This thesis examines the impacts of remote work on employees’ work-life balance and well-being through the lens of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model.

Using qualitative interviews, key themes flexibility benefits, increased family time, work intrusion, difficulty disconnecting, mental health concerns, and organizational support were identified.

The findings highlight that remote work significantly enhances flexibility, enabling better schedule management and improved job satisfaction. However, challenges such as blurred boundaries, work intrusion, and increased isolation contribute to stress and difficulty disengaging from work tasks. Mental health concerns are multifaceted, with remote work providing both positive effects, like reduced commuting stress, and negative effects, such as increased loneliness and anxiety.

The study emphasizes the crucial role of organizational support, including flexible policies, mental health resources, and effective communication, in mitigating these challenges and promoting a positive remote work experience. The JD-R model proved valuable in understanding the interaction between job demands and resources and their influence on employee well-being and performance.

The research concludes with recommendations for organizations to adopt comprehensive support systems and flexible work policies to enhance employee satisfaction and productivity, ensuring remote work remains a sustainable and beneficial arrangement. Future research should explore the long-term effects of remote work and its impact on diverse demographic groups, contributing to the optimization of remote work practices to support employee well-being and organizational effectiveness.

I studien undersöks effekterna av distansutbildning på högskolestudenter under COVID-19-pandemin. Pandemin var en extraordinär händelse som har förändrat utbildningslandskapet över hela världen. I examensarbetet presenteras bakgrundsinformation om pandemins inverkan på högre utbildning, inklusive de utmaningar och möjligheter som uppstått. Syftet är att undersöka högskolestudenters upplevelse av distansundervisning och påverkan av digitala verktyg. För att få en djupare förståelse av universitetsstudenters erfarenheter under övergången till distansundervisning genomförde vi en enkät med hjälp av snöbollsurval. Denna metod valdes eftersom den ger möjligheten att nå en bredare och mer diversifierad population av studenter. Studiens fokus var på könsspecifika skillnader och faktorer som påverkade studenternas akademiska erfarenhet och prestation. Studien undersökte tillgång till teknik, motivation och engagemang, samt hur dessa faktorer påverkade studenternas övergripande tillfredställelse och framgång. Examensarbetets resultat visar att män och kvinnor påverkas olika av distansutbildning, även om det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad i deras erfarenheter när det gällde de flesta faktorer av online-undervisning. I studien framgick att tillgång till teknik är en betydande faktor som påverkar studenternas akademiska erfarenhet och prestation, vilket framhäver vikten av likvärdiga resurser för alla studenter. Studenternas motivation och engagemang spelar en betydande roll för deras framgång i onlinekurser. Avgörande för att förbättra framtida online-undervisning är en bättre förståelse för könsspecifika skillnader.

News media has a prominent role in people’s lives and acts as the first lens that communicates news from across the world. This Bachelor thesis aims to investigate the two news outlets CNN and Al-Jazeera and their respective framing of actors involved in the 2016 terrorist attack in Nice, France. Specifically, this thesis examines how CNN and Al-Jazeera frames civilians and the perpetrator as victims or non-victims. The theoretical chapter covers the framing theory by Robert Entman to work as a general foundation for the analysis. It also includes the ideal victim theory by Nils Christie, which is further developed in line with Joris van Wijk’s international conceptualization of the theory. The analytical framework is based on the ideal victim theory and will work to guide the analysis. The analysis finds that CNN and Al-Jazeera share similarities in terms of their framing of civilian victims, while AlJazeera spends more time with Muslim victims and providing their perspective. The framing of the perpetrator differs and CNN provides a more western versus non-western conflict where the perpetrator represents a non-western Islamic community, that cannot be victimized. Al-Jazeera accentuates the distinction between fundamentalists and ordinary Muslims. Regular Muslims in France are granted victimhood and framed as being caught between a western and non-western conflict.

Jula AB is a family-owned business, founded by Lars-Göran and Irene Blank in 1979. Julas's concept is based on offering creative Do It Yourself (DIY'ers) and professionals attractive collections with affordable prices. This is achieved by the large volumes of finished products purchased directly without any intermediaries from the suppliers. Since Jula does not manufacture its goods, efficient logistics is essential. The importance of this factor is based on the fact that a large part of the total product value consists of transpor-tation.

Jula AB mandated two students from University West to develop alternative proposals for a new transportation arrangement. This is aimed to reduce the company's transporta-tion costs. The degree of filling of the carrier's capacity varies today. The cost of the transport depends on the transported volume; the smaller shipments the higher the trans-portation costs. One option to increase the degree of filling is to coordinate the small shipments and thus reduce the cost of the transportation; this can be accomplished by identifying and locating terminals.

The authors obtained the necessary data from the theoretical materials dealing with the elements of transport planning and a preformed benchmarking at Volvo PV in Skövde. Interviews with employees at Jula, Arcese and University West were also used. The pro-ject was limited to only examine the country with the largest volume and the highest number of shipments; this was done in order to enable the work of the thesis. This resulted in Italy as the relevant country for localization. By using the center of gravity method, the optimal location for establishment of a terminal was determined. This resulted in identi-fying the optimal location to coordinate shipments in the city of Verona, Italy. The pro-posal was presented to the transport companies Collicare and Arcese, the companies ap-peared to each own a terminal in Verona. And thus, two alternatives were able to be es-tablished whereby cost analysis for each one was estimated. This was done to enable a comparison between the proposed transportation arrangements with the one currently uti-lized.

Small and medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the global economy by generating employment opportunities and fostering economic expansion. However, the allocation of cloud computing resources remains a significant challenge for small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). The primary objective of this qualitative study was to examine the challenges associated with the allocation of cloud computing resources in small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). The research encompassed a comprehensive examination of existing literature and the utilization of semi-structured interviews to gather data from small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners and managers. The study focused only on two developed nations, namely the United States of America and the United Kingdom, as well as two developing countries, namely India and Pakistan. The literature review identified many issues that have an influence on the allocation of cloud computing resources in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These challenges include financial constraints, organizational culture, availability of competent individuals, and advancements in technology. The insights obtained from conducting interviews with small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners and managers provided useful information on the current methodologies employed for assigning cloud computing resources, as well as the obstacles faced by SMEs in effectively distributing these resources. The study's findings indicate that the successful operation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) heavily relies on the efficient allocation of cloud computing resources. Furthermore, addressing challenges in this area necessitates a purposeful and proactive strategy. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the cloud computing resource allocation tactics employed by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a result, policymakers, researchers, and SME owners and managers may utilize these insights to effectively implement successful strategies for allocating cloud computing resources.

The aim of this study is to investigate the Swedish currency (SEK) exchange rate daily volatility effects on the OMX stock price volatility in two separate periods of currency depreciation and appreciation. We used the exchange rate of the four main currencies against the SEK, the USD, EUR, CYN and JPY, as a base to calculate the average daily movement and the volatility of the SEK for the period between February 2018 to December 2020. We used a modified GARCH model specially designed to address the questions of this paper following the same steps used by Fang (2002) to design his model. This paper provides evidence that the daily exchange rate volatility has a significant, but neglectable, effect on the daily stock market volatility. The results can be explained by the high level of economic stability in Sweden and the low level of uncertainty between the investor.

