future direction how healthcare organizations manage the effects of adolescents social media use.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe the nature of students learning through drama in nursing education, in first and second cycle. Methods: Study I was conducted as an integrative review of the literature. Study II was performed as a qualitative phenomenographic study were 16 nursing students was interviewed. In study III 43 group assignment by nursing students in first cycle were analyzed using Qualitative content Analysis. Study IV was conducted as a qualitative phenomenographic study where 15 nursing students in second cycle was individually interviewed. Results: The findings in study I showed that drama can be used effectively in nursing education to enhance students' learning. The summarized results of the empirical studies (II–IV) showed that drama enabled the students to learn about themselves and develop a higher self-awareness. Learning through drama also gave the students opportunities to learn about others by exploring the perspectives of colleagues, patients, and patients' next of kin in fictive nursing situations. The findings showed in addition that drama could make the theoretical course content more concrete and easier to grasp. Learning through drama activated the students' learning by offering them the possibility to be active and explore various roles and scenarios, and by promoting reflection in which they could share experiences with their peers. By participating in drama, the students reached an evolving identification with the profession of a nurse (II–III) and of a specialist nurse in paediatric care (IV). Conclusion: Drama in nursing education has the unique potential to prepare nursing students in both first and second cycle for their future nursing role. Through drama, students are given the opportunity to explore and gain knowledge about how to use theoretical knowledge in practice, about their inner selves, and about other person's perspectives.

Background/Objectives

Previous research shows that the stronger the sense of coherence (SOC) the healthier behaviour. A strong SOC seems to be related to lower consumption of drugs and smoking, more frequent physical exercises and healthier food choices. Further it is established by previous research that there is a difference in health behaviour between socioeconomic groups. Individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) smoke to greater extent, have more sedentary lifestyle and make unhealthier food choices than individual with higher SES. The evidence regarding the interactive relations of SOC and SES to health behaviour or the potential mediating role of SOC in the relationship between SES and health behaviour is more unclear. In order to explore this, there is a need of systematic reviews of the evidence concerning SOC and health behaviour and interactions with SES.

Thus, the objective of this study is to explore and synthesize empirical findings on the relationship between SOC and health behaviour among adults. Further the aim is to explore to what extent interactions with SES is considered in the studies of SOC and health behaviour.

 Methods

The study is descriptive and analytical with a systematic integration of the contemporary knowledge base on the salutogenic research focusing on the relationship between sense of coherence and health behaviour among adults and interrelations with socioeconomic status. The review covers scientific publications as well as doctoral theses published 2008–2018. The review is systematic in the sense that all the included papers will be critically examined and analyzed according to (1) the study objective, (2) the study designs and methods for analysis and, (3) the applicability and practical use of the results.

 Results

Expected outcomes of this study will be established state of the art regarding the relationship between sense of coherence and health behavior and interrelations with socioeconomic status. Further the results will identify knowledge gaps important to address in future research.

Discussion

The potential contribution of the synthesized knowledge to achieve a sustainable and equal development of health will be discussed as well as to what extent health inequalities can be explained or understood by SOC.

Kliniskt Lärande Centrum (KLC) på Högskolan Väst, institutionen för Hälsovetenskap präglas av ett personcentrerat, normmedvetet och hållbart synsätt på vårdande och erbjuder studenterna ett tryggt och säkert lärande. Vid KLC finns ett tydligt AIL-fokus när studenterna övar tekniska färdigheter samt mellanmänskliga förmågor, att omsätta sina teoretiska kunskaper till handling, innan de ställs inför autentiska möten med patienter och olika personalkategorier inom vården.

