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  • 1.
    Adegoke, Olutayo
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Brodin, Håkan
    Materials Technology Additive Manufacturing Product Development-Industrial Gas Turbines, Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery, Finspång, SE-612 83, Sweden.
    Pederson, Robert
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Influence of laser powder bed fusion process parameters on voids, cracks, and microhardness of nickel-based superalloy alloy 247LC2020In: Materials, ISSN 1996-1944, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 13, no 17, article id 3770Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The manufacturing of parts from nickel-based superalloy Alloy 247LC by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is challenging, primarily owing to the alloy’s susceptibility to cracks. Apart from the cracks, voids created during the L-PBF process should also be minimized to produce dense parts. In this study, samples of Alloy 247LC were manufactured by L-PBF, several of which could be produced with voids and crack density close to zero. A statistical design of experiments was used to evaluate the influence of the process parameters, namely laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance (inherent to the volumetric energy density) on void formation, crack density, and microhardness of the samples. The window of process parameters, in which minimum voids and/or cracks were present, was predicted. It was shown that the void content increased steeply at a volumetric energy density threshold below 81 J/mm3. The crack density, on the other hand, increased steeply at a volumetric energy density threshold above 163 J/mm3. The microhardness displayed a relatively low value in three samples which displayed the lowest volumetric energy density and highest void content. It was also observed that two samples, which displayed the highest volumetric energy density and crack density, demonstrated a relatively high microhardness; which could be a vital evidence in future investigations to determine the fundamental mechanism of cracking. The laser power was concluded to be the strongest and statistically most significant process parameter that influenced void formation and microhardness. The interaction of laser power and hatch distance was the strongest and most significant factor that influenced the crack density. © 2020 by the authors.

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  • 2.
    Adegoke, Olutayo
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Brodin, Håkan
    Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery, Finspång, 612 83, Sweden.
    Pederson, Robert
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Review of laser powder bed fusion of gamma-prime-strengthened nickel-based superalloys2020In: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 10, no 8, article id 996Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper reviews state of the art laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) manufacturing of γ′ nickel-based superalloys. L-PBF resembles welding; therefore, weld-cracking mechanisms, such as solidification, liquation, strain age, and ductility-dip cracking, may occur during L-PBF manufacturing. Spherical pores and lack-of-fusion voids are other defects that may occur in γ′-strengthened nickel-based superalloys manufactured with L-PBF. There is a correlation between defect formation and the process parameters used in the L-PBF process. Prerequisites for solidification cracking include nonequilibrium solidification due to segregating elements, the presence of liquid film between cells, a wide critical temperature range, and the presence of thermal or residual stress. These prerequisites are present in L-PBF processes. The phases found in L-PBF-manufactured γ′-strengthened superalloys closely resemble those of the equivalent cast materials, where γ, γ′, and γ/γ′ eutectic and carbides are typically present in the microstructure. Additionally, the sizes of the γ′ particles are small in as-built L-PBF materials because of the high cooling rate. Furthermore, the creep performance of L-PBF-manufactured materials is inferior to that of cast material because of the presence of defects and the small grain size in the L-PBF materials; however, some vertically built L-PBF materials have demonstrated creep properties that are close to those of cast materials.© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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  • 3.
    Adegoke, Olutayo
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Brodin, Håkan
    Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery, 612 83, Finspång (SWE).
    Pederson, Robert
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Harlin, Peter
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. Sandvik Additive Manufacturing, Sandviken (SWE).
    Influence of laser powder bed fusion process parameters on the microstructure and cracking susceptibility of nickel-based superalloy Alloy 247LC2022In: Results in Materials, ISSN 2590-048X, Vol. 13, article id 100256Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microstructures of material conditions of nickel-based superalloy Alloy 247LC fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) were investigated. Experiments designed in a prior study revealed the L-PBF process parameters for which the material conditions displayed a reduced susceptibility to cracking. Certain process parameters produced material conditions with an increased susceptibility to cracking. In this study, the material conditions were investigated in detail to reveal their microstructure and to determine the cause of cracking. The reason for the transition between a reduced to an increased susceptibility to cracking was examined. The results revealed solidification cracking occurred at high-angle grain boundaries. Solidification cracking may have been promoted at high-angle grain boundaries because of the undercooling contribution of the grain boundary energy. Furthermore, Si segregation was observed in the cracks. Thus, the presence of Si most likely promoted solidification cracking. It was observed that a high crack density, which occurred in the high energy density material condition, was associated with a large average grain size. The fact that certain combination of process parameters produced microstructures with a low susceptibility to cracking, indicates that reliable Alloy 247LC material may be printed using L-PBF by employing improved process parameters. © 2022