The purpose of this study is to investigate Swedish motorists' attitudes towards self-driving cars. The thesis highlights advanced ethical decisions and ethical problems that exist for self-driving cars.

To answer the question "What is the attitude of Swedish motorists towards self-driving cars and their actions in ethically difficulty situations?" a qualitative method has been applied. Artificial intelligence is a broad area with many domains, and therefore a delimitation has been made to the automotive industry.

By using interviews and literature studies, the ethical dilemmas have been established for self-driving cars. The results of this literature study have been analyzed together with interviews for the study.

Problems that have been identified with self-driving cars is that they are responsible for the event of accidents and decisive in ethical situations. Another problem identified in this study is the question of whom should be given priority in a situation where an accident is inevitable. The result has revealed that the actions of cars do not always comply with the driver's ethical principles, and that society usually lacks knowledge in the area of self-driving cars. People could act on reflexes in sudden incidents, which is different from a system that can make faster calculated decisions.

The purpose of this study was to contribute to a deeper understanding of organizational changes in healthcare with a focus on Covid-19 and its impact on leadership and organizational culture from the perspective of employees. The study has a qualitative approach and semi-structured interviews are the method used to be able to have deeper conversations with our respondents. The choice of organizations was based on creating a deeper overall picture of healthcare organizations and not limiting the study to only one form of healthcare organization. The study concluded that Covid-19 brought major changes in healthcare that affected the leadership and the organizational culture. The study has concluded that healthcare has succeeded in managing the change and adapting, but at the same time they have failed to maintain or develop their organizational culture so that it promotes the employees. The study shows that healthcare organizations have failed to deal with resistance from employees, which is due to employees not sharing the organization's visions and goals of change. The study has presented a result that shows that leadership in healthcare has not changed much compared to before the pandemic. But it is clear that the leaders do not have the same relationship with their employees as before, which has affected the organizational culture.

Social media has grown, becoming more popular among millions of users. With its growth, companies are attracting more customers using advertising through social media. Companies are using online advertising to increase their customer base and market new products.

Growth in social media can be determined by examining how advertising affects individual buying behavior. This study focuses on analyzing the purchasing behavior of young individuals through the influence of advertising in social media. The purpose of this study is to provide an effective basis for companies in practice; providing insight on individual behavior in regard to advertising within social media.

We answered the research question using a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews in conjunction with the ten selected respondents.

The result indicated that young people are heavily influenced by advertising on social media. As a result, companies are using advertising to guide consumers in the direction of their interests. However, social media advertising may negatively influence customer interpretation if the message is not correlated with the consumers interests.

After the global recession, IASB began working on the new standard IFRS 9 for financial instruments which replaced IAS 39 in 2018. What triggered the work for the new standard was that analysis from the crisis showed that if credit losses where more forward-looking, the effects of the crisis would have been smaller. The purpose with IFRS 9 was therefore to solve the problems found with IAS 39 and among other things not be as reactive as the previous standard. Previous studies show that there was an expectation with the new standard that it would lead to greater transparency and therefore financial stability. With this as background, the purpose of this study has been to gain knowledge on the transitional effect of IFRS 9, with regards to transparency, on the Swedish banking sector after its implementation. It therefore studies whether IFRS 9 has succeeded in increasing the degree of transparency in financial reports within Swedish banks. It also studies whether the new standard has created new problems. To do this, the study relies on a qualitative method where a text-analysis of Swedish banks' financial reports before and after the implementation of IFRS 9 was done. The empirics where reviewed with relation to the qualitative characteristics' relevance, faithful representation, understanding and comparability as these are found, in previous research, to be related to transparency. It was then analysed whether these characteristics had increased or decreased after the implementation of IFRS 9. The study concludes that there has been both a decrease and increase of transparency of information in the financial reports depending on which qualitative characteristic the report is analysed in relation to. A new problem is also identified where opportunistic behaviour is more likely under the new standard because it increases the subjectivity within management which also decreases comparability.

Digitalization is a current topic at present and technology has grown and affected society. It has affected economists and their way of working. There are several studies regarding how digitalization affects the role of economists in the private sector, research on economists' own experiences and in the public sector is, however, few. The public sector has been criticized as technological development does not progress at the pace of the rest of society. This is because they have structures that make it difficult to introduce modernization work. The purpose of the study is to map and analyze experiences with digitization as well as opportunities and challenges around it from the perspective of economists. The study was conducted through a qualitative method where data collection was done on two public organizations through six semi-structured interviews. Digitization results in analog information shifting to being digitized. It improves internal efficiency by streamlining work processes by eliminating manual handling and reducing human error. Management control systems are about influencing the behavior of employees, but also managers' behavior in the organization. The empirical results of the study show that digitization has contributed to a transition from the analog to the digital. It also shows that digitalization has streamlined work processes within organizations. With regard to management control in the organizations, the study has identified that there is both results control and action control in the organizations. The conclusions that the study presents are that the advantages of digitization are that it has led to more efficient workflow processes and freed up time for more qualified tasks. The possibilities are that the streamlining leads to more focus being placed on dealing with qualified tasks that require the human eye and reduce human errors. A disadvantage is that economists do not possess IT skills, and need the help of the IT department, which is a challenge as challenges arise regarding communication. Due to this, economists experience that the systems are not always optimal to handle based on their tasks. Another disadvantage of digitalization is that it negatively affects social contact and creative ability as a result of more digital encounters instead of meeting physically.

The purpose for thesis is to test the cointegration among cryptocurrencies, financial assets and COVID-19 Cases/Deaths to find if there is cointegration. The Johansen cointegration test is used in order to find if there is cointegration. For the whole period spans from April 2016 to April 2021, the results showed that there is existing cointegration between Bitcoin and each market index. For the pre-pandemic period spans from April 2016 to December 2019, the results showed that there is no cointegration between Bitcoin and each market index. For the pandemic period spans from January 2020 to April 2021, the results showed that there is no cointegration between Bitcoin and each market index. On the other side, there is no cointegration between Ethereum and each market index in the three time periods. The results for the pandemic period showed that there is cointegration between COVID-19 cases and each market index except IBEX35 in Spain. Moreover, there is existing cointegration between COVID-19 cases and each cryptocurrency. The results showed that there is cointegration between (COVID-19 deaths and each market index) and (COVID-19 deaths and each cryptocurrency). Finally, the cryptocurrencies and market indices provide advantages in terms of hedge against the pandemic.

Somalia has been in civil war since the demise of the Somali government in 1991. Somalia is a post-conflict country which strives for consolidating peace and stability. Clan- based politics has governed Somalia since the Transitional National Government (TNG) approved that the 4.5 formula is the only suitable power sharing mechanism for Somalis in order to reconstruct the country. This thesis analyses the attitude of the Somali federal government and member states workers towards the abolishment of the 4.5 formula. Power sharing and social exclusion theories with a qualitative thematic analysis will be applied to the thesis in order to depict and interpret the findings of the research. The research is exploratory research and interviewing the government workers at the federal and state level will be primary data ofthe research. A semi-structured interview method will be deployed in the research. 