Samtida hälso- och sjukvård står inför nya utmaningar, som exempelvis ökad ojämlikhet, ökad andel äldre i samhället och ökad risk för pandemier, vilket för med sig komplexa vårdbehov. För att kunna möta dessa utmaningar krävs att högre utbildning utvecklas så att framtida personal inom hälso- och sjukvård förbereds för att samarbeta över professionsgränserna. Förmågan att kunna samverka i team är ett av högskoleförordningens generella mål för blivande sjuksköterskor. Dessutom är samverkan i team en av sex kärnkompetenser som alla professioner i vården måste besitta för att kunna bedriva en god och säker vård. För att studenterna ska uppnå kompetens att i sin kommande yrkesroll kunna samverka i interprofessionella team, bör det redan under grundutbildningen ingå pedagogiska moment i form av Interprofessionellt lärande (IPL), där studenter från olika professioner inom Hälso och sjukvården får möjlighet att lära om, med och av varandra.

Föreliggande projekt handlar om att implementera interprofessionella läraktiviteter vid sjuksköterskeprogrammet. Härigenom möjliggörs ett arbetsintegrerat lärande mellan Högskolan Väst, Sahlgrenska Akademin, Yrkeshögskolan och omgivande Hälso- och sjukvårdsenheter. Ett pilotprojekt har genomförts i form av en teamsimulering vid KLC där studenter från sjuksköterskeprogrammet, undersköterskeelever och specialistundersköterskestuderande medverkade. Preliminära resultat från en skriftlig utvärdering av pilotprojektet visar att en majoritet av deltagarna är positiva och önskar fler interprofessionella moment. Under våren planeras därför för fler interprofessionella läraktiviteter där läkarstudenter från Sahlgrenska akademin ska involveras i simuleringsövningar tillsammans med sjuksköterskestudenter. Därefter planeras att succesivt införa fler interprofessionella aktiviteter inom sjuksköterskeprogrammet.

Background: Promoting and maintaining mental health among prisoners is an important goal within the prison service. Current research shows data concerning the overrepresentation of poor mental health and mental disorders in the prison population.

Aim: This paper primarily aims to enlighten different existing approaches to rehabilitation in a prison setting carried out to rehabilitate and promote a better mental health among incarcerated people.

Method: A literature review were conducted and 11 scientific articles were analyzed.

Results: Results shows that there are existing different treatment, both psychological and somatic existing in prison settings that might be beneficial as the purpose of rehabilitating clients and promote a better mental health. Communication, treatment to others, and relationships which is meaningful to clients show a positive impact on clients situation in the prison and can bring a greater motivation to be able to manage the time as incapacitated.

Conclusion: Different types of rehabilitation programs could be used for each individual problem. For evaluating clients health status it could be seen as a win-win situation, the right rehabilitation program would be used and for the client it would be seen as the prison took its time to get to know the client to the fullest. The importance of relationship between correction officer and client can be productive in a mental health promoting aspect as well.

Background: Female genital mutilation is a violation of human rights and is considered as a violation and an infringement of the integrity of women and children. Female genital mutilation can cause physical and psychological consequences, which means that many women need care. The problem with care has been showed to be a lack of knowledge among care staff. International and regional human rights conventions have recognized female genital mutilation as one of the most common forms of violence against women and girls in many African states. Aim: the aim is to describe women with female genital mutilation`s experiences of contact with care. Methods: A systematic literature review based on scientific publications was conducted. Systematic searches were done in Cinahl, PubMed and PsychInfo. Analysis resulted in categories and subcategories to clearly present women´s experiences. Results: Women's experiences of contact with care resulted in the main categories; a desire to be understood, the complexity of communication and the significance of the treatment for the experience of the care meeting. The women drew attention to the care staff's lack of knowledge and understanding about genital mutilation, experienced prejudices and stigmatization in care as well as shortcomings and difficulties in communication to the care staff. These experiences contributed to many women refraining from seeking care. Conclusion: In summary, the women experienced that additional knowledge and training is needed among the care staff for them to be able to contribute with good and relevant care adapted to everyone, regardless of the individual's conditions.