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  • 4.
    Adegoke, Olutayo
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaju A.
    University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Brodin, Håkan
    Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB, Finspang, Sweden .
    Pederson, Robert
    GKN Aerospace, Redditch, United Kingdom.
    Laser beam powder bed fusion and post processing of alloy 247LC2019In: MS and T 2019 - Materials Science and Technology, Materials Science and Technology , 2019, p. 27-34Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Alloy 247LC is sensitive to cracking during laser beam powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) manufacturing. Post processing is thus required to close cracks and achieve desired properties. In this study, samples of Alloy 247LC were manufactured by PBF-LB and subsequently post processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), HIP + solution and ageing heat treatments. The microstructure was characterized. Results showed cracks in the as-built condition. Cracks were not detected after HIP. Bright microconstituents were observed in the region between the cells, mainly, because of the partitioning of Hf and Ta into the intercellular region, where they presumably form carbides. What is assumed to be oxides were prominent in the microstructure. Thermodynamic calculations showed rapid formation of ?’ precipitates in the alloy, due to the high total concentration of Al and Ta and this was linked to the high hardness values in the as-built condition. © 2019 MS&T19®

  • 5.
    Adegoke, Olutayo
    et al.
    Siemens Energy, Finspång (SWE).
    Kumara, Chamara
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. FEV Sverige AB, Trollhättan (SWE).
    Thuvander, Matttias
    Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg (SWE).
    Deirmina, Faraz
    Siemens Energy, Finspång (SWE).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Brodin, Håkan
    Siemens Energy, Finspång (SWE).
    Harlin, Peter
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. Sandvik Additive Manufacturing, Sandviken (SWE).
    Pederson, Robert
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Scanning electron microscopy and atom probe tomography characterization of laser powder bed fusion precipitation strengthening nickel-based superalloy2023In: Micron, ISSN 0968-4328, E-ISSN 1878-4291, Vol. 171, article id 103472Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Atom probe tomography (APT) was utilized to supplement scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizationof a precipitation strengthening nickel-based superalloy, Alloy 247LC, processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). It was observed that the material in the as-built condition had a relatively high strength. Using both SEMand APT, it was concluded that the high strength was not attributed to the typical precipitation strengtheningeffect of γ’. In the absence of γ’ it could be reasonably inferred that the numerous black dots observed in thecells/grains with SEM were dislocations and as such should be contributing significantly to the strengthening.Thus, the current investigation demonstrated that relatively high strengthening can be attained in L-PBF even inthe absence of precipitated γ’. Even though γ’ was not precipitated, the APT analysis displayed a nanometer scalepartitioning of Cr that could be contributing to the strengthening. After heat-treatment, γ’ was precipitated and itdemonstrated the expected high strengthening behavior. Al, Ta and Ti partitioned to γ’. The strong partitioningof Ta in γ’ is indicative that the element, together with Al and Ti, was contributing to the strain-age crackingoccurring during heat-treatment. Cr, Mo and Co partitioned to the matrix γ phase. Hf, Ta, Ti and W were found inthe carbides corroborating previous reports that they are MC. 

  • 6.
    Adegoke, Olutayo
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Polisetti, Satyanarayana Rao
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Xu, Jinghao
    Linköpings universitet, Linköping.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Brodin, Håkan
    Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery, Finspång.
    Pederson, Robert
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Harlin, Peter
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. Sandvik Additive Manufacturing, Sandviken.
    Influence of laser powder bed fusion process parameters on the microstructure of solution heat-treated nickel-based superalloy Alloy 247LC2022In: Materials Characterization, ISSN 1044-5803, E-ISSN 1873-4189, Vol. 183, article id 111612Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, Alloy 247LC samples were built with different laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process parameters. The samples were then subjected to solution heat treatment at 1260 °C for 2 h. The grain size of all the samples increased significantly after the heat treatment. The relationship between the process parameters and grain size of the samples was investigated by performing a design of experiment analysis. The results indicated that the laser power was the most significant process parameter that influenced the grain height and aspect ratio. The laser power also significantly influenced the grain width. The as-built and as-built + heat-treated samples with high, medium, and low energy densities were characterized using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope equipped with an electron backscatter diffraction detector. The micrographs revealed that the cells present in the as-built samples disappeared after the heat treatment. Isolated cases of twinning were observed in the grains of the as-built + heat-treated samples. The disappearance of cells, increase in the grain size, and appearance of twins suggested that recrystallization occurred in the alloy after the heat treatment. The occurrence of recrystallization was confirmed by analyzing the grain orientation spread of the alloy, which was lower and more predominantly <1° in the as-built + heat-treated conditions than in the as-built conditions. The microhardness of the as-built + heat-treated samples were high which was plausible because γ’ precipitates were observed in the samples. However, the L-PBF process parameters had a very low correlation with the microhardness of the as-built + heat-treated samples.