Accounting in companies has for a long time been a good way to show profitability for external people. Accounting has become more legitimate over time and is being drown towards more secure numbers that show the real performance of the company. This is an important matter because of the large amount of investors ready to invest in a company with good profitability. The matter of correct accounting has become a serious deal over the years for the companies and associations that are bound with accounting obligations. This has become such a big deal that even the whole football world has been dragged into it. Since the football clubs receive an immense amount of attention regarding their accounting we believed it would be an interesting objective for our study. The factor that adds to the interest is specifically how Swedish football clubs adapt to the accounting rules that are set.The type of approach we have chosen for this study is a qualitative research. We therefore assumed the hermeneutic interpretation doctrine would be a good tool to achieve our aim with the study, since it will increase the knowledge and interpretation of our research topic (Wallen, 1996), (Bryman & Bell, 2013).The result of the study shows that the Swedish football association has given football clubs two alternatives to report new player signings. These two ways are either to expense play acquisitions in the balance sheet as a direct cost or to activate the play acquisition in the balance sheet (Svenska fotbollsförbundet, 2013). Among the football clubs in the league the majority of the football clubs activates the play acquisitions in the balance sheet, there were only two clubs who expensed play acquisitions as a direct cost. All the football clubs will be doing linear depreciations along the lease term (Svenska fotbollsförbundet, 2013).

This thesis aims to compare how U.S. liberal and conservative media frames the whistleblowers Julian Assange and Edward Snowden. The questions we want to answer are, 1. What traits of heroes can be found in U.S. liberal and conservative media? 2. What traits of traitors can be found in U.S. liberal and conservative media? 3. Is there a difference between the U.S. liberal and conservative media’s representation of Assange and Snowden? In order to analyze the liberal and conservative media, the ontology of social constructivism and theories of framing, ideal types and political ideologies will be used. A qualitative comparative analysis will be conducted in order to find traits of our created ideal types, heroes and traitors in the liberal and conservative U.S. media. The analysis will show that there are great differences in how the newspapers frame the whistleblowers Assange and Snowden.

The need to motivate and reward employees to increase their motivation has been important for organizations and companies at all times. By having highly motivated employees, companies can compete in the labor market and achieve their goals. Previous research has shown various aspects of monetary reward and its impact on employees. Depending on how the monetary reward systems are designed, it can have different outcomes on the employees' motivation and performance. The leaders have a great role in finding out how to best motivate their employees.

Our study aims to find out why monetary reward is used by leaders and how employee motivation is affected by it.

We have, through a qualitative method in the form of interviews, examined the phenomenon of monetary reward and its use in the construction industry. In the theoretical frame of reference, various motivational theories and leadership styles are highlighted as support for interpreting the acquired empirical data.

From our acquired empirical evidence it emerged that the leader's role is important in how employees are motivated, what impact monetary reward has on employees' motivation and why managers choose to use monetary reward. It also emerged that monetary reward system works well in the construction industry.

We conclude that employee motivation is positively affected and the leader uses monetary reward as it results in good results for the company as they meet their goals. The cost of monetary reward is weighed up by the fact that the company receives satisfied customers.

This study examines the framing of the Ukrainian and Syrian refugees by the Sweden Democrats Party. Using the analytical framework based on theories of European identity and welfare chauvinism, the research investigates how party representatives frame the Ukrainian refugees compared to the Syrian refugees. The study employs qualitative content analysis to explore the discursive strategies used by the Sweden Democrats through the application of Bacchi's "What's the Problem Represented to be?" approach. Through a comparative design, the research identifies patterns in the party's framing of Ukrainian and Syrian refugees, providing an in-depth assessment of the issue. The findings reveal distinct differences in the party's approach towards refugees from two different regions. The Sweden Democrats emphasize a European identity and shared cultural background when discussing Ukrainian refugees, portraying them as deserving of assistance due to their proximity and commonality. The party's stance on refugee policy reflects welfare chauvinism, prioritizing the welfare of native-born Swedes over that of refugees and migrants from both regions: it is noteworthy that the Sweden Democrats' anti-immigration framing remains consistent regardless of the refugee group. The research highlights similarities between the framing of both refugee groups, such as concerns about resource shortages and declining public services. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of refugee challenges and the socio-political context in which they are situated

Despite Sweden's commendable performance in integration policies, as highlighted by the Migration Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) 2020 report, non-European born (NEB) individuals continue to face significant barriers to integrating into the labour market. This thesis presents these challenges, focusing on how labour market policy influences NEB long-term unemployed in Western Sweden integration, and the perceptions for street-level bureaucrats’ role and labour market conditions in impacting the integration process.Designed as a single-case study, this thesis delves into the local context in Western Sweden’s labour market integration for NEB long-term unemployed, providing a nuanced understanding of these issues. The findings suggest that labour market policies can have positive impacts, but their success depends on the consideration of local context. Future research with broader samples and diverse perspectives, including longitudinal studies, is essential to further illuminate these findings.

In this research, a qualitative study was conducted to explore how technical and social factors affect students' experiences when using the LMS platform Canvas at University West (University West). Through semi-structured interviews with the students, specific user experiences related to the learning management system platform's functionality, navigation, and the social interactions between students and teachers were examined.

The study shows that both technical factors such as usability and accessibility, and social factors such as communication and collaboration within the LMS platform, are crucial for how students perceive and engage in their learning environment. Results from the study indicate that many students find Canvas learning platform useful and appreciate its features for both course administration and communication, but there is room for improvement. Specifically, challenges related to navigation within Canvas and how teachers' use of technology affects students' learning experiences are mentioned.

Finally, this research contributes important insights into the need to continuously develop and adapt digital learning platforms to improve usability and promote a more engaging and inclusive educational environment.

This study is a part of a research project between Tenstar Simulation AB and University West with the purpose of developing pedagogical knowledge regarding Tenstar Simulation’s avatar-technology in Virtual Reality (VR) as an educational tool. VR has become more and more common in education with the purpose of making the learning process for students more efficient. The purpose of this study is to explore and investigate the pedagogical implications of VR, with a particular emphasis on Avatar technologies, for a teacher’s teaching context. The data collection method used in this study was semi-structured interviews, the interviews were individual interviews and the participants consisted of both teachers and Tenstar Simulation’s employees. The results indicated among other things that both VR and avatars have pedagogical benefits, where VR is a meaningful tool to facilitate training that is applicable to real life situations. Whereas avatars can afford the teacher more ways to observe the student’s actions in the VR-environment as well as affording more ways of communication between teacher and student. However, one challenge regarding potential teachers being critical to the use of the technologies was highlighted.