Background: Subjective well-being is a central concept of positive psychology, and is directly coupled with a high level of positive affect and a low level of negative affect. Positive affect is associated with enthusiasm, activity, hope and inspiration, while negative affect is associated with emotions such as anger, contempt, guilt, shame, fear, anxiety, depression, and stress. Physical activityis crucial for both physical and mental health and is positively associated with well-being. Gender and social factors (e.g., parenthood or partnership) have complex relations with well-being and affect. In the present study we aimed to 1) examine the association between leisure-time physical activity and affect and 2) investigate whether or not social factors interact with this association. Method: The study included information from 155 Swedish university students: 64 men (mean age 23 years) and 91 women (mean age 27 years). Students were asked to estimate their usual engagement in physical activity during their leisure-time by responding to the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. They also reported the level of positive and negative emotions experienced during past weeks by completing the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule instrument. Results: In the Swedish student population leisure-time physical activity correlated only with positive and not with negative affect. Students' gender, age or whether or not they had children did not influence this association. However, this correlation differed significantly between those who lived with a partner and those who were single. Conclusion: Leisure-time physical activityis positively correlated with an overall subjective well-being, and this correlation is modifiedby the social factor of partnership

The study aimed to evaluate an integrated intensive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) group treatment for people with substance-related syndrome in outpatient care and to identify eventual gender differences. The study population consisted of 35 outpatients (18 male, 17 female) at a clinic in Western Sweden. The patients completed a four-month period of intensive group therapy and participated in the data collection at admission and discharge. The data were collected using the following inventories: Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,Hopelessness Scale, and Trait Hope Scale. Results showed decreases in anxiety, depression and experience of hopelessness, and increases in self-esteem and hope. In females, the most dramatic improvement was measured for the anxiety and depression attributes, while in males the strongest effect was measured for hope and self-esteem. This study provides clinical evidence of the positive effects of integrated intensive CBT in outpatient care of people with substance-related syndrome.

Background: The view on drugs has become more liberal and the frequency of substance use among youth has increased. Adolescents also believe that illegal drugs are more easily accessible. The adolescent years are a risk factor for drug use and criminality. The extent of juvenile delinquency has not changed much since the 1970s, however, the crimes have become more serious and more common in younger ages. Adolescents are the most criminally active group in society. However, crime can often be seen as a transient phase.

Aim: The aim of this literature review is to describe adolescents experiences of substance abuse with co-occurring criminality.

Method: The method used in this study was a literature review. Data was collected through systematic information searches with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The method used to analyse the articles was Aveyard's thematic analysis model. Nine articles were considered to have a result that could answer the aim of the study and to be of high quality.

Findings: The results are presented based on four themes and nine sub-themes. The four themes that emerged were “From recreational use to problems”, “The dual role of the social arena”, “Changed behaviour and mental health” and “The complexity of the care- and justice system”.

Conclusion: The use of narcotics went from using for the sake of fun to creating problems. Heavier drugs were often associated with committing crimes in groups as well as committing more serious crimes. The importance of a safe and secure environment during childhood were a protective factor which could reduce the risk of drug use and criminality in adolescence. 

Professionals' attitude towards sex offenders is a field that requires more research. Former studies, made in other countries, have shown that the public and often even professionals have negative attitudes towards this type of offenders. In Sweden there is no previous study that investigates professionals' attitudes towards sex offenders. The aims of the present study were to describe the general perception of attitudes towards sex offenders among prison personnel in Sweden, and to investigate if these attitudes affect their professional work. Respondents in this study participated through a web based inquiry. The participants were professionals working closely with sex offenders. The results show that personnel with good knowledge about sex crimes are motivated in their work with sex offenders. Furthermore, the results also show that personnel are optimistic to treating individuals who have been convicted of sex offending. They also consider that attitudes, among the personnel, affect the treatment of the offenders and in that way it can also affect the nursing of them. Because of the low number of participants in this study, caused by a relatively great external dropout, one should be cautious in interpreting the results and not generalize the results to represent prison wards in Sweden.