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  • 7.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Fabrication and Weldability Aspects of Ni- and Ni–Fe Based Superalloys: A Review2023In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives / [ed] Eric A. Ott, Joel Andersson, Chantal Sudbrack, Zhongnan Bi, Kevin Bockenstedt, Ian Dempster, Michael Fahrmann, Paul Jablonski, Michael Kirka, Xingbo Liu, Daisuke Nagahama, Tim Smith, Martin Stockinger, Andrew Wessman, Springer Cham , 2023, p. 659-696Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Superalloys are commonly used in structural components of aero-engines. Superalloys in general, Ni- and Ni–Fe-based superalloys, belong to an important group of materials used in aerospace applications. Fabrication and associated weldability aspects of structural components for the hot section of aero-engine gas turbines continue to be of high importance to the manufacturing industry within this discipline. Cracking and specifically hot cracking as well as strain age cracking is a serious concern during the welding and additive manufacturing (AM) of these structural components. The cracking phenomena can occur during welding, AM or subsequent heat treatment of precipitation-hardening superalloys. The cracking behaviour can be influenced by several factors, i.e., chemical composition in terms of hardening elements and impurities, the microstructure of base material, and weld zone, together with corresponding welding, AM and post-treatment process parameters. This paper provides a review of Ni- and Ni–Fe-based superalloys concerning fabrication and weldability aspects within the context of structural components of aero-engines. Also, the paper offers insight and analyses to research publication data of welding and AM of superalloys in the context of annual publication developed over the years as well as specific contributions from countries, affiliations, and specific researchers.

  • 8.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Review of Weldability of Precipitation Hardening Ni- and Fe-Ni-Based Superalloys2018In: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 & Derivatives: Energy, Aerospace, and Industrial Applications / [ed] Ott, E., Liu, X., Andersson, J., Bi, Z., Bockenstedt, K., Dempster, I., Groh, J., Heck, K., Jablonski, P., Kaplan, M., Nagahama, D. and Sudbrack, C., Springer, 2018, p. 899-916Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fabrication and welding of structural components for the hot section of aero-engines continues to be of high importance to the manufacturing industry of aero-engines. This paper discusses and reviews the literature on hot cracking and strain age cracking, cracking phenomena that can occur during welding or subsequent heat treatment of precipitation hardened Ni- and Fe-Ni-based superalloys. The influence of chemical composition in terms of i.e. hardening elements and impurities, microstructure of base material and weld zone, together with welding processes and corresponding parameters and heat input are discussed and related to the cracking susceptibility of different nickel based superalloys.

  • 9.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Weldability of Ni-based Superalloys2014In: 8th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives: Conference Proceedings / [ed] Ott, E., Banik, A., Andersson, J., Dempster, I., Gabb, T., Groh, J., Heck, K., Helmink, R., Liu, X. & Wusatowska-Sarnek, A., John Wiley & Sons, 2014, p. 249-262Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Welding metallurgy and weldability of superalloys2020In: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 143Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 11.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Hosseini, Vahid
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Neikter, Magnus
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Pederson, Robert
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Welding of special alloys2023In: Welding of Metallic Materials: Methods, Metallurgy, and Performance / [ed] Fuad Khoshnaw, Elsevier , 2023, p. 279-316Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Specialty alloys are a broad group of materials providing superior properties to common materials and are therefore used for more demanding applications. Specialty alloys require sophisticated manufacturing routes, e.g., vacuum metallurgy, to account for all the alloying elements needed to finalize the specific alloy for its intended purpose. The alloys of Duplex stainless steels, superalloys, and Titanium alloys are examples of so-called specialty alloys where aerospace, chemical, and petrochemical industries are just a few areas mentioned where these specialty alloys are frequently used. Duplex stainless steel, had superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, making them a sustainable choice for a wide variety of applications i.e., petrochemical industries. The superalloys, and especially the precipitation hardening ones belong to a unique plethora of alloys commonly used in aerospace as well as land-based gas turbines which possess superb mechanical performance at elevated temperatures. However, the superalloys are unfortunately very challenging to process, not at least regarding weld cracking. With their high specific strength and corrosion resistance, titanium alloys are favorable for numerous applications. However, they react readily with oxygen at elevated temperatures and therefore inert atmosphere must be used during welding. 

  • 12.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Jacobsson, J.
    Brederholm, A.
    Hänninen, H.
    Improved understanding of Varestraint Testing: Nickel-based superalloys2016In: Cracking Phenomena in Welds IV / [ed] Boellinghaus, T., Lippold, J. C. and Cross, C. E., Springer Publishing Company, 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Information about the book:

    This is the fourth volume in the well-established series of compendiums devoted to the subject of weld hot cracking. It contains the papers presented at the 4th International Cracking Workshop held in Berlin in April 2014. In the context of this workshop, the term “cracking” refers to hot cracking in the classical and previous sense, but also to cold cracking, stress-corrosion cracking and elevated temp. solid-state cracking.  A variety of different cracking subjects are discussed, including test standards, crack prediction, weldability determination, crack mitigation, stress states, numerical modelling, and cracking mechanisms.  Likewise, many different alloys were investigated such as aluminum alloys, copper-aluminum dissimilar metal, austenitic stainless steel, nickel base alloys, duplex stainless steel, creep resistant steel, and high strength steel.