This bachelor’s thesis examines the perception of gender stereotyped fashion advertisement according to two generational groups of women (>60 or <25) without university degrees. The study is comparative and derives from a problem definition which focuses on the (re)production of gender roles through advertisement which perpetuates unequal power structures. The study aims to describe the perception of the two groups through in-depth interviews with six women in total. Thus, the study uses a qualitative approach and has a twoparted theoretical framework. The selection of advertisements that are reviewed by the respondents originates from the Male Gaze theory and the Madonna/Whore Complex with indicators of nudity and position. Moreover, the interviewees’ responses are analyzed through the Madonna/Whore Complex, the Objectification Theory and the Theory of Generations. This thesis suggests that the categorization of women as Whores or Madonnas in advertisement is perceived to be true by both groups. It proposes a great generational difference, as that the younger generation women see the categorization of women as either Whores or Madonnas in the social world, while the older do not. Concluding, harmful beauty norms and feminine behavioral traits seem to be partly internalized

After the introduction of IFRS 3 in 2005, the demand for detailed information about goodwill in companies' financial reports increased. Previously, listed companies could choose to write off goodwill over its economic life span, but with the introduction of IFRS 3, impairment became the prescribed method of accounting for goodwill. One challenge that came with this change was the correct mandatory disclosures related to write-downs. Companies have expectations of both standard setters and external stakeholders to disclose information in an accurate and transparent manner. The study examines changes in the information content and clarity in the reporting of goodwill in 2008 compared to 2022, with a focus on companies listed on the Swedish stock exchange. With the help of annual reports for a sample of 49 companies, compliance with the disclosure requirements according to IAS 36:134 is analyzed. The results show an increase in transparency and compliance with disclosure requirements over time, but find the information content and quality of several disclosures deficient. The results of the study show that 57 percent of the companies met the requirements for goodwill disclosure according to IAS 36:134 in 2008. The figure has increased to 76 percent in 2022, which shows an improvement. Despite this improvement, only 6 percent of companies fully met all requirements in 2008, while the corresponding figure for 2022 was 20 percent. Although the numbers have risen between the two years, there is still significant room for companies to improve their goodwill disclosure to ensure more transparent and accurate reporting.

COVID-19 pandemic forced many education programmes to switch to e-learning strategies. However, in many cases adopting e-learning occurred urgently and without sufficient study. This research aimed to invistigate aspects that may contribute to enhancing e-learning effectiveness for physicians in a residency education program and help in achieving its goals. This was performed by conducting a synthetic literature review to establish a theoretical understanding of what e-learning strategies might help in this situation. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis was performed on course evaluations survey data to invistigate learners’ perception on joining e-learning courses. Analysis results was used to study their level of satisfaction and compare the findings to the outcome of the literature review in order to build more clear understanding of e-learning success to help education organizers in choosing an effective e-learning strategy.

Through a literature review in combination with qualitative analysis of course evaluations, this study examines aspects that contribute to enhancing elearning for physicians in a residency education program. The literature review and the qualitative analysis outline three main factors (pedagogical, technological, and organizational), highlighting the importance of a holistic approach that includes learning and technology in context when integrating e-learning strategies in adult learning programs. The findings contribute insights and practical guidance for education organizers on how to conduct e-learning during and after the pandemic.

The main purpose of this study was to create an understanding of how varying leadership styles affect the so-called internal and external motivation on employees. The following research question was created: How does the prevailing leadership style of leaders affect the internal and external motivation of employees? Past research studies the relationship between leadership and motivation as one variable. The problem with seeing motivation as one variable is that motivation is affected by various factors and hence should be divided into internal and external motivation. Moreover, studies that study the relationship between internal and external motivation contradict each other’s conclusions. To answer the research question, a qualitative method has been used where semistructured telephone interviews have been conducted. The study consisted of ten respondents, of which eight are employees and two are leaders. Furthermore, four research ethics principles were applied to increase the study’s reliability. The studied leadership styles in the study were transformational leadership, transactional leadership, laissez-faire leadership, and charismatic leadership. According to previous research the following can be stated: Transformational leadership has a positive impact on internal and external motivation. Transactional leadership has apositive effect on external motivation and no effect on internal motivation. Laissez-faire leadership has a negative impact on internal and external motivation. Charismatic leadership has a positive effect on internal and external motivation. This study consisted of two transformational leadership styles, five transactional leadership styles, two laissez-faire leadership styles and one charismatic leadership style. Furthermore, the study concludes that transformational leadership positively affects internal and external motivation because employees are constantly given feedback and encouraged. Transactional leadership style only affects external motivation positively because leaders adapt relationships with employees as a financial exchange. Laissez-faire leadership has no effect on external motivation but can result in both a negative and positive impact on internal motivation. Charismatic leadership has a positive impact on internal and external motivation because the leadership style creates a good relationship between leader and employee.

Media whether it is visible, audible or readable plays a substantial role when it comes to transferring news and events from all over the world and providing information to the public around the globe. Global news agencies and press representation of many issues, such as wars, conflicts and political dilemmas differ, depending of national origin or political leanings. The events leading up to the Brexit referendum, which took place in the United Kingdom on 23 June 2016, marked a turbulent political moment for the UK. One central issue at the center of this vote was immigration. Nevertheless, how the issues surrounding migration emerged in the news during this period, and especially how media can then be a place for the creation and reinforcement of political debate, have been understudied. To fill this gap, in this study I investigate how the right-wing represented EU and non-EU migrants in UK in light of the rise of populism across Europe. This study looks at two conservative British newspapers "tabloids": Daily Mail and Daily Express. Then with these incidents and two newspapers, this explores how images are rooted in political debate and become representative of it. I conclude that a negative portrayal and debate on migration is reflected in the right-leaning Daily Express and Daily Express. They both tried to create a less supportive and were more hostile debate regarding to migration policy and migrants in UK which helped spread populist thought among people. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates that images are a crucial element in the development and strengthening of politized discourses.

Digitaliseringen och coronapandemin som utbröts år 2019 var orsakerna till att distansarbete blev allt mer aktuellt på flera arbetsplatser. En snabb förändring genomfördes i samhället då majoriteten av alla organisationer införde distansarbete för att undvika spridning av coronan. I samband med coronapandemin, växte begreppet work-life balance fram. Begreppet handlar om att skapa en balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur distansarbetet påverkar unga anställdas work-life balance. Den teoretiska referensramen visar att distansarbete kan ha en positiv och en negativ inverkan på anställdas work-life balance. De negativa aspekterna med distansarbete är främst isolering som kan bidra till psykisk ohälsa, övertid och distraktioner i arbetsmiljön som har en negativ påverkan på anställdas work-life balance. De positiva aspekter som nämns är att anställda kan spara tid och pengar på grund av minskad pendling. Anställda kan därtill strukturera upp sin dag, kontrollera arbetsmiljön efter egna preferenser, bli mer produktiva och tillfredsställda i sitt arbete. Vidare har dessa positiva aspekter en god inverkan på anställdas work-life balance. Metoden som används för att samla in data är en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi där respondenter har valts ut med hjälp av ett målstyrt urval. Empirin bygger på 8 semistrukturerade intervjuer där unga anställda besvarar frågor utifrån en bearbetad intervjuguide.

Studien visar att distansarbete kan ha en positiv och en negativ inverkan på distansarbete. De positiva effekter som studien har kommit fram till är tidsbesparing, möjlighet till att utföra hemmasysslor, tid till att spendera med familj och vänner, förbättrad arbetsmiljö och ökad arbetstillfredsställelse. De negativa aspekter som studien har kommit fram till är övertid, psykisk ohälsa, social isolering och distraktioner i arbetsmiljön. Det insamlade datamaterialet stöds av den tidigare forskningen som lyfter upp liknande aspekter om hur anställdas work-life balance påverkas av distansarbete. Den slutsats som kan dras är att distansarbetet inte bara har en positiv inverkan på unga anställdas work-life balance. Det finns även många negativa faktorer som kan påverka unga anställdas work-life balance under distansarbete.

In today’s labor market, four generations are active, which is more than ever before. Employees from all generations need to be motivated to perform at work. Previous research shows that people of the same generation have experienced similar events and circumstances and are therefore similar to each other. As generations have been influenced by different external factors, they tend to differ in some ways. However, it is not known whether there are differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation between generations. People belonging to different generations are expected to work under the same premises and conditions, although there may be fundamental differences in what motivates them.

The study therefore aims to contribute knowledge about possible differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation between generation Y and Baby Boomers. The study is based on previous research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, generations, and the Self-determination theory, among others, which resulted in hypotheses that were tested.

To fulfill the purpose, a quantitative method was used in which a web-based survey was conducted and completed by 149 respondents. A scientifically developed questionnaire called the Work extrinsic and intrinsic motivation scale (WEIMS) was used to measure motivation through 18 different claims. The relationship between the two generations and the variables of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation was then studied. Correlation analyses were also performed between motivation and age as well as motivation and gender, in order to exclude or draw attention to the influence of these factors on the result of the study.

One conclusion is that Baby Boomers exhibit higher intrinsic motivation than generation Y while generation Y exhibits higher extrinsic motivation than Baby Boomers. However, the differences are not statistically significant. A further finding is that no major differences in motivation emerged between different age groups within the same generation. On the other hand, the relationship between gender and motivation was statistically significant. Women showed higher intrinsic motivation than men while men showed higher extrinsic motivation than women. Finally, it could be concluded that intrinsic motivation is generally higher than extrinsic motivation independent of generational affiliation, age, and gender. 

The aim of this study is to investigate the role Business Intelligence (BI) can play in government and more specifically at the municipality level. The study aims to investigate how data collected from a municipality Contact Center can be leveraged with the help of a BI solution. The study focuses on the Contact Center at Järfälla Kommun (municipality) and investigates whether a BI implementation can help to realize more effective planning, resource allocation and improved services and e-services. Municipality Contact Centers are becoming an increasingly popular precedent providing municipal residents with a centralized service where they can make inquiries, provide information, lodge complaints or commend actions related to activities within the specific municipality. BI can turn raw data into concrete figures and reports, map patterns and trends and support effective decision making. It can also however be costly and difficult to integrate and face resistance due to perceived complexity. This paper aims to take such notions into consideration and investigate the feasibility of implementing such a solution in the context of a municipality Contact Center.

This paper identifies various benefits and drawbacks from literature which are then modeled into a SWOT framework. In addition, semi-structured interviews are utilized in this study and targeted at stakeholders knowledgeable in the Contact Center, BI, or both. Findings from the SWOT framework will be measured against the findings from the interviews and an analysis of correlations between the two sources will be investigated.

In this study a research has been conducted to find out how consumers experience Augmented Reality applications. This was done to see which underlying factors are behind each individual's experience. Are there any connections between user acceptance and unique participants that determines how they respond to technology? The research has been conducted with quantitative methods and advocates positivism. Surveys has been the method used to gather data about the user and has primarily been done with the face-to-face method. The users answered the survey after they had tested out features in IKEA Place, the test involved them placing out furniture in the application and then numerically rated the experience through the questions which was in the questionnaire. The result shows that the younger target audience retained a higher average value, median. The distribution test reveal that there were less spread on respective factors PU, PEOU and ATU in the younger target audience. While gender does not seem to have any significance to how acceptance is determined on AR-applications. The research reveals that the acceptance is affected in a negative way with increased age.

Offshoring, meaning the movement of business operations to foreign countries, has recently grown. It provides the company with opportunities which are not available domestically, but it also bears risks. The public has recently blamed the strategy of offshoring for weak growth of domestic economy, decreasing competitiveness, salary stagnation, job losses, lower worker morale, and poverty. As a consequence, a firm carrying out offshoring activities could suffer from consumers' negative attitudes towards offshoring, as the consumers are unwilling to buy their products/services or take actions against the company.

This study addresses the Swedish young adults' attitudes towards offshoring. Young adults are playing an important role in economy as consumers, future workers, innovators, leaders and decision makers. The study investigates the factors that were underlying the formation of attitudes towards offshoring. We focused especially on three factors, namely consumer ethnocentrism, economic threat and quality beliefs.

In order to address these issues, a quantitative research approach was applied and primary data were collected. The variables for the online survey were mainly distilled from Durvasula and Lysonski (2009) as well Grappi, Romani and Bagozzi (2013).

The gathered data have been analyzed via the software of SPSS by performing correlation tests and analyzing descriptive statistic measures. The results indicated that Swedish young adults had neutral attitudes towards offshoring. We also found that two of the studied factors, consumer ethnocentrism and economic threat, were vital in the formation of the attitudes towards offshoring.

This thesis is performed as a comparative small-N study making use of post-colonial theory aiming to analyse whether, and if so how, Western government agencies working in the field of 'development assistance' reinforce colonial stereotypes by availing colonial discourse. Post-colonial and discourse theory are used to challenge colonial theory, allowing to break the binary opposition and power structures of the Self and the Other, opening a third space where hybrid identities can be acknowledged.

With Critical Discourse Analysis serving as a tool in the construction of a text analytical method applied to the documents published by the Swedish governmental development agency, Sida and the British Department for International Development (DFID) to examine whether and how they (re-)produce colonial discourse in their publications.

The monumental role of Britain in the colonisation of lands and people versus Sweden's comparatively small and short territorial possession of colonies, and especially how both nations relate differently to their colonial past represented in contemporary discourse, makes this paper an interesting comparative study. The research contributes to knowledge on how Western governmental development agencies sustain and/or contest remnants of colonial structures embedded and projected through discourse.

The main findings of this study are that both the DFID and Sida engage in and (re-)produce CD in their publications. However, to a certain extent they do differ, with Sida making use of non-CD to a significantly larger extent than the DFID.

The second civil war in Libya has been ongoing since 2014, where the two administrations, GNA and LNA, have been fighting each other for the power in Libya where many foreign powers including Qatar and Saudi Arabia, have been actively supporting different sides and their claim to legitimacy.

The aim of this research is to analyze how Al-Jazeera and Al- Arabiya, two state-controlled news agencies from Qatar and Saudi Arabia, represented the two fighting groups in the Libyan civil war and their claim to be the legitimate government. In this study, we use framing theory as the central theory to conduct our investigation. To answer our research question effectively, we have divided our frames into two further categories, behavior frame & representation (political) frame, which are used for our analysis.

Our research is a comparative case study as we have investigated the differences between AlArabiya and Al Jazeera's framing of the two fighting groups in the second Libyan civil war.

Our findings in this research indicated that both state operated news outlets framed the supported and opposite sides in different ways, which also reflected their respective countries' foreign policy agendas. Hence their state-controlled medias Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya and their representation of the two fighting groups and their claim to be the legitimate government in Libya were significantly different in terms of which actor is legitimate, but similar in terms of the tools/concepts they implemented to delegitimize the other side.

Numerous socioeconomic factors impact the adoption and implementation of e-learning in higher education institutions in developing nations, posing both opportunities and obstacles. The thesis is titled "Socioeconomic Influences on the Teaching in E-Learning in Higher Education in Developing Countries: Barriers and Facilitators." A Case Study of Lagos, Nigeria" investigates these variables and how they affect teachers' use of e-learning in Lagos' higher education establishments. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study investigates how educators' adoption of e-learning technologies is influenced by social influences, perceived utility, and perceived ease of use.Data was acquired through interviews with educators, administrators, and students using a qualitative research design. The results show that even while e-learning has a lot to offer education, there are several barriers to its widespread adoption, including low technological infrastructure, restricted access to digital materials, and differing degrees of digital literacy among teachers and students. The way technological, organizational, and environmental elements interact to shape the adoption of e-learning is highlighted by the study's analytical framework. This study offers a comprehensive knowledge of the obstacles and enablers of e-learning in Lagos by operationalizing the theoretical ideas from TAM and UTAUT. To close the digital divide and promote inclusive e-learning settings, the findings highlight the necessity of focused interventions, such as improved infrastructure, all-encompassing digital literacy programs, and encouraging institutional policies. This thesis adds to the body of knowledge by providing empirical insights into the unique obstacles and enablers of e-learning in the context of developing nations. It offers doable suggestions on improving e-learning implementation and using technology to improve educational outcomes in Lagos and other comparable contexts for legislators, educational leaders, and stakeholders.

The use of mobile devices such as cellular phones and tablets have over the years risen in popularity. This increases the need to develop software that is suitable for these devices (Awad, El-Shihy, 2014). But because of the range of different platforms such as PC-desktops, tablets and mobile phones, app development has become more difficult. As companies want to reach out to as many users as possible the resources are not always there to meet the demand for that type of development. The aim of this study is to explore how developers and companies' reason when facing a choice between different technologies for web development, by examining how a decision is made as well as the conditions that govern that choice. In order to explore this, we have conducted interviews with four different companies and a total of eight interviewees with different roles such as web developer, IT-architect and CEO.

Through our interviews we have concluded that first and foremost it is important to get information of new technology and then the acceptance of new technology. Second it is important to work out the conditions that are required for new technology, and finally to make the right decision when choosing of new technology. In that decision you must consider hard conditions and soft conditions where hard conditions pertain to technical aspects such as performance and effectiveness while the soft conditions refer to staff and their acceptance of new technology.

Furthermore, this study has shown that staff is a very important pillar for decision making, it is after all they in the end who will be working with the new technology and therefore their acceptance of the technologies ease of use and usefulness is vital. However, this study has shown that the size of a company has an effect on the acceptance of new technology with the developers. Despite companies using the same decision strategy the size of the company can mean a different way to communicate within the company. In this study we observed that in a larger company the developers had little to no insight into the decision process and you had to work with what you got. Whereas in smaller companies we observed that developers had much more insight and possibilities to have their voices heard because of the ability to communicate and the closeness to the decision makers. Further it was shown that it was not only important to have the current staff in mind but also future staff, with this we mean that companies have to make themselves an attractive place to work with choices of technology that will attract new developers.

Information och kommunikation är två viktiga faktorer som ska fungera i organisationer. Hur ledarna kan förhålla sig till detta men även hur ledarna kan skapa en meningsfullhet för medarbetarna är något som är viktigt för deras motivation. Ledares kommunikation kan vara ett potentiellt verktyg i en intern marknadsföring för att skapa mening och motivera medarbetarna. Dock finns det alltid svårigheter i att kommunicera. Det finns alltid bra eller mindre bra sätt att kommunicera på. Uppsatsen grundar sig i kommunikation och intern marknadsföring där syftet var att undersöka och försöka skapa en förståelse för hur ledare anser att deras interna kommunikation i organisationer kan användas i intern marknadsföring som ett potentiellt hjälpmedel för att motivera sina medarbetare. Uppsatsens forskningsfråga är formulerad med syftet i åtanke och ledde till följande fråga: Hur använder ledare kommunikation i den interna marknadsföringen för att motivera medarbetare? En kvalitativ metod har använts där undersökningen skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio ledare, fem kvinnor och fem män på olika hierarkiska positioner inom både den privata och offentliga sektorn. Teoriavsnittet är utformat efter sju olika teman. Dessa teman är genomgående i uppsatsen och syftar till att länka ihop uppsatsens teori- och empiriavsnitt för att slutligen mynna ut i analysen. Uppsatsen visar på två viktiga beståndsdelar som ledare anser kan bidra till medarbetarmotivation. En envägskommunikation som kan bidra med transparens och som ökar informationstillgängligheten vilket kan ha betydelse för medarbetarnas motivation. En tvåvägskommunikation som de anser öka förståelsen av information och budskap vilket de ser bidrar till ökad motivation hos medarbetarna. Studien visar även att ledare anser att då de använder tvåvägskommunikation genom ömsesidig feedback ökar medarbetarnas delaktighet. Vidare anser de att det kan bidra till en tydligare förståelse för organisationens gemensamma målbild och har ett positivt inflytande på medarbetarna. En tydlighet och en kontinuerlig ström av information i kombination med feedback och återkoppling var något ledarna ansåg kunde underlätta för medarbetarna. Det visade sig vara något som ledarna ser ha en positiv påverkan på medarbetarnas engagemang och kan bidra till att stärka deras psykologiska kontrakt gentemot organisationen.

Alla företag idag använder sig av något slags prestationsbaserat belöningssystem för att motivera sina anställda. Det är dock inte säkert att alla anställda på en arbetsplats implementerar detta på sig själva. Uppsatsen syftade till att undersöka problemet ur de anställdas perspektiv. Uppsatsen grundar sig i ämnet motivation där syftet var att få en förståelse för hur butiksanställda inom detaljhandeln upplever prestationsbaserade belöningssystem. Uppsatsens forskningsfrågor formulerades med syftet i åtanke och ledde till följande frågor: Hur upplever butiksanställda prestationsbaserade belöningssystem och har belöningssystem som styrmedel inverkan på arbetsmotivationen hos anställda? En kvalitativ metod har används där undersökningen skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex butiksanställda på olika butiker inom detaljhandeln. Teoriavsnittet är strukturerat utefter fyra teman, motivation och beteende, prestationsbaserade belöningssystem som motivationstrategi, finansiella och icke-finansiella belöningars betydelse samt komplikationer och brister i prestationsbaserade belöningssystem. Dessa teman är genomgående i hela uppsatsen och syftar till att koppla ihop uppsatsens olika delar på ett tydligt sätt. Uppsatsen visade på två viktiga beståndsdelar som utgör grunden för hur butiksanställda upplever prestationsbaserade belöningssystem. För det första måste det finnas ett samband mellan prestationen och belöningen för att det ska upplevas positivt av de anställda. Den andra beståndsdelen visade sig vara att belöningssystemen behöver vara rättvist utformade för att de ska verka motiverande. Det visade sig även att en kombination av finansiella och icke-finansiella belöningar var framgångsrikt för att motivera anställda och att de anställda i stor utsträckning är till freds när de känner delaktighet, sammanhållning och när de utvecklas på arbetsplatsen.

Det finns en pågående debatt kring ämnet tidsbegränsad anställning. Debatten handlar om hur man ska tolka lagen samt om den bör förändras. I Sverige är det Lagen om anställningsskydd som reglerar de olika anställningsformer som finns att tillgå. Huvudregeln är en tillsvidareanställning men det finns också goda möjligheter att anställa tidsbegränsat. I Sverige är idag, av de som är sysselsatta i åldern 16-64 år, 15,1 procent tidsbegränsat anställda. Denna stora andel gör att ämnet är intressant att studera. I debatten som pågår finns det ett argument emot tidsbegränsade anställningar, då arbetstagarorganisationer anser att dessa missbrukas. I de olika branscherna i Sverige skiljer sig antalet tidsbegränsade anställningar åt. Inom detaljhandelsbranschen, som denna undersökning fokuserar på, är andelen tidsbegränsade anställningar cirka 17 procent (SCB, 2015, s. 9). Varför väljer då arbetsgivare inom handeln att anställa tidsbegränsat? Detta är något vi undersökt med syftet att ta reda på hur arbetsgivare tänker vid rekrytering och vid val av anställningsform. Med en kvalitativ undersökningsansats har studien genomförts. Vid några få intervjuer har vi kunnat ta del av djupgående information och resonemang ifrån arbetsgivare. Teorin fokuserar på LAS samt på tidigare forskning. Den tidigare forskningen kan sammanfattas med att det finns ett flertal bakomliggande orsaker till att arbetsgivare väljer att anställa tidsbegränsat. Flexibilitet och ekonomi spelar en stor roll. Teorier pekar på att arbetsmarknaden, som en föränderlig miljö, bidrar till att arbetsgivare väljer att skriva anställningsavtal på kort sikt. Detta har gjort att de icke-traditionella, tillfälliga anställningarna har ökat. I den empiriska undersökning som gjorts motiverar respondenter varför de valt att anställa tidsbegränsat och vad de anser om det. För att arbetsgivarna ska hålla verksamheten rullande, utan att kostnaderna drar iväg så behöver de kunna täcka ett tillfälligt behov, till exempel vid sjukdom, med hjälp av en eller flera tidsbegränsade anställningar. Vår analys och slutsats visar att de tidsbegränsade anställningarna används för att arbetsgivarna måste. Detta för att verksamheten ska fungera. Den förförståelse vi presenterar i inledningen till uppsatsen anser vi vara motbevisad.

"How does organizational management keep their employees?" -Of what significance are motivational factors?

Today, many organizations have high employee turnover which is often seen as a problem. When an organization has invested time and resources in recruitment, it still requires work on personnel matters. In order to retain employees within organizations further work is needed which organizations should be aware of. The purpose of this study is to find out how the management work with motivation as a factor to keep existing employees. The study aims to find out how they motivate employees to give greater job satisfaction and thus get people not wanting to leave the organization. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, we have with a qualitative approach conducted five in-depth interviews. The respondents of these interviews did all have a leadership position in the financial or insurance business. The empirical data shows how the various leaders complete their recruitments and how they motivate individuals. All respondents got the opportunity to, with their own words, describe what motivation is for them. The empirical data also shows which reward systems these organizations use and what kind of effect it has. Earlier research shows what kind of employee costs there are and what it takes to retain existing employees within the organization. Previous research also shows that there is a disagreement between authors about what motivation is, how it is fulfilled and whom that is responsible for maintaining motivation. The result shows that there are specific motivational factors that can determine whether employees stay or choose to give their notice. Recruitment is also shown to be significant in the work on retaining employees.

In today's society, everything is expected proceed quickly, easily and smoothly. This also applies to websites on the Internet. When you visit a website, you want thewebsite to be easily accessible and you also want to find what you are looking for quickly. It is therefore important that the menu is easy to navigate. The menu is very important for the experience of the website, as you use the menu to navigate through the website. The menu will guide users through the website, will help them plan their actions, will determine where they are and will help them find their way back if they would get lost.In this study, we have created and designed a website with menus of four different types. Our study is based on a number of theories about cognition, perception,usability and effectivity together with theories about how to create a good menu. We will use these theories in our study to determine which of the menus is the most effective. To find out which menu is the most effective, test participants were asked to conduct a usability test. During the usability test, we tested the effectivity of themenus by measuring the amount of time required by the test participants to perform different tasks, as well as how many clicks were required and how frustrated the test participants became. Then, we compared how the different menus performed inrelation to each other. The test participants were also asked to respond to aquestionnaire where they subjectively described their thoughts on the menus.Our results from this study can be used as guidelines when choosing which type of menu to use on a website, where navigation is expected to be as effective as possible.Our results show that the horizontal menu is the most effective one of the different menus we have tested. However, which menu is the most effective in a given situation or on a given website depends on many factors, and thus, the horizontal menu is not always preferable to use on every website.

The background to this study lies in a problem that was discovered during the research internship on which this compilation thesis is based on. Namely, a knowledge gap between the politicians and the civil servants in a municipality, this study has chosen to call it a knowledge discrepancy. Research and theory on the relationship between politicians and civil servants has shown that various problems and dilemmas arise between politicians and civil servants in both municipalities and other politically steered organisations. Therefore, it is important to point out that this knowledge discrepancy should not be seen as unique to a specific municipality, but rather to politically steered organisations in general.The purpose of this study is to investigate knowledge perspectives on municipal developmentin relation to an evidence-based policy perspective. To concretize the formulation of the problem, the study examines how civil servants view the municipality's political vision for sustainable local development. By interviewing civil servants who work with sustainable local development, the study analyses what the civil servants consider relevant and possible, in relation to the municipality's political vision. As a theoretical framework and perspective, the study uses an evidence-based policy perspective as a starting point to highlight different perspectives in relation to the political goals. Based on an evidence-based policy perspective, the results of the study can be divided into a discussion around three different categories, namely those of whether a goal is based on facts, knowledge and research, that there is a relevant need, and whether the goal is feasible. These three categories may also represent conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between politics and civil servants. This conflict can also be described as a discrepancy between politics and civil servants. What this study has concluded is that, in general, the goals have in most cases according to the civil servants been well supported by facts, knowledge and research. And there has been a relevant need for most of the goals, and they should be given high priority by the municipality. However, where discussion or a discrepancy often arose is about the feasibility of the goals. In this, there is a discrepancy between the political goal and the civil servant’s knowledge of feasibility, this could be considered a knowledge discrepancy regarding feasibility between civil servants and the political goals. 

In this thesis, the effects of Covid-19 on biotechnological companies are being studied. Five companies are analyzed: AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca), Pfizer, Novavax, Modena, and Janssen, an affiliate of Johnson & Johnson. Where we analyze Abnormal returns these five companies for the period between December 20, 2018, to January 28, 2020. We use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate the alpha and beta measurements for the five companies. The results shows that abnormal returns were observed before and after the event date and continue to record mild increases in the long run. In addition, it was observed that there existed positive significant abnormal returns in the short run in Pfizer, Novax, Johnson & Johnson, and AstraZeneca. Moderna recorded positive abnormal returns, but they were not significant. We conclude that the market disruption made it difficult to anticipate financial markets during the coronavirus pandemic. Scientist and governments paid attention to the spread and supported the development these select companies were making, with the hope of producing vaccines and medicines to help curb the pandemic.

The aim of this study is to analyse how common it is for public authorities in EU countries to have their websites available in more official EU languages than the official language of the country and which language options are most common, to provide a picture of the language choices available on public authority websites in EU Member States and to answer the question:

How accessible is information on government websites in EU Member States if you do not speak the official language of the country?

Based on a quantitative content analysis of primary data collected from government websites in the EU, the results of the study indicate that although it is common for EU countries to offer an additional language option to the official language of the country on their government websites, the official languages of the EU are poorly represented as the language of choice for government websites, in addition to the official language of the country, is English.

One conclusion drawn from this study is that language barriers are likely to affect the mobility of EU citizens between EU Member States, as information on the websites of public authorities in EU Member States is rarely accessible to EU migrants who are not fluent in the official language or English.

As our world evolves, technology continues to advance, impacting various aspects of our daily lives. One significant realm that has been revolutionized by technology is marketing, with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) playing a central role in this transformation. An innovative manifestation of this progress is "V-commerce" – a form of online shopping that harnesses the power of virtual reality technology to offer customers a fully immersive and three-dimensional shopping experience. Despite being a novel concept, V-commerce holds great promise in the field of marketing, prompting a need for extensive research to unravel the factors that attract users to embrace this innovative shopping paradigm.

This study delves into the core aspects that underlie the allure of V-commerce. By examining the elements of virtual presence, intensity, satisfaction, and involvement, the research uncovers the pivotal factors that draw individuals to this technology-driven shopping experience.Through insightful interviews with a diverse group of ten participants, this study seeks to unravel the perspectives, opinions, and insights regarding the determinants influencing the adoption of V-commerce. The findings shed light on the distinct advantages that set V-commerce apart from traditional web-based shopping. The allure of remote communication, the vividness of information, interactive engagement, and unmatched convenience emerge as pivotal factors driving customers toward V-commerce over conventional online shopping methods.

The aim of this thesis is to study what Dementia is costing the society in Sweden year 2020 and how the relationship between specialized care costs and outside sources relates to each other. In this study we use the economic model from Jo (2014) and the Two-Part model by Sauzet et al (2019). A binary logistic regression attempts to examine a potential relationship between specialized care costs and outside sources. We use the human capital approach to shed light on total care costs for Dementia and establish a Cost of Illness study. The results show an estimation that Dementia costed Sweden 68,5 billion SEK in 2020 and the regression establishes that there is a relationship between specialized costs and outside sources, for example age affecting the cost of being a dementia patient more than where you live.

We have studied the perceived connection between health care benefits, motivation and performance. The purpose of this study was to examine if there is a relationship between the use of health care benefits, motivation and performance.

The basis of this essay, which is a part of the Human resource costing and accounting program at University West, is a survey that was sent to staff members at a university in Västra Götaland. The method that we chose to work with was a qualitative method, which means that we tried to understand the recipients' answers and interpret them.

150 employees were randomly selected to take part in our study, the purpose was to see if our preconceptions regarding motivation and health care benefits were true.

In the theory portion of our essay we presented a variation of theories regarding motivation, e.g. Herzberg theory (1966) and Maslows theory (1987). We also included different studies that had been done in various countries to help us interpret the results.

The results portion of this essay is a summary of the answers that we got in our surveys. The recipients of the surveys stated that they believe that there is a relationship between the use of health care benefits, motivation and performance. Several respondents thought that the use of health care benefits affected their motivation and performance. Although the respondents stated that they would have liked to see the employer send out more information about this. We have a few recommendations to the employer regarding what they can do to increase the participation in health promotion.

Accounting record keeping by Small and Medium Scale Enterprise (SMEs) is essential to many developing countries. Since it enables a country in its strategic formulation and implementation of national development policies and plans. Previous research indicates that despite the importance of record keeping, most SMEs in developing countries such as Ghana do not keep accounting records. The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about the impact of accounting record keeping on the performance of SMEs. To fulfil this purpose, a quantitative analysis was done based on the impact accounting record has on the performance of SMEs in Ghana. Quantitative method was used to collect data using structured questionnaire. The study used descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between the accounting record keeping and performance. Findings from the study indicates that there is a significance positive strong relationship between accounting record keeping and performance of SMEs. This study shows that most SME owners perceived accounting record keeping and performance has a positive relationship. The study further confirms that keeping accounting records has a strong impact on the performance of the business just like previous research shown. 

Banks have evolved from providing paper-based banking solutions to providing the most cutting-edge technologies, such as mobile banking. Because there are more phones on the market than PCs, mobile banking has gotten greater attention in recent years. A significant number of blind people rely on smartphone-based assistive technology to carry out everyday tasks. Due to built-in characteristics such as accessibility, usability, and increased interactions, smartphone-based assistive devices are becoming increasingly popular among the blind. In order to give a better user experience, major IT firms have started to add accessibility elements that enable the inclusion of disabled individuals. However, when it comes to how people with visual impairment engage with smartphones, these inclusive efforts fall short.This paper looks at how people with visual impairments interact with mobile apps and the challenges they face with accessibility. The issues were then mapped to the relevant WCAG2.0 success criteria to see how extensive and sufficient WCAG 2.0 is when it comes to covering mobile accessibility issues for blind and visually impaired users. To conduct the research, a prototype of a banking application, specifically a loan application journey, was examined.In order to learn about the users' pain points, five people were interviewed. The results show that most of the success criteria were met, allowing as many people as possible to use the mobile application.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition in the hip or knee joints that develops during a long period of time and sometimes needs hip or knee joint replacement surgery when pain gets too intense for the patient. This paper describes how an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis was designed. The design science research (DSR) approach was followed by creating a web-based animated video. The web-based animated video is used to support surgical departments with education for patients suffering from OA. In the web-based animated video, information about OA surgical treatment and its pre- and post-arrangements was included. The relevance, the rigor, and the design cycles were focused on, with some iterations of and improvements in the animations. Even after implementation, there was a feedback-loop with comments from the surgeons and their patients. Moreover, as more departments will use the web-based animated video, they want to make their special mark on it, so that further changes will be made. This paper presents the design and successful implementation of an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis, tightly linked to the patient journey and the workflow of healthcare professionals. The animated video serves not only as a tool to improve care but also as a basis for further scientific research studies. 

Studies on Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) development projects have traditionally often been limited to retrospectively identifying CSFs in a finished project. In this paper, we focus on how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. Based on a holistic perspective and systems thinking, an inductive research strategy was applied and a single in-depth case study was conducted. The findings include detailed descriptions that contribute to further understanding of how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. The analysis reveals that CSFs must be applied differently and managed on various system levels. Furthermore, it shows how interactions exist between different system levels, both in the case of a specific CSF and between different CSFs on various system levels. Our analysis framework and findings indicate new directions for future research: how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS development projects can now be investigated both in a more holistic way and more in detail. Finally, healthcare practitioners can use the descriptions as practical checklists for guiding them in how to realize situational adaptation of CSFs in HIS projects across different system levels.