Aaron Antonovsky advanced the concept of salutogenesis almost four decades ago (Antonovsky, Health, Stress and Coping. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1979; Unravelling the Mystery of Health. Jossey-Bass,San Francisco, CA, 1987). Salutogenesis posits that life experiences shape the sense of coherence (SOC)VC that helps to mobilize resources to cope with stressors and manage tension successfully (determiningone's movement on the health Ease/Dis-ease continuum). Antonovsky considered the three-dimensionalSOC (i.e. comprehensibility, manageability, meaningfulness) as the key answer to his question about theorigin of health. The field of health promotion has adopted the concept of salutogenesis as reflected in theinternational Handbook of Salutogenesis (Mittelmark et al., The Handbook of Salutogenesis. Springer,New York, 2016). However, health promotion mostly builds on the more vague, general salutogenic orientation that implies the need to foster resources and capacities to promote health and wellbeing. Tostrengthen the knowledge base of salutogenesis, the Global Working Group on Salutogenesis (GWG-Sal)of the International Union of Health Promotion and Education produced the Handbook of Salutogenesis.During the creation of the handbook and the regular meetings of the GWG-Sal, the working group identified four key conceptual issues to be advanced: (i) the overall salutogenic model of health; (ii) the SOC concept; (iii) the design of salutogenic interventions and change processes in complex systems; (iv) the application of salutogenesis beyond health sector. For each of these areas, we first highlight Antonovsky'soriginal contribution and then present suggestions for future development. These ideas will help guideGWG-Sal's work to strengthen salutogenesis as a theory base for health promotion.

Adolescents tend to be more impulsive and more prone to take risks compared to adults, which can be related to immaturity in the brain structure. This often leads to impulsive acts without thinking about the consequences of their actions. This also means that adolescents are more prone to try new things, like drugs for example. Drug misuse often leads to antisocial behavior (that is often aggressive, but doesn't have to be), mental illness and criminality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in aggressive antisocial behavior in Moroccan adolescents who are drug dependent compared to nondrug dependent Moroccan adolescents. To answer this question a quantitative empirical study design with comparative statistical analysis was used. The result of the study showed that Moroccan adolescents with drug dependence have higher scores in aggressive and antisocial behaviors and also more prone to self-harm than those Moroccan adolescents who have no drug dependence. These results support previous findings, which have shown that adolescents with a drug dependence tend to have aggressive antisocial behavior to a greater extent compared to adolescents who do not have a drug dependence.

Background: Studies indicate that drug use has increased the last 12 years among Swedish high school students. There is also a clear gender difference in the frequency of drug use where male high school students use more often drugs than female students. There is a difference in the risk factors between the genders. Biological factors are dominant riskfactors for men's drug use while for females there are more dominant environmental riskfactors. It's of high importance to asses updated information about adolescents' drug use habits, because drug use can lead to sever and chronic mental ill-health, criminal behaviors and social marginalization.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to measure the drug use habits and describe it by gender and age in a sample of Swedish high school students.

Method: The study used descriptive and comparative statistical (Shapiro-Wilks test, Spearman correlation and Mann-Whitney U-test) methods. Information assessed from 280 Swedish high school students about their drug use habits with the instrument Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT). Previously validated cut-off ≥ 6 for male and ≥ 2 points for female students were used to identify students with drug related problems/dependence.

Results: The result showed that about 10 % of the Swedish high school students have some form of drug use habit. The male students scored higher than the female students concerning their drug use habits (they used drugs in a greater extent) meanwhile the female students showed a drug related problems/dependence in a younger age than their male classmates. According the previously validated cutoffs about 4% of male and 8% of female high school students have drug related problems/dependence.

Conclusion: In a sample of Swedish high school students male students reported more serious drug use habits than female students, while a larger proportion of the female students had drug related problems/ dependence, which also emerged in earlier ages than in their male classmates. The study raises the question of the need of a new validation of the cut-off for a gender specific identification for Swedish adolescents with drug related problems/dependence.

Background: All children have the right to grow up in a safe environment that promotes their development. Children of alcohol abusive parents' risks having a childhood embossed by stress and a lack of continuity which can lead to severe consequences for the child´s mental health. To promote emotional development, it is important to have a secure adult who can meet the child's needs.

Aim: To describe children's experiences of living with alcohol abusive parents

Method: A literature review based on five qualitative and six quantitative peer-reviewed articles retrieved from the databases Cinahl and PsycINFO.

Results: The results show that children of alcohol-abusing parents tend to have a family life marked by conflicts, damaged family relationships and abuse. Consequences in the form of mental illness, stigma and lack of resilience. The results also show the importance of protective factors in the form of having social support.

Conclusion: Children of alcohol-abusing parents are at risk of being subjected to mental and physical abuse. The home environment is described as conflict-filled and emotionally charged. The experiences are characterized by insecurity and can lead to consequences in the form of psychosocial problems, low self-esteem and lack of resilience. Important protective factors to reduce the risk of negative experiences are social support and early intervention

Background: Intimate partner violence is a global public health problem where women all around the world fall victims to violence. Intimate partner violence is the relationship and emotional bond between victim and perpetrator. Violence can manifest in several different ways, such as physical, mental, sexual, material, economic or social. Previous research showed that about every third woman who had been in a relationship were victims to some form of violence. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) health care services should be a driving force in the work against intimate partner violence. 

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate how health care professionals can identify expose of intimate partner violence among women. 

Method: A literature review was conducted. Eight qualitative and one quantitative article were selected. 

Results: Health care professionals are often the first to meet the woman who has been subjected to violence. The health care services used various screening methods where, questions are asked to explore the woman's situation. Based on the results of the articles, a main theme and three sub-themes were constructed. 

Conclusion: The result of this study shows that the health care services are aware of the woman's exposure to violence. The health care system has several methods that they should work with, however there are many obstacles that result in both screening not being used correctly and in some not being used at all. There are areas for improvement in health care work with women exposed to violence.

Work-integrated Learning (WIL) is a label for a form of higher education whose usual design in many degree programmes involves splitting students' education into on-campus training and work placements. This thesis focuses on a theory-practice terminology that is reflected in this WIL design and spreads a dualistic thinking with a basic message. The message is that on-campus and placement-based training teach you opposite bases for learning a profession, namely an abstract research-based knowledge called 'theory' and a concrete work called 'practice'. This thesis argues that when this dualistic thinking is spread to students, it primarily contributes to the creation, but also to the bridging of the gap between these forms of training that the said WIL design seeks to bridge for them, the so-called theory-practice gap. Based on this argument, the thesis has two overall aims: to problematise (1) the dualistic nature of spoken and written instances of the theory-practice terminology and of the usual WIL design, and (2) the possibility of establishing physical and/or virtual countersites to the usual WIL design. Such sites are not established institutional arrangements at present. The idea is that they should be set up not to embody the dualistic notion that theory is the abstract research-based knowledge brought from campus to 'practice', but to offer a non-dualistic experience that would provide a key opportunity to avoid creating the so-called theory-practice gap for students. I refer to an experience of how theory is a form of knowledge that already exists in – and is created through – the daily work practices of a profession in various shapes and forms.

To achieve the first aim, this thesis conducts Foucault-inspired discourse analyses of how four ideas of the theory-practice terminology spread dualistic messages. The ideas are explored together in three studies. Study I explores two ideas that interviewed students voiced when asked about the usual WIL design. These are the idea of theory vs. practice as the point of departure for learning and the idea of theory and practice as harmonious points of departure for learning. Using a genealogical discourse analysis, study II traces the idea of academia and the real world while study III examines the dualistic meaning that the theory-practice terminology ascribes to the graduate employability idea, backwards in time from the present. The empirical basis for this consists of present and past documents that three higher education institutions have used to promote the Cooperative Education (Co-op) model of the usual WIL design to their prospective and existing Co-op students. Together, the three studies show how the four ideas include accounts that spread antagonistic and/or harmonious messages. The former messages imply that on-campus and placement-based training do not combine well because 'theory' and 'practice' are not a good match, while the latter imply that these forms of training combine perfectly because 'theory' and 'practice' are a perfect match. The thesis concludes that antagonistic messages only contribute to creating the so-called theory-practice gap for students, whereas harmonious messages contribute to both creating and bridging the gap. To achieve the second aim, the three studies introduce a discussion on a) what countersites to the usual WIL design could look like and b) how they could possibly avoid creating this gap. This discussion is developed in the discussion chapter of this thesis, where these countersites are referred to as third places for learning professions. A focus of this discussion is to problematise the fact that sites of this nature are difficult to establish because the theory-practice terminology they must avoid incorporating to offer a non-dualistic experience is so established that it is easily used out of habit when trying to establish such sites.

The discourse on Work-integrated Learning (WIL) has long promoted a binary reading of graduate employability. This reading is problematic because in key ways it polarises 'theory' and 'practice' for students, and thereby create the very theory- practice gap that WIL seeks to bridge. To explore this problem, I conduct a genealogical discourse analysis of how the idea of graduate employability operates in 87 present and past official documents about the Cooperative Education (Co-op) WIL model. The bulk of the empirical material consists of student-oriented brochures that the University of Cincinnati (USA), the University of Waterloo (Canada) and University West (Sweden) have used between 1928 and 2018 to promote Co-op to prospective and enrolled Co-op students. The results show that two accounts of this idea are often used in both present and past documents. These are the practice acclaiming account and the theory and practice account. The former account is merely creating the theory-practice gap while the latter is in one way creating this gap and in another way bridging it. I argue that a non-binary reading of graduate employability could be useful for students because it could emphasise that employability is about knowing how theories (ideas and principles etc.) and practice co-exist in professional work. This message does not disconnect theory from practice but could instead encourage students to learn how they co-exist in this work, an insight which could make them experts at 'doing' theories at work. I finally argue that one way of providing scope for a non-binary reading of graduate employability is to create a non-dualistic WIL desig s how theories and practice co-exist in professional work.

Work-integrated Learning (WIL) is renowned for providing a bridge between ‘theory’ and ‘practice’ that fosters ‘employable graduates’. This study critically argues that the WIL discourse continues to ascribe a dualistic meaning to graduate employability that primarily contributes to creating the so-called theory–practice gap for students. As an argument towards such a conclusion, a genealogical discourse analysis of how the graduate employability idea operates in 87 present and past official documents concerning the Cooperative Education (Co-op) WIL model is used. Two accounts of graduate employability, the antagonistic practice acclaiming account and the harmonious theory and practice account, recur in both the present and past documents. Both accounts contribute to creating the gap, while the latter also contributes to bridging it. The non-dualistic account, which involves knowing that the key to becoming employable is understanding how both research-based and informal theory shape daily occupational work, could be a useful alternative to these accounts. This is because it could encourage students to see how theory is a form of knowledge manifested in, rather than disconnected from, this work. However, the usual WIL design, whereby universities and workplaces outside universities are respectively institutionalised as the places where ‘theory’ and ‘practice’ is learnt, is not so much instrumental in spreading this non-dualistic account, but rather implies to students that ‘theory’ is absent from daily work until they apply it. Thus, I discuss how establishing physical and/or virtual countersites to the usual WIL design could potentially spread this account to students

Work-integrated Learning (WIL) seeks to bridge the gap between ‘scholastic’ training and work. This study explores the ironic fact that the WIL discourse remains formed by the idea of academia and the real world, an idea that in decisive ways creates this gap. A genealogical discourse analysis of how this idea operates in 79 present and past official documents promoting the Cooperative Education (Co-op) WIL model is used to explore this ironic fact. Two accounts of this idea are dominant in both present and past documents – the deficit account, which merely creates the stated gap, and the collaborative account, which both creates and bridges this gap. I emphasise that the Co-op and other standard WIL models embody and (re)produce the stated idea because they locate ‘scholastic’ training outside the ‘real world’. This separation dates back to scholè – the ancient Greek school that aimed to disconnect ‘school’ from ‘work’. Because WIL has the opposite aim, I argue that this separation is in fact counterproductive for WIL. Finally, I argue that locating WIL in a third place outside university and working life can be a way of avoiding the separation that (re)produces the idea of academia and the real world.

This study uses a Foucault-inspired discourse analysis to examine two ideas about learning which reinforce the terminology whereby theory means campus-based training and practice means work placements. The purpose is to problematise this theory–practice terminology and provide scope for a non-dualistic alternative. The ideas examined are the idea of theory vs. practice as the point of departure for learning and the idea of theory and practice as harmonious points of departure for learning. These ideas were voiced by interviewed students who discussed the usual design of Work-integrated Learning (WIL) whereby students go to university to learn ‘theory’ and into working life to learn ‘practice’. The analysis shows how the ideas are formed by different ranking orders between theory and practice which are mutually exclusive, while also working together to reinforce the theory–practice terminology. The discussion on how a non-dualistic terminology can emerge highlights how the usual WIL design forms a dualistic setting where the theory–practice terminology thrives and how designing WIL at a third place between university and working life can provide scope for the terminology we seek.

Background: In today's society it is more important than ever to focus on families. The family's daily life is characterized by numerous commitments, there is stress in different situations and a sense of not having the necessary skills and expertise needed for parenting. The Family Center has focus on the collaboration with social services. The Family Center is an arena for both the children but also their parents. Another purpose with the Family Center is the daily interaction with parents who may be perceived to have more struggle than others. The Family Center gives these parents extra support in parenting skills.

Purpose & Issue: The purpose of this study is to investigate parents' perceptions of Family Center support to parents with a particular focus on parents' learning. The questions of issues in the study are: Do the families benefit from the Family Center? Does the Family Center correspond to parents needs for support? How does the parents advantage the Family Center? What do they learn by attending the activities at the Family Center?

Method: This study is inspired by phenomenography for the study design, for gathering data and for the data analysis.

Results- Outcome space: The study resulted in four different categories. The first category is professionalism, the interviewees feel that the staff at the family center has skills and that they are professional. The information the parents received shows a variety in everything from general information about children and parenting to more personal knowledge. The second category was the support which made the parents feel safe and supported by the staff at the Family Center. The third category is learning, where the parents talked about how the Family Center is a learning environment where the parents learn from the staff but also from each other's experiences and stories. The fourth category is about the parents' desire for change in the Family Center.

Background: About 4 % of the Swedish population meet the criteria for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Individuals with ASPD are a difficult patient group to work with. Their personality can trigger different attitudes among the health care staff. The attitudes among the personnel can have an effect on the quality of the care that is given. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe forensic care staff attitudes toward patients diagnosed with ASPD.Method: A quantitative descriptive study has been performed. Forensic care staff completed a questionnaire about their attitudes towards patients diagnosed with ASPD. Data was analysed with Mann-Whitney test. Two main scales, "Work-satisfaction" and "Motivation" were created and with their help the study subject were categorized as "Satisfied" or "Unsatisfied" and "Motivated" or "Unmotivated". The impact of these categories on attitudes was studied in the sample.Results: The overall attitude of caregivers toward patients with ASPD was from neutral to negative. Only 12% of respondents indicated a positive attitude to this specific patient group and 65% of them had only low motivation to work with them. Those who were satisfied with their job had a neutral attitude toward patients with ASPD and they considered these patients dangerous. The result showed also that the motivated caregiving members actually had a low level of belief that their work is useful or that ASPD-patients can be treated, and these caregivers had a more negative attitude towards patients with ASPD. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that forensic caregiver have a neutral attitude towards patients diagnosed with ASPD. Low motivation and work-satisfaction was identified among the respondents and these factors do not correlate with each other.