  • 13.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Jacobsson, J.
    Lundin, C.
    A Historical perspective on Varestraint testing and the importance of testing parameters2016In: Cracking Phenomena in Welds IV / [ed] Boellinghaus, T., Lippold, J. C. and Cross, C. E., Springer Publishing Company, 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Raza, Shahzad
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology.
    Eliasson, Anders
    KTH, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology.
    Surreddi, Kumar Babu
    Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology.
    Solidification of Alloy 718, ATI 718Plus and Waspaloy2014In: 8th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives: Conference Proceedings / [ed] Ott, E., Banik, A., Andersson, J., Dempster, I., Gabb, T., Groh, J., Heck, K., Helmink, R., Liu, X. & Wusatowska-Sarnek, A, John Wiley & Sons, 2014, p. 181-192Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes. Department of Materials Technology, Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollha¨ttan, Sweden and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Department of Materials Technology, Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollha¨ttan, Sweden and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Repair welding of wrought superalloys: Alloy 718, Allvac 718Plus and Waspaloy2012In: Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, ISSN 1362-1718, Vol. 17, no 1, p. 49-59Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ability to weld repair three precipitation hardening superalloys, i.e. Alloy 718, Allvac 718Plus and Waspaloy, with gas tungsten arc welding, is compared in this study. Four different solution heat treatment conditions for each material were examined: Alloy 718 and Allvac 718Plus heat treated at 954uC–1 h, 982uC–1 h, 954uC–15 h and 1020uC–1 h and Waspaloy for 4 h at 996uC, 1010uC, 1040uC and at 1080uC. By metallography, the total number of cracks was evaluated in both the heat affected zone and the fusion zone, which made it possible to consistently rate the repair weldability of these three materials. Alloy 718 was significantly the best one, with Allvac 718Plus slightly better than Waspaloy. As expected, the solution heat treatment conditions only affected the heat affected zone cracking behaviour.

  • 16.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Brederholm, A.
    Hänninen, H.
    Solidification Cracking of Alloy Allvac 718Plus and Alloy 718 at Transvarestraint Testing2010In: EPD Congress 2008: Proceedings of Sessions and Symposia Sponsored by the Extraction and Processing Division (EPD) / [ed] Stanley M. Howard, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, p. 157-169Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Chaturvedi, M.
    Hot Ductility Study of Haynes 282 Superalloy2010In: Superalloy 718 and Derivatives: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives / [ed] E. A. Ott, J. R. Groh, A. Banik, I. Dempster, T. P. Gabb, R. Helmink, X. Liu, A. Mitchell, G. P. Sjöberg and A. Wusatowska-Sarnek, The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, 2010, p. 539-554Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Hatami, S.
    Notch Sensitivity and Intergranular Crack Growth in the Allvac 718Plus Superalloy2007In: XVIII International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines (ISABE): Beijing, China, 2-7 September 2007, 2007, p. n.1293-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 19.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes. Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollhättan, Sweden och Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollhättan, Sweden och Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Hänninen, H.
    Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland.
    Metallurgical Response of Electron Beam Welded Allvac® 718Plus™2011In: Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds III / [ed] Lippold, J., Böllinghaus, T. and Cross C. E., Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2011, p. 415-428Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electron beam welding of forged Allvac 718Plus superalloy has been carried out without any visible cracks in weld cross-sections. Healed cracks in the heat affected zone were, however, seen in most cross-sections with the healing as well as the cracking believed to be due to the constitutional liquation of the δ-phase. The δ-phase undergoes constitutional liquation in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and consequently decreases the ductility of the material and renders cracks in the HAZ but due to the large amount of eutectic liquid produced at the same time the healing of the opened cracks takes place.

  • 20.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes. Volvo Aero Corporation, Materials Technology Department, Trollhättan, Sweden och Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Göteborg,Sweden.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Volvo Aero Corporation, Materials Technology Department, Trollhättan, Sweden och Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Larsson, J.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Göteborg,Sweden.
    Investigation of Homogenization and its Influence on the Repair Welding of Cast Allvac 718Plus(®)2010In: Superalloy 718 and Derivatives: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives / [ed] E. A. Ott, J. R. Groh, A. Banik, I. Dempster, T. P. Gabb, R. Helmink, X. Liu, A. Mitchell, G. P. Sjöberg, and A. Wusatowska-Sarnek, The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, 2010, p. 439-454Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 21.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Viskari, L.
    Brederholm, A.
    Hänninen, H.
    Knee, C.
    Hot Cracking of Allvac 718Plus, Alloy 718 and Waspaloy at Varestraint Testing2008In: 4th International Symposium on Aerospace Materials and Manufacturing Processes: Advances in Processing and Repair of Aerospace Materials 2008 / [ed] M. Jahazi, M. Elboujdaini and P. Patnaik, Montreal: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 2008, p. 401-413Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Varestraint testing together with DSC and SEM-EDX analyses have been performed as means of investigating the hot cracking susceptibility of Allvac 718Plus, alloy 718 and Waspaloy. The solidification sequences in Allvac 718Plus and alloy 718 were very similar to each other starting by an initial solidification of the gamma phase, gamma/MC reaction at around 1260°C and then finally ending the sequence by gamma/Laves eutectic reaction at around 1150°C. Waspaloy had the same solidification sequence, except no Laves phase formation takes place, and solidification started at a somewhat higher temperature as compared to alloy 718 and the solidification sequence ends by a gamma/MC reaction at around 1245°C. The total amount of hot cracking in Waspaloy was shown to be much less than that in alloy 718 and in Allvac 718Plus which is believed to be related to the presence of the Laves eutectic in the latter two alloys with corresponding larger solidification ranges. Hot cracking of 718Plus is slightly less than in 718.

  • 22.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes. Department of Materials Technology, GKN Aerospace Engine Systems, Trollhättan, Sweden och Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Department of Materials Technology, GKN Aerospace Engine Systems, Trollhättan, Sweden och Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Viskari, L.
    Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Chaturvedi, M. C.
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
    Effect of Different Solution Heat Treatments on the Hot Ductility of Superalloys: Part 3 - Waspaloy2013In: Materials Science and Technology, ISSN 0267-0836, E-ISSN 1743-2847, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 43-53Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The susceptibility to heat affected zone cracking of Waspaloy has been investigated in terms of its hot ductility, measured as the reduction of area (RA). Gleeble testing with on-heating as well as on-cooling test cycles was carried out to illuminate the influence of different 4 h solution heat treatments between 996 and 1080°C. A ductility maximum of between 80 and 90%RA was found at 1050–1100°C for all conditions in the on-heating tests. Although the different heat treatment conditions showed similar macrohardness, the particle size and distribution of the γ′ and M23C6 phases differed, which significantly affected the on-heating ductility in the lower temperature test region. The ductile to brittle transition was initiated at 1100°C in the on-heating testing with indications of grain boundary liquation at the higher test temperatures. Ductility recovery, as measured in the on-cooling tests from 1240°C, was very limited with <30%RA for all conditions and test temperatures except for the 1080°C/4 h treatment, which exhibited 60%RA at 980°C.

  • 23.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes. Department of Materials Technology, Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollhättan, Sweden and Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Department of Materials Technology, Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollhättan, Sweden and Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Viskari, L.
    Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Chaturvedi, M.C.
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
    Effect of different solution heat treatments on hot ductility of superalloys: Part 2 – Allvac 718Plus2012In: Materials Science and Technology, ISSN 0267-0836, Vol. 28, no 6, p. 733-741Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The hot ductility of Allvac 718Plus for different solution heat treatments (954°C–15 h, 954°C–1 h, 982°C–1 h and 1050°C–3 h+954°C–1 h) has been investigated using Gleeble testing. Substantial variations in the microstructure among the heat treatments affected the Gleeble test hot ductility only to a very limited extent. Constitutional liquation of the NbC phase was found to be the main cause for the poor ductility at high testing temperatures in the on-heating cycle as well as at the lower temperatures on-cooling. Grain boundary δ phase was seen to assist the constitutional liquation of the NbC phase. Based on established evaluation criteria for Gleeble ductility testing, a ranked indicator for weldability is suggested.

  • 24.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes. Department of Materials Technology at Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollhättan, and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, G.
    Department of Materials Technology at Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollhättan, and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Viskari, L.
    Department of Microscopy and Microanalysis at Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Chaturvedi, M.C.
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5V6 Canada.
    Effect of solution heat treatments on superalloys: Part 1 – alloy 7182012In: Materials Science and Technology, ISSN 0267-0836, Vol. 28, no 5, p. 609-619Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The hot ductility as measured by Gleeble testing of Alloy 718 at four different solution heat treatments (954°C/15 h, 954°C/1 h, 982°C/1 h and 1050°C/3 h+954°C/1 h) has been investigated. It is concluded that constitutional liquation of NbC assisted by δ phase takes place and deteriorates the ductility. Parameters established by analysing the ductility dependence on temperature indicate a reduced weldability of the material in the coarse grain size state (ASTM 3) while indicating an increased weldability when containing a large amount of δ phase due to a grain boundary pinning effect. The accumulation of trace elements during grain growth at the highest temperature is believed to be the cause for the observed reduced on-cooling ductility.

  • 25.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Manufacturing Processes.
    Vikström, Fredrik
    GKN Aerospace Engine Systems.
    Pettersson, Bengt
    GKN Aerospace Engine Systems.
    HIP-Densification of Alloy 718 and ATI 718Plus2014In: 8th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives: Conference Proceedings / [ed] Ott, E., Banik, A., Andersson, J., Dempster, I., Gabb, T., Groh, J., Heck, K., Helmink, R., Liu, X. & Wusatowska-Sarnek, A., John Wiley & Sons, 2014, p. 425-436Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26.
    Ariaseta, Achmad
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132 (IDN).
    Khan, Abdul Khaliq
    Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (CAN).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaju
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (CAN).
    Microstructural study of keyhole TIG welded nickel-based superalloy G272023In: Materials Characterization, ISSN 1044-5803, E-ISSN 1873-4189, Vol. 204, article id 113178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The weld fusion zone (FZ) microstructure obtained after keyhole tungsten inert gas welding and post-weld solution heat treatments (PWSHTs) of a new nickel (Ni)-based superalloy called G27 is studied, and the grain growth behavior in the base material (BM) during PWSHTs is characterized. Microsegregation-induced interdendritic microconstituents in the FZ of as-welded G27 are identified by analytical (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) as niobium (Nb)-rich MC carbides, Nb-rich Laves eutectic constituents, γ’ and η phases. The Laves eutectics are generally considered brittle and can adversely affect the mechanical properties of the weldment; thus, an hour PWSHTs were performed at 954 °C–1060 °C to eliminate the γ/Laves eutectics. PWSHT up to 1010 °C results in only partial removal of Laves eutectics with an excessive formation of η phase surrounding the Laves phase. Complete dissolution of Laves eutectics with no η phase formation is achieved after a PWSHT is performed at 1060 °C. Relative to INCONEL® alloy 718, the complete elimination of the γ/Laves eutectic constituents in the FZ of G27 through a PWSHT was proven to be achieved without causing excessive grain growth in the BM, which could be due to the pinning effect of the fine molybdenum (Mo)-rich precipitates, that are formed during solution heat treatment and identified as hexagonal close-packed phase particles through extensive (S)TEM analyses.

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  • 27.
    Ariaseta, Achmad
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Pick, Dario
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaju
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (CAN).
    Keyhole TIG Welding of New Co-Lean Nickel-Based Superalloy G272023In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives / [ed] Eric A. Ott, Joel Andersson, Chantal Sudbrack, Zhongnan Bi, Kevin Bockenstedt, Ian Dempster, Michael Fahrmann, Paul Jablonski, Michael Kirka, Xingbo Liu, Daisuke Nagahama, Tim Smith, Martin Stockinger, Andrew Wessman, Springer Cham , 2023, p. 807-824Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of keyhole TIG (K-TIG) welding parameters on the weld geometry and defects of a new Co-lean nickel-based superalloy G27 was studied, and the microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the K-TIG-welded Alloy G27 were characterized. No cracks are found in the FZ and HAZ. Minimum weld width and face underfill statistically were significantly influenced by travel speed and interaction current*travel speed. Root excess weld metal was only significantly influenced by travel speed. Face excess weld metal was significantly influenced by all the factors, including their interaction. On the other hand, all the factors, including their interaction, did not significantly influence the average pore diameter. In the FZ microstructure, interdendritic microconstituents are identified as (Nb, Ti)C particles and γ/Laves eutectic constituents. In addition, a plate-like phase is observed surrounding the Laves phase, and γʹ precipitates are found to be inhomogeneously precipitated in the FZ. In the partially melted zone (PMZ), (Nb, Ti)C, Laves phase, γʹ precipitates, and plate-like particles are found in the liquated and resolidified regions, suggesting the solidification behavior in PMZ is likely to follow a similar pattern to the one observed in FZ.

  • 28.
    Ariaseta, Achmad
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, (IDN)).
    Sadeghinia, Nima
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Influence Of Keyhole Tig Welding Parameters On Weld Geometry Of Newly-Developed Superalloy Vdm Alloy 7802022In: ICAS PROCEEDINGS33th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical SciencesStockholm, Sweden, 2022, Vol. 5, p. 3516-3530Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The welding process and the associated control, to a certain degree, have enhanced remarkably in the last decades. One of the recent processes is keyhole TIG (K-TIG) welding, which allows better control and the capability to use lower heat input and higher power density during the welding compared to the conventional one, being essential when joining sophisticated materials utilized in the hot sections of aircraft engines such as nickel-based superalloys. The recent trend in the fabrication of hot sections of aero-engines has been preferably carried out by joining small pieces of superalloys by the welding process instead of casting a single large component due to several benefits, such as lowering the total weight of the components and improving the design flexibility. VDM Alloy 780, a new polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy with service temperature capabilities up to 750 °C, is a promising material to be employed in the fabrication of hot structural parts of an aero-engine. For aerospace manufacturers, producing a superalloy weld bead geometry that meets stringent quality requirements for aerospace applications is crucial. To do so, understanding the influence of welding parameters on weld geometry becomes indispensable, especially when welding a new superalloy using a relatively new welding technique. Hence, in this article, the influence of K-TIG welding parameters on the weld geometry of VDM Alloy 780 has been investigated.

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  • 29.
    Ariaseta, Achmad
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung (IDN).
    Sadeghinia, Nima
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaju
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (CAN).
    Keyhole TIG welding of newly developed nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 7802023In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 67, no 1, p. 209-222Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of keyhole TIG (K-TIG) welding parameters on the weld geometry and defects of a new nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 780 alloy were investigated using a statistical design of experiment, and the microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the K-TIG-welded VDM Alloy 780 were characterized. No cracks are found in the FZ and HAZ. Travel speed significantly influences the minimum weld width (Wm), face and root excess weld metal, face underfill, and average pore diameter. Welding current and the interaction current*travel speed significantly influence the face and root excess weld metals, respectively. Interdendritic microconstituents in the FZ are identified as (Nb,Ti)C particles and γ/Laves eutectic constituents based on SEM–EDS analysis. In addition, plate-like precipitates likely to be δ/η phase are observed surrounding the interdendritic Laves eutectics, and γ′ precipitates are found to be inhomogeneously precipitated in the FZ. In the partially melted zone (PMZ), (Nb,Ti)C, Laves phase, and plate-like particles are found in the liquated and resolidified regions. Constitutional liquation of (Nb,Ti)C in HAZ is observed where the liquated (Nb,Ti)C appears to be associated with the γ/Laves eutectic as a resolidified product. 

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  • 30.
    Asala, G.
    et al.
    University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 5V6, Canada .
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mechanical Engineering.
    Ojo, Olanrewaj A.
    University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 5V6, Canada .
    Precipitation behavior of gamma′ precipitates in the fusion zone of TIG welded ATI 718Plus®2016In: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, ISSN 0268-3768, E-ISSN 1433-3015, Vol. 87, no 9-12, p. 2721-2729Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The precipitation behavior of the main strengthening phase, γ′ precipitates, in ATI 718Plus® superalloy after Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding and postweld heat treatments has been studied. In contrast to electron beam welding, where no γ′ precipitates are reported to form in the as-welded condition, analytical transmission electron microscopy study in this work revealed the formation of γ′ precipitates after the TIG welding, albeit in a non-uniform distribution manner. This is attributable to a more extensive elemental microsegregation that occurred into the interdendritic liquid and slower cooling rate during the TIG welding, which also induced the formation of interdendritic Nb-rich Laves phase particles and MC-type carbides. Theoretical calculations were performed to study the influence of Nb microsegregation, on both the kinetics and extent of γ′ precipitation, and the results agree with experimental observations. It is found that the precipitation kinetics, and not the extent of γ′ precipitate formation in the fusion zone, during postweld heat treatments is affected by the micro-segregation of Nb that produced Laves phase particles during the weld solidification.

  • 31.
    Asala, G.
    et al.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaju
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Microstructure Dependence of Dynamic Impact Behaviour of ATI 718plus® Superalloy2018In: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 & Derivatives: Energy, Aerospace, and Industrial Applications / [ed] Ott, E., Liu, X., Andersson, J., Bi, Z., Bockenstedt, K., Dempster, I., Groh, J., Heck, K., Jablonski, P., Kaplan, M., Nagahama, D. and Sudbrack, C., Springer, 2018, p. 369-378Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    ATI 718Plus® is a γ′-strengthened nickel-based superalloy developed to substitute the widely used Alloy 718 in aero-engine applications. This newer superalloy is a candidate material for aero-engine turbine structures, with the requirement to withstand impact loading occurring at high strain rates during turbine blade out events. Furthermore, the understanding of the high strain rate response of ATI 718Plus® is important in optimising its machinability during cutting operations. To predict and model the behaviour of ATI 718Plus® during these events and in other dynamic impact applications, proper understanding of the high strain rate behaviour of the alloy is important, but not presently available. Therefore, in this work, the influence of microstructural condition and strain rates on dynamic impact behaviour of ATI 718Plus®, using a modified version of direct impact Hopkinson bar, is investigated. It is observed that the age-hardened alloy exhibits a significantly reduced strain hardening and strain rate hardening capabilities compared to the solution heat treated microstructure. Furthermore, microstructural examination of the deformed samples shows that the formation of adiabatic shear bands, which usually serve as damage nucleation site, is substantially suppressed in the solution heat treated microstructure, while the aged microstructure exhibits high propensity to form localised shear bands.

  • 32.
    Asala, G.
    et al.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Khan, A. K.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mechanical Engineering. University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, O. A.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Microstructural Analyses of ATI 718Plus® Produced by Wire-ARC Additive Manufacturing Process2017In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, ISSN 1073-5623, E-ISSN 1543-1940, Vol. 48A, no 9, p. 4211-4228Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A detailed microstructural study of ATI 718Plus superalloy produced by the wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process was performed through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Extensive formation of eutectic solidification microconstituents including Laves and MC-type carbide phases, induced by micro-segregation, are observed in the build of the alloy in the as-deposited condition. Notwithstanding the significant segregation of niobium (Nb), which has been reported to promote the formation of the delta-phase in ATI 718Plus, only eta-phase particles are observed in the deposit. Excessive precipitation of eta-phase particles is found to be linked to Laves phase particles that are partially dissolved in the deposit after post-deposition heat treatment (PDHT). The EBSD analysis shows a high textured build in the aOE (c) 100 > directions with only a few misoriented grains at the substrate-deposit boundary and the top of the deposit. Investigation on the hardness of the build of the alloy, in the as-deposited condition, showed a softened zone about 2 mm wide at the deposited metal heat affected zone (DMHAZ), which has not been previously reported and potentially damaging to the mechanical properties. An extensive analysis with the use of both microstructural characterization tools and theoretical calculations shows that the DMHAZ has the lowest volume fraction of strengthening precipitates (gamma’ and gamma aEuro(3)) in terms of their number density, which therefore induces the observed softness. Delayed re-precipitation kinetics and the extent of the precipitation of gamma’ and gamma aEuro(3) in the DMHAZ which is related to the diffusion of segregated solute elements from the interdendritic regions are attributed to this phenomenon. The microstructural analyses discussed in this work are vital to adequate understanding of properties of ATI 718Plus produced by the additive manufacturing process technique.

  • 33.
    Asala, Gbenga
    et al.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, R3T 5V6, Canada.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaj A.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, R3T 5V6, Canada.
    Analysis and constitutive modelling of high strain rate deformation behaviour of wire-arc additive-manufactured ATI 718Plus superalloy2019In: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, ISSN 0268-3768, E-ISSN 1433-3015, Vol. 103, no 1-4, p. 1419-1431Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A fundamental prerequisite for obtaining realistic finite element simulation of machining processes, which has become a key machinability assessment for metals and alloys, is the establishment of a reliable material model. To obtain the constitutive model for wire-arc additive-manufactured ATI 718Plus, Hopkinson pressure bar is used to characterise the flow stress of the alloy over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Experiment results show that the deformation behaviours of as-deposited ATI 718Plus superalloy are influenced by the applied strain rate, test temperature and strain. Post-deformation microstructures show localised deformation within the deposit, which is attributable to the heterogeneous distribution of the strengthening precipitates in as-deposited ATI 718Plus. Furthermore, cracks are observed to be preferentially initiated at the brittle eutectic solidification constituents within the localised band. Constitutive models, based on the strain-compensated Arrhenius-type model and the modified Johnson-Cook model, are developed for the deposit based on experimental data. Standard statistical parameters, correlation coefficient (R), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and average absolute relative error (AARE) are used to assess the reliability of the models. The results show that the modified Johnson-Cook model has better reliability in predicting the dynamic flow stress of wire-arc-deposited ATI 718Plus superalloy. © 2019, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

  • 34.
    Asala, Gbenga
    et al.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaj A.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Hot corrosion behaviour of wire-arc additive manufactured Ni-based superalloy ATI 718Plus®2019In: Corrosion Science, ISSN 0010-938X, E-ISSN 1879-0496, Vol. 158, article id 108086Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The hot corrosion behaviour of wire-arc additive manufactured and wrought ATI 718Plus® are studied. ATI 718Plus® produced by the additive manufacturing process, in the as-processed condition, exhibits a significantly lower hot corrosion resistance in comparison to the wrought alloy. Analytical electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, with corroboration by thermodynamic calculations, are used to identify the underlying cause of the poor hot corrosion resistance. Based on the understanding accrued from the analyses, post-processing heat treatments are used to improve the hot corrosion resistance, which is valuably pertinent to the application of ATI 718Plus® produced by additive manufacturing in hot corrosive environments. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

  • 35.
    Asala, Gbenga
    et al.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, R3T 5V6, Canada.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaj A.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, R3T 5V6, Canada.
    Improved dynamic impact behaviour of wire-arc additive manufactured ATI 718Plus®2018In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 738, p. 111-124Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The dynamic response and impact resistance of wire-arc additive manufactured (AMed) and wrought ATI 718Plus in different heat treatment conditions are characterised by using a direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar system. In addition, microstructural analyses of the alloys, before and after impact, are characterised by using advanced microscopy techniques, including scanning electron and transmission electron microscopies. The experimental results show that the impact resistance of the AMed alloy in the as-processed condition is inferior to that of the wrought alloy. The lower impact resistance is attributed to the presence of eutectic solidification constituents in the interdendritic regions and to the inhomogeneous distribution of the strengthening precipitates in the deposit. After the application of the recommended heat treatment for ATI 718Plus, excessive formation of η-phase particles are observed in the microstructure in addition to Laves phase particles. Since the recommended heat treatment for ATI 718Plus is not sufficient to eliminate the deleterious phases and optimise the properties of the alloy, a novel heat treatment procedure is proposed. Dynamic impact study of the AMed alloy after the application of the proposed approach shows that the alloy exhibits a dynamic response and impact resistance comparable to those of the wrought alloy. Furthermore, under high impact momentum, both the wrought and the AMed alloys fail due to the adiabatic shear band. A transmission electron microscopy analysis of the deformed alloys suggests the dissolution of the γ’ precipitates in the shear band as well as in the adjacent regions to the shear band. Increase in the rate of dissolution of the precipitates due to strain-assisted diffusion coupled with an increase in the adiabatic temperature during deformation, are likely causes of the dissolution of the precipitates in the shear band regions. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

  • 36.
    Asala, Gbenga
    et al.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada (CAN).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ojo, Olanrewaju A.
    University of Manitoba, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada (CAN).
    A study of the dynamic impact behaviour of IN 718 and ATI 718Plus® superalloys2019In: Philosophical Magazine, ISSN 1478-6435, E-ISSN 1478-6443, Vol. 99, no 4, p. 419-437Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The dynamic impact response of IN 718 and ATI 718Plus®, in both the solution heat treated and age-hardened conditions, were investigated at different deformation temperatures and strