Cardiac care has developed during the last years. The lengths of stay for patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction have been shortened thanks to more effective medical treatment. The short period of care means that patients have to absorb a lot of information on limited time and they may have difficulties absorbing everything before they leave the hospital.

The aim of this study is to highlight how men and women experience and manage their daily lives three to 12 month after a myocardial infarction. The study is literature based including both qualitative and quantitative studies.

The analysis revealed three themes with subthemes: 1) to no longer be able to rely on the body 2) managing daily life 3) support. It turns out that men and women have numerous emotional experiences and that fatigue plays a big role in their recovery. Men and women deal with their situation differently. Family and friends mean a lot in the rehabilitation and nurses play an important role in supporting those affected and this is an area with a lot of work to develop.

Conclusion: Nurses need knowledge and understanding of how patients manage and experience their situation after a myocardial infarction, as well as learning the importance of meeting each individual differently, depending on where he or she is in life and what his or her nearest environment look like. A more individualized follow-up and rehabilitation over time need to be developed.

This longitudinal study focuses on the transition from higher education (HE) to worklife. Generally, the transition is considered to have become more complicated due to the changing conditions for work in a supercomplex society. More specifically, there is also still sparse knowledge about how students in PBL programmes cope with the transition process. Previous research on the topic has suggested that there is a need for more complex studies of the relationship between HE and work. The aim of the study is twofold, (i) to describe the way students experience their programme as seniors and later their work situation as novice workers, and (ii) if there are differences regarding these experiences in comparison between a PBL programme (psychology) and conventional progammes (mechanical engineering and political science). The transition from HE to worklife in the three programmes is analysed according to five dimensions; relation to space/areas of operation, identity/tracjectory, professional role characteristics, transition process and relationships between education and work. The results indicate that the PBL-programme is preparing for worklife in a rational way, both regarding generic skills and substantive knowledge. The conventional programmes stand out as preparing for worklife either by providing generic skills or by having a ritual character.

This longitudinal study focuses on the transition from higher education to working life. Research has hitherto described the transition in rather general terms, and there is still only limited knowledge about how graduates construe themselves as professionals, or how they experience the transition to the sociocultural contexts of working life. In this study, the transition is viewed as a trajectory between different communities of practice. Three different Master’s programmes at Linköping University are focused on and compared: political science, psychology and mechanical engineering. The specific aims are to: (i) identify aspects of identity and knowledge formation as reported by informants, both as...

Different studies show that stress is a common feeling that newly graduated nurses experience during the first period in the profession. What causes the stress are high expectations that they have on themselves and the expectations from colleagues, as well as the fear of making a mistake while working as a nurse. Newly graduate nurses go through five stages of development from being novice to expert. The aim of this study was to describe work experiences of newly graduate nurses in hospital ward settings. The research method was a literature study based on ten qualitative articles. Articles were analyzed by using the method of Friberg (2012). Four main themes were identified: experiences of leadership; experiences of the relationship with colleagues; experiences of support; experiences of knowledge level. Colleagues and managers must respond to the needs of newly graduated nurses in an adequate way to create a friendly and supportive working environment, which in turn can contribute to the professional development of the newly graduated nurse. Nursing education should prepare students for professional careers in terms of socialization, leadership and organization.

Objectives. Unnatural deaths among Indigenous populations, including the Swedish Sami, occur more often than among the general population. To find prevention strategies, we explored the circumstances of the unnatural deaths of members of reindeer-herding Sami families. Study design. The number of deaths from among a cohort of 7,482 members of reindeer-herding Sami families were retrieved from the National Board of Health and Welfare for the years 1961- 2001. Methods. An evaluation of the information from autopsy records at the National Board of Forensic Medicine, police reports, and available medical records identified 158 unnatural deaths. These were then analysed in detail. Results. Transport-related deaths and suicides were the most common unnatural deaths among Swedish reindeer-herding Sami family members. Suicides contributed to 23% of all deaths, road traffic accidents to 16%, and snowmobile fatalities to 11%. The accidents generally reflected an "outdoor lifestyle" and the working conditions were characterized by the use of off-road vehicles such as snowmobiles. Half of the number of victims tested positive for alcohol and alcohol abuse was documented in 15% of all victims. Conclusions. The results indicate that alcohol is an important factor in preventing unnatural deaths among reindeer-herding Sami, together with increased safety of both on-road and off-road transportation.

This study focuses on the everyday life of young persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are follow-up studies describing ADHD, and ASD in adults, and residual impairments that affect life. Few qualitative studies have been conducted on the subject of their experiences of everyday life, and even fewer are from young persons' perspectives. This study's aim was to describe how young persons with ADHD and ASD function and how they manage their everyday life based on analyses of Internet-based chat logs. Twelve young persons (7 males and 5 females aged 15-26) diagnosed with ADHD and ASD were included consecutively and offered 8 weeks of Internet-based Support and Coaching (IBSC). Data were collected from 12 chat logs (445 pages of text) produced interactively by the participants and the coaches. Qualitative content analysis was applied. The text was coded and sorted into subthemes and further interpreted into themes. The findings revealed two themes: "fighting against an everyday life lived in vulnerability" with the following subthemes: "difficult things," "stress and rest," and "when feelings and thoughts are a concern"; and the theme "struggling to find a life of one's own" with the following subthemes: "decide and carry out," "making life choices," and "taking care of oneself." Dealing with the problematic situations that everyday encompasses requires personal strength and a desire to find adequate solutions, as well as to discover a role in society. This study, into the provision of support and coaching over the Internet, led to more in-depth knowledge about these young persons' everyday lives and revealed their ability to use IBSC to express the complexity of everyday life for young persons with ADHD and ASD. The implications of the findings are that using online coaching makes available new opportunities for healthcare professionals to acknowledge these young persons' problems.

Background Nightingale attention that hygiene was an important task to prevent health- related infection. Today there are guidelines how hand hygiene should be followed, to prevent health- related infection. Good knowledge and education in hand hygiene and its consequences if it’s not followed is of great importance. Hand hygiene should be performed before and after the clean and the unclean work with patients and materials. Health- related infection is an infection which can affect both employees and patients as a result of care, regardless of care service. Good compliance is when hand hygiene is carried out at an appropriate time, but several studies show that this is not followed. Aim The aim with the study was to describe nurse’s knowledge and compliance to hand hygiene. Method A literature review was used to analyze scientific articles related to the topic. Results The result showed that knowledge and education was an important factor to retain compliance to hand hygiene. Hand hygiene was performed as a routine, but this could be lacking when nurses where interrupted in their working moment. Another reason why hand hygiene was not performed was that some nurses experienced skin irritation as a result. Nurses used soap and water instead of hand disinfection. Compliance was better after than before patient contact. Conclusion The authors have noted that after the hygiene education increases compliance to hand hygiene. Regular education is seen as an important part to create and maintain procedures for hand hygiene.

Background:

In the communication with children it is important to take in consideration the child´s age, maturity and willingness to take an active part in the process of communication. The nurse should have a positive approach to the child and it's next to kin. On the other hand, if the nurse has a negative approach and is unable or unwilling to show empathy or understanding, the cooperation with the child will not be efficient. Children can find the hospital environment scary, threatening but also exciting. Regardless, the child has a need of adult company and support. The aim of the study is to emphasize the importance of communication in the caring relation between the nurse and the child and their next of kin. The method used is a study based on nine, qualitative studies published in scientific publications. The result of the study: A nurse should consider four categories in communication with children; to create a sense of security and trust by chatting, to give the child an opportunity to participate in communication, to make the child involved by use of play and laughter and to use clear, trustworthy communication. Conclusion: Good communication is critical in the care of children and their next of kin in giving a good experience of hospital care. This should every nurse be aware of in the meeting with children and their next of kin.

Background: Fertility problems in women often cause mental stress. Feelings that women describe during the infertility investigation is jealousy, sorrow, guilt, pain, and anxiety. These women need support and encouragement from the nurse during the investigation. Therefore it is important that nurses understand the women's experiences. Previous studies on women's experiences of infertility are based on interviews. Therefore, this study will focus on women's own stories about their experiences during infertility investigation.

Aim: The aim of the study was to describe women's experiences of infertility during the time the investigation is in progress.

Method: The study was based on narratives, which in this case means an analysis of biographies. Three autobiographies were analyzed according to Dahlborg-Lyckhages (2006) description of analysis of narratives.

Results: Four themes and seven subthemes emerged from the analysis. The results show that women's experiences are characterized by being inadequate, feeling guilt, envy, and the nurse's attitudes that can give sense of desperation or hope. The women's experiences affect their everyday lives and their emotions make them isolate themselves.

Conclusion: Motherhood is a central part of the woman's life and identity, to be infertile is perceived as to major pressure that may result in mental stress. To reduce the infertile women´s suffering and mental stress it is important that the nurse shows empathy and understanding

Background

To suffer a myocardial infarction is a dramatic even that might influence a human´s quality of life. Women and men´s symptoms may differ and this might delay treatment for women. This gives women a worse prognosis and also affects their quality of life.

Aim

The aim was to describe women´s experiences of quality of life after myocardial infarction.

Method

To study the selected area a literature review was used. It consists of five qualitative and four quantitative studies.

Results

Three themes and six sub-themes emerged. The themes were social well-being, a second chance and uncertainty for the future. The sub-themes were support from family and friends, support from health care, hope and meaning with life, a new start, fear and stress.

Conclusion

The social network increased quality of life in women as it gave feelings of security, love and belonging. The women discovered that life didn´t consist of work only but contained more meaningful things like helping others and do things they didn´t think they could manage anymore. Many of the women experienced decreased quality of life related to fear of suffering a new myocardial infarction. Information and education should be individualized relevant to the patient´s specific situation

Background:

Being cared for in your own homes by staff from the home health care the last days of your life has become more common and will probably be gradually expanded. When a person becomes seriously ill, they usually get support from their families.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to describe the relatives ' experiences of meeting with staff from home care in who is working with palliative care. Three women and two men were interviewed individually in their own homes.

Method:

The study was conducted with a qualitative approach, based on Graneheim and Lundman’s content analysis. The analysis resulted in four different conclusions: to feel secure, to feel involved, be able to be at home and to be I good hands.

Results:

The study showed that the families think that the attitude and the commitment from the staff to the family and the person being cared for was the most important. The families had a positive experience and felt secure when there was continuity in the home care staff group. Staff with sensitivity and competence for the task was desirable for the relatives. To personally be able to maintain the responsibility to look after the person in need of care, and being involved, was a high priority, this while the support from the home care continued.

Conclusion:

It is important that the staff in home health care reflects on their approach when care is provided in the home. Because the staffs are guests and the caretaker and the relatives are hosts. In This study we wanted to highlight the families point of view, which can lead to that the staff have a better attitude and that will give the relatives a higher sense of wellbeing

Background:

Non-pharmacological methods refer to a variety of methods that does not involve the use of drugs but makes the pain more tolerable and makes the child feel more in control. Children and pain has for long been diminished and not enough research has been conducted to find better methods to relieve the common postoperative and procedural pain among children. There is lacking knowledge among nurses about non-pharmacological methods that relieve pain in children. The child’s experience of health care and nurses can be negative by not relieving there pain.

Aim:

The aim was to explore the non-pharmacological methods used to relieve postoperative and procedural pain in children, aged 0-5 years.

Method:

A literature review was conducted, based on both qualitative and quantitative research. Eleven studies were analysed, critically reviewed and the results were compiled into five categories.

Results:

The five categories were distraction, breastfeeding and breast milk, sensory stimulation, pacifier and sucrose and water. The result shows that some non-pharmacological methods are effective in relieving postoperative and procedural pain. Breastfeeding and a combination of sucrose and pacifier were most effective on infants. Parental attendances were also important for the children, all ages to make them feel more secure and safe.

Conclusion:

The results showed that distraction methods used on children aged 4-5 years, studied in this literary review, were ineffective. The results showed that non-pharmacological methods such as breastfeeding and a combination of sucrose and pacifier are effective in relieving pain in infants and new-borns

Deliberate self-harm are a growing problem among young people in Sweden. It's not only the child that suffers from the behaviour, even the whole family. Parent´s need the right support from the healthcare staff for their own wellbeing, but also to be able to give good support for their child. Par-ent´s experiences are of importance for the nurse in the healthcare of the child and their families. The aim of this study was to describe parent´s experiences of living with a child with a deliberate self-harm behavior. In this literature study ten qualitative articles were analyzed using the method of Friberg (2012). Eight articles were found by a systematic search and two articles were found in an unsystematic search. This study showed four main themes and ten subthemes. Main themes were parent´s experience of support, parent´s experience of different feelings, parent´s experience of fam-ily relations and parent´s experience of parenting. Subthemes were to experience lack of support from healthcare staff, to need support from the environment, to feel guilt and shame, to feel concern and fear, to experience chock, to communicate with their child, to experience a different relation-ship in the family, to maintain trust in the relationship between parent and child, wanting to protect their child, to feel unsecure in their parenting. Conclusion were that parent´s need better support from the healthcare staff and from others in their environment. Nurses need more knowledge about parent´s experiences to be able to understand their needs and to be able to support them.

This study describes the daily life and management strategies of young informal carers of family members or friends with mental illness. Twelve young adults (three men and nine women; 16-25 years old) in Sweden were voluntarily recruited between February and May 2008. Data collected through eight individual semi-structured interviews and one focus group interview were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings revealed nine subthemes that were further grouped into three main themes: showing concern, providing support and using management strategies. Participants lived in constant readiness for something unexpected to happen to the person they cared for, and their role in the relationship could change quickly from family member or friend to guardian or supervisor. Supporting a friend was considered as large a personal responsibility as supporting a family member. Their management strategies were based on individual capacities and their ability to step aside should the situation become too demanding. These young informal carers need support in caring for the mentally ill. As the internet becomes increasingly fundamental to daily life, support could be provided most effectively through person-centred web sites. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing.

The aim of this study was to explore how young (16-25 year old) informal carers of a person with a mental illness experience and use support. In a mixed method approach, we interviewed 12 young carers, and 241 completed a self-administered questionnaire. While the young carers strive to maintain control, their main support seems to be others in their lives, who often define the situation differently. The carers said web-support, counseling, and group counseling might be helpful, yet very few had any professional support. Young carers are greatly in need of support and it should be provided.

Background

In Sweden there are almost 1100 people per year who suffer from chronic renal failure. Chronic kidney disease is a serious and progressive disease that causes uremic symptoms. Without proper treatment, the disease can lead to death. The goal of haemodialysis treatment is to improve the patient's quality of life by preventing or alleviating uremic symptoms, as well as slowing down the deterioration of kidney function and possible complications and consequences of kidney failure. Living with haemodialysis involves major physical, psychological and social changes in the patient's life which causes suffering

Aim

The aim of this study is to highlight patients' experiences of living with haemodialysis

Method

A literature review was performed, based on eight qualitative articles. A content analysis was made according to Friberg's four steps

Results

The results show three main themes and eight subthemes which describe the patient's experience of living with haemodialysis. Results show that patients experienced loss of freedom because of the bound and dependence they felt to haemodialysis and the competence of the hospital staff. The treatment also resulted in limitations on the patient's life, which resulted in changes in the physical, psychological and social aspects of the patient's life. To be able to handle the changes, the patients developed different strategies, such as finding strength and faith in religion and the family, and many patients hoped to get a kidney transplant.

Conclusion

Nurses have continuous contact with patients in haemodialysis. These patients need physical, psychological, social and existential/ spiritual support. By knowledge and increased understanding of the patient's individual experience of their illness and treatment, the nurses may more easily relieve the patient's suffering, promote health and increase their well-being and create a good healthcare relationship.

In this paper we have had as purpose to analyze the discourse about motherhood as it shows in media which appeal to mothers. This is in order to get an understanding about standards and valuations existing in today´s community concerning what it means to be a mother. The paper´s empiric material consists of the magazine Mama, which appeal to mothers with children younger than 12 years of age. We have with the help of an attempt of a discourse analysis analyzed how the motherhood discourse is reproduced and constructed in the material, and we can in our analysis see that it in the magazine is conveyed a message about what a mother "is" and "should" be. It is even evident that in the material there are pictures and texts where the mother has the basic responsibility for the children and for the home, and that these pictures strengthen the motherhood discourse. They become an accordingly normative ideal for mothers to endeavor. We also see in our analysis that there is a conception that a woman is expected to fulfil and balance different roles in many fields, as an example you should be able to combine being a good mother, career woman and a wife at the same time. And it is very important to be a great success in all these fields

Aims and objectives: To investigate changes in self-reported fatigue and depression from four months to two years following a myocardial infarction, as well as to explore gender differences, identify the incidence of fatigue without coexisting depression and finally predict health-related quality of life at a two-year follow-up. Background: Depression and fatigue are associated with decreased health-related quality of life after myocardial infarction. Although there is a close relationship between fatigue and depression, it has been shown that symptoms of fatigue can occur without coexisting depression. Design: Quantitative and longitudinal design. Methods: Participants (n = 155) were asked to complete the following questionnaires: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 (MFI-20) and the Short Form Survey (SF-36) following myocardial infarction (after four months and two years). Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests and multiple regressions were carried out. Results: In the entire group, self-reported fatigue had decreased from four months to two years after myocardial infarction. After two years, 18% of respondents reported depression together with fatigue and 30% reported fatigued without depression. Women scored higher than men on the fatigue dimensions reduced activity, reduced motivation and mental fatigue. Moreover, the physical dimension of health-related quality of life two years after myocardial infarction was predicted by experienced general fatigue at four months. Conclusion: Fatigue with or without coexisting possible/probable depression remains as a significant symptom two years after myocardial infarction in nearly half of the entire group. Relevance to clinical practice: Fatigue is a problem following myocardial infarction. Therefore, systematic screening and early identification of patients experiencing symptoms of depression and fatigue after myocardial infarction are important for suitable care planning. In contemporary coronary care, strategies aimed at relieving fatigue should be developed. ￜ 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Fatigue and depressive symptoms are relatively common among patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI). The symptoms of depression and fatigue overlap. The present study aimed at identifying patient fatigue and at examining the incidence of fatigue, particularly without coexisting depression, after MI. The sample comprised 204 consecutive patients who had completed the questionnaires Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20 after MI (1 week and 4 months). The results showed that fatigue had decreased after 4 months compared with the time of MI onset. Compared with the general population, patients reported significantly higher levels of fatigue. Furthermore, fatigue was associated with depression, but 33% of the sample reported fatigue without coexisting depression after 4 months. In order to prevent or treat patients' symptoms of fatigue after MI, the concepts of fatigue and depression should be assessed separately so as to exclude overlapping effects.

Background and RESEARCH Objective: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is impaired in patients after a myocardial infarction (MI), and fatigue and depression are common health complaints among these patients. Patients' own beliefs about their illness (illness perceptions) influence health behavior and health outcomes. The aim of the present study was to examine illness perception and its association with self-reported HRQoL, fatigue, and emotional distress among patients with MI. Subjects and Methods: The sample consisted of 204 patients who had had MI and who completed the questionnaires during the first week in the hospital and 4 months after the MI. The questionnaires used were the Illness Perception Questionnaire, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: Patient's illness perception changed over time from a more acute to a more chronic perception of illness, and beliefs in personal and treatment control of MI had decreased. Furthermore, these negative beliefs were associated with worse experiences of fatigue and lowered HRQoL. Conclusions: Patients' illness perceptions influence health outcomes after an MI. Supporting MI patients in increasing their perception of personal control could be a primary nursing strategy in rehabilitation programs aimed at facilitating health behavior, decreasing experiences of fatigue, and increasing HRQoL. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore patients' illness perception of myocardial infarction four months after a myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND: An important task for research on recovery from myocardial infarction is to understand the factors that influence an individual's adherence to secondary preventive strategies. Perceptual, cognitive and motivational factors have been found to influence adherence to a secondary preventive regimen. METHOD: Twenty-five patients were interviewed four months after a myocardial infarction. In accordance with grounded theory methodology, data collection and analysis were carried out simultaneously. RESULTS: The findings can be understood in light of two core categories: 'trust in oneself ' vs. 'trust in others'; belief in one's own efforts to control the illness; and 'illness reasoning', lines of thought about illness identity. In searching for relationships, six categories describing variation in illness perceptions of a myocardial infarction emerged: (i) 'sign of a chronic condition - feasible to influence'; (ii) 'sign of a chronic condition - uncontrollable'; (iii) 'acute event that can recur - feasible to influence'; (iv) 'acute event that can recur - uncontrollable'; (v) 'unthinkable acute event'; and (vi) 'non-recurring acute event'. CONCLUSION: The more reflective patients perceived the heart attack as a sign of a chronic condition; they also devoted time for reasoning about the possible causes of their illness. This is in contrast to patients who were less reflective and viewed their myocardial infarction as an acute event, which they avoided thinking about. The findings contribute to our understanding of variation in illness perceptions. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The examination of how individuals perceive myocardial infarction may help health-care professionals individualize secondary preventive strategies, thereby improving adherence to health-care regimens. Nurse-patient discussions could begin with identification of the patient's variations of reflectiveness concerning his/her illness.

Aims and objectives. To explore the associations between illness perceptions offatigue, sense of coherence and stress in patients one year after myocardial infarc-tion.Background. Post-myocardial infarction fatigue is a stressful symptom that is dif-ficult to cope with. Patients' illness perceptions of fatigue guide professionals inpredicting how individuals will respond emotionally and cognitively to symptoms.Individuals' sense of coherence can be seen as a coping resource in managingstressors.Design. A cross-sectional study design was used.Method. One year post-myocardial infarction, a total of 74 patients still experi-encing fatigue completed four questionnaires: the Multidimensional Fatigue ScaleInventory -20, the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Sense of Coherencescale (sense of coherence-13) and a single-item measure of stress symptoms.Descriptive statistics, correlations and stepwise regression analysis were carriedout.Results. Strong negative associations were found between illness perceptions offatigue, sense of coherence and stress. Sense of coherence has an impact on illnessperceptions of fatigue. Of the dimensions of sense of coherence, comprehensibilityseemed to play the greatest role in explaining illness perceptions of fatigueone year after myocardial infarction.Conclusion. To strengthen patients' coping resources, health-care professionalsshould create opportunities for patients to gain individual-level knowledge thatallows them to distinguish between common fatigue symptoms and warning signsfor myocardial infarction.Relevance to clinical practice. There is a need to improve strategies for copingwith fatigue. It is also essential to identify patients with fatigue after myocardialinfarction, as they need explanations for their symptoms and extra support

An equal mix of organizational cultures is important for a successful implementation process. The aim of this study was to examine the implementation of a new working method in psychiatric hospital wards, representing different cultural characteristics. Descriptive quantitative data were collected at two hospitals (intervention and control). The results revealed one ward characterized by a mix of organizational cultures. This ward, compared with other intervention wards, showed the best results regarding patient assessed empowerment and participation. The result shows tentatively that organizational culture may have an impact on the implementation processes.

The implementation of evidence-based methods in hospital settings is difficult and complex. The aim of the present study was to highlight the implementation process concerning a new working method, i.e. a new assessment tool, based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF), among psychiatric nursing staff on five participating wards at a Swedish county hospital. Descriptive, qualitative data were collected through focus group interviews pre- and post-implementation. Data were analysed using directed content analysis, guided by Normalization Process Theory (NPT). The results revealed that just one of the five participating wards met the criteria for a successful implementation process. The results confirm previous studies showing the difficulty of implementation. Although participants agreed with the intention of the model, they were reluctant to apply it in practice. The implementation process seemed to be influenced by factors such as: time pressure; heavy workload; stress; lack of routines in using the tool; lack of nursing staff; as well as cultural characteristics and resistance to change.

This thesis tells a story about how the Iranian Government commands and controls homosexual men through disciplining and normalization. The main focus of this study is to clarify and inform how homosexual men can experience their lives in Iran. The study is built on storytelling based on a documentary film and different literature.

Be Like Others (2008), also known as Transsexuals in Iran created by Tanaz Eshaghian, Desiring Arabs (2007) written by Joseph A. Massad, What's really wrong with the Middle East (2011a) and Unspeakable Love, Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East (2011b) by Brian Whitaker. The various informational sources, informs about how homosexual men experience their everyday life and what has pushed them to undergo a gender reassignment treatment or surgery. Why they among other things are forced to go through surgery that changes their gender identity or expression to fit into the norm in Iran. But also tells different stories and news affecting LGBTQ life situations in the Middle East and what needs to change in order to improve their daily life. The Iranian government implements various regulations and laws that discipline and normalize Iranian inhabitants resulting in gay men changing expression or identity to fit into the norm. Homosexuality in Iran is a controversial subject, for instance, when the Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visited Columbia University in New York on 24th September 2007, he took the opportunity to express that Iran is a LGBTQ-free state. This statement led the author to tell a story about various situations and how life is for homosexual man in Iran. In the narrative storytelling, a discussion about whether homosexual men in Iran exists or not and under what conditions of life they survive, based on discipline and normalization of Iran, takes place. The study's main conclusions is that the Iranian government controls people to maintain the normal gender role and relations and therefore to maintain this normal heterosexual norm through disciplining and normalization.

Obstetric units have become larger, with patients being knowledgeable and demanding. Also, established team works at maternity wards require that midwives are secure in their role. A descriptive study with a phenomenological approach was used. A maternity unit in a hospital located in Western Sweden was chosen. Five expert midwives with vast experience of obstetric care who worked in a maternity unit were interviewed. Data were collected by audio-taped interviews. The data were analysed by means of Giorgi’s phenomenological method. The results showed that security was constituted by an inherent sense of security as well as confidence in self and in life. Education and practical group training in the workplace provided theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Support for others in the working team and open communication also constituted security. Also, clear leadership, guidelines and routines provided a framework and had a positive effect on expert midwives’ sense of security. When security was absent, midwife became worried, the joy and harmony diminished. In order to ensure midwife security and ultimately safe patient care, it was important to allow time for rest, to reflect on and evaluate their work. Expert midwives can create the prerequisites for their professional security. Several constituents combine to shape midwives’ sense of professional security; an inherent sense of security, own knowledge and experience, team collaboration, visible and clear leadership.

Social sustainability is a multidimensional concept in which safety is one of the dimensions, and is an important factor in creating a good quality of life. The public space is a key factor in a healthy and well-functioning city. A good environment is a source for motivating citizens to better health and wellness. Public space also has a great impact on safety, good urban planning is essential to create a good environment to live in. High level of safety also creates the conditions for achieving socially sustainable development.

The driving forces behind this study is that the public space is an important place where everybody will be welcomed and feel safe. The public space creates the opportunity for social relations, exchange of knowledge and constitute an important function in society. The publicspace should protect and promote the citizen, and the citizen must take care and show respect for the public space. Thus, this study aims to investigate young people's experience of publicspace in relation to social sustainability and safety.

The method used in the study is a quantitative approach, questionnaires have been distributed to high school students in Stenungssund. The survey ended with the possibility for respondents to mark on a map of Stenungsund the places they feel secure, insecure and like.

The results of the study show that young people in Stenungsund generally feel safe in public spaces. However, there are differences between how girls and boys experience safety. Boys feel increasingly confident than girls do. Students in different grades also tend to experience safety differently. The markings on the map thus showed a common understanding of what places are experienced as both secure, insecure and liked.

Background: As the population is getting older, the number of people with dementia is steadily increasing. This places great demands on nursing staff, both in the treatment and care of these persons. Instead of only focusing on the diagnosis and its symptoms, is important to ensure the individual needs. Aim: The aim of this study was to elucidate diagnosed person's experiences of living with dementia. Method: Ten qualitative articles were analyzed. The analysis resulted in four themes and twelve sub themes.

Results: The result showed that family, relatives and friends are playing an important role in the quality of life for persons with dementia. Difficulties arose because of the symptoms of the disease, which could lead to social isolation. It was considered paramount to still be able to perform meaningful activities. On the other side the result showed, that both people and the environment were considered as impedimental factors, leading to feelings of lost dignity. The diagnosis could be met through acceptance or denial. This created different types of strategies in daily life. Many times fears arose about the future and the fear of getting worse was often greater than the fear of death.Conclusion: Dementia entails many difficulties and challenges, both for the person with dementia and the surrounding people. It's necessary to adapt both environment and treatment, so that person with dementia can continue to live a normal life as possible. We can achieve this by offer support and help, both physically and psychologically, without offend or cause distress.

Abstract

Working in primary care with chronic leg ulcers is both time-consuming and difficult. There is a large category of patients with leg ulcers, that is expected to increase in a number of years, and many of them will probably come to a district nurse for help.

Aim

Method

The approach was qualitative. The study was done with a phenomenological life-world approach. Seven district nurses working in primary care were interviewed. The phenomenological perspective focuses on the respondents’ own life-world and has openness to the interviewee's own experiences. The phenomenon we wanted to study was the district nurses’ experiences of caring for patients with chronic leg ulcers.

Results

The aim of this study was to describe the attitudes against abused women. A literature review was used in this study. Information was collected from the literature and articles written about the subject and brought together and then critical analysed. To help with the organisation structure we used Ida Jean Orlando's theory as a theoretical framework. Our findings indicate that the nurses had a lack of acknowledgment about the women's situations and needed education about their situations. Other findings indicate that the nurses also were afraid to humiliate the women, by asking them questions abut the abuse. But the results showed that the women wanted to be asked about domestic violence, even if it should raised unpleasant memories or feelings

The aim of this study was to describe health care- and social service professionals' experiences of a quality-improvement program implemented in the south of Sweden. The focus of the program was to develop inter-professional collaboration to improve care and service to people with psychiatric disabilities in ordinary housing. Focus group interviews and a thematic analysis were used. The result was captured as themes along steps in process. (I) Entering the quality-improvement program: Lack of information about the program, The challenge of getting started, and Approaching the resources reluctantly. (II) Doing the practice-based improvement work: Facing unprepared workplaces, and Doing twice the work. (III) Looking back-evaluation over 1 year: Balancing theoretical knowledge with practical training, and Considering profound knowledge as an integral part of work. The improvement process in clinical practice was found to be both time and energy consuming, yet worth the effort. The findings also indicate that collaboration across organizational boundaries was broadened, and the care and service delivery were improved.

To prepare emergency response organisations for collaborative work in unpredictable and dynamic situations, various types of exercises are widely used. Still, our knowledge of collaboration exercises with emergency response students is limited. This study aimed to contribute to this field by exploring boundaries that emerged between collaborating organisations in exercise activities and how these boundaries could be understood for learning. Drawing on the Akkerman and Bakker framework of boundaries as learning mechanisms, this study explored an exercise, including full-scale scenarios and seminars with students from the police, ambulance and rescue services education in Sweden. Thematic analysis of interviews and observations illustrated boundaries that emerged regarding vocabulary, prioritisation, roles, knowledge gaps and overlapping responsibilities across organisations. Rather than dissolving boundaries, this article suggests that boundaries can be utilised in exercises to support the students to contextualise their knowledge in relation to the demands of collaborative work. The concepts boundary work and boundary awareness were suggested to capture more generally the dynamics of learning in exercise contexts.

Due to the emergent and dynamic nature of incidents, the complexity of emergency work is often referred to as a challenge for learning. Another recurrent challenge in emergency work is that of collaboration at and across established organizational boundaries involving actors with specific types of expertise who are operating under different regulations and responsibilities. In addition, training emergency service organizations in collaboration remains a challenge. In light of the difficulties and shortcomings that have been identified in major incident responses, the need for exercises for developing and maintaining collaborative response effectiveness prior to the next incident is often highlighted. The overall aim of this thesis is to understand how full-scale exercises can provide conditions for developing inter-organizational collaboration between the police, ambulance and rescue services at the incident site. Learning activities that carry the potential to support and develop collaborative capacity, and how the alignment of distributed expertise can be trained for, were of particular interest. Interviews with participants in eight full-scale exercises with professionals and interviews and observations of one exercise with senior-level students in Sweden served as the empirical base.Central concepts from Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) provided theoretical tools to explore the exercises and understand boundaries between organizations with a wider, systemic approach. The empirical studies show that the participants understood full-scale exercises to be valuable opportunities for becoming involved in response work, making decisions, and acting and interacting in uncertain situations and realistic environments. As in real-life responses, exercises are characterized by the stabilization and confirmation of everyday routines on the one hand, and by improvisation and change on the other hand. The studies also show that exercises tend to focus on specific scenarios,intra-organizational routines, and leadership positions. Infrequent exercises inwhich the participants were only trained in a limited role were perceived to be in adequate for developing preparedness and collaboration. However, the analysis suggested that the way in which exercises were organized and performed had implications for how participants were trained in collaboration.Realizing the potential of boundaries as resources for learning in exercises depends on how boundaries are explicated and approached. Thus, rather than striving to ignore or eliminate boundaries in exercises, the studies illustrated the learning value of explicitly reflecting on the multiple understandings around boundaries. The studies demonstrated that much of the work at an incident site takes place around negotiations. Collaboration at the incident site was not only aquestion about boundary crossing; operational tasks may not always be aligned and have to be prioritized and sequenced. The exercises comprised work situations in which no single motive could explain or determine the collaboration,due to different types of expertise, primary responsibilities and needs forinformation. These factors were understood in terms of the concepts of boundarywork and boundary awareness. These concepts point at a more divergent understanding of collaboration that reaches beyond striving to create mutual understanding between organizations in learning activities. Differences between organizations, such as in terminology, time horizons, priorities, leadership structures, understandings of safety and how intra-organizational decisions and actions could impact the collaborating organizations' work, were central triggers for discussion and negotiation. These differences required explanations in order to make the actions and decisions of one organization understandable and justifiable to another, based on organizational mandates and types of expertise.Giving emergency services the opportunity to work together, to develop an awareness of their expectations of each other in various situations, to use and interpret their own and others' terminologies, and to identify internal hierarchies and motives for prioritizations was essential dimensions of exercises

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify what is practiced during collaboration exercises and possible facilitators for inter-organisational collaboration.

Design/methodology/approach Interviews with 23 participants from four exercises in Sweden were carried out during autumn 2011. Interview data were subjected to qualitative content analysis.

Findings Findings indicate that the exercises tend to focus on intra-organisational routines and skills, rather than developing collaboration capacities. What the participants practiced depended on roles and order of arrival at the exercise. Exercises contributed to practicing leadership roles, which was considered essential since crises are unpredictable and require inter-organisational decision-making.

Originality/value The results of this study indicate that the ability to identify boundary objects, such as injured/patients, was found to be important in order for collaboration to occur. Furthermore, lessons learned from exercises could benefit from inter-organisational evaluation. By introducing and reinforcing certain elements and distinct aims of the exercise, the proactive function of collaboration exercises can be clarified.

Background:

Studies show that sleep problems are common and the prevalence is increasing. Early detection and adequate help is important. Sleep school with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) demonstrates good long-term effect, but few people with sleep problems gain access to these sleep schools. District nurses in primary care have the opportunity to provide support for sleep problems. Through increased knowledge of strategies that promote good sleep gives the district nurse better opportunities to support people with sleep problems. Aim: To describe what strategies people use to improve sleep after completing the sleep school. Method: The study has a qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten informants. The interview material were analysed by using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis revealed three categories and eight subcategories which form the result of this study. Manages thoughts in a new way included three subcategories: to reform negative thoughts, to accept ones sleep and to dare reduce the sedatives. Exercising activities that promote sleep included two subcategories: to increase their physical activity and to perform relaxation exercises. Adapts the environment to promote sleep included three subcategories: to reduce sleep disturbing items, to adapt bedroom environment and to reduce caffeine intake and alcohol. Conclusion: The study shows that sleep school with CBT, according to the informants, gave the knowledge and tools to find strategies that helped them sleep better and feel more satisfied with their sleep. Increased training for primary care district nurses in sleep knowledge and CBT, creates better conditions for early and effective intervention

Background:

The number of people with foreign background living in the Nordic countries has increased the last few years. This means that healthcare personnel meet more people with different languages, traditions and values.

Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight experiences of encounters with Nordic health care among people with a foreign background.

Method:

The study was a literature study and based on 12 scientific articles, which were analyzed according to Friberg's model of qualitative analysis. The theoretical frame of reference that was used is Leininger's theory of nursing cultural care diversity.

Result: The data analysis resulted in three themes that illustrated the experiences of Nordic healthcare and people with a foreign background. These themes were: receiving care on equal terms, to feel at home and to feel insecurity.

Conclusion: Most of the people living in the Nordic countries with a foreign background were pleased with the healthcare, but a few areas were in need of improvement. Communication was always an issue for the individuals who did not speak the same language nor share the same traditions. It was therefore important that the caregivers were willing to be open-minded and work together to resolve cultural differences. It was also important to really observe the patient, to take into consideration the patients´ capacity and resources to help the patient.

The purpose with our qualitative study is to investigate the vision of leadership but how does one perfect visionary leadership in an everyday activity? To help us find out the purpose of this we have conducted semi structured interviews involving leadership in occupations. These interviews have provided phenomenal inspiration since our main focus is the experiences of leadership. In our analysis we have used the method of phenomenal analysis and as well as the process of the data. Our empiricist consists of ten interviews, eight of which are conducted with co-workers and two of which are conducted with team leaders.

Our result shows that the activity doesn't have an outspoken vision between co-workers and leaders. However both the leaders have a vision about their leadership which doesn't appear literally. Our study shows that if a leaders visions appears in practice, it therefore doesn't have to be official since it is already clearly expressed. We find that through our case study that occupation can evolve their leadership as well as their employeeship with the help of our results

In Sweden it is estimated that approximately 150 000 - 250 000 people suffer from heart failure. A better standard of living has made it possible for people to live longer with their health intact. Older age is associated with an increased risk of getting diagnosed with heart failure. It is estimated that some 30 000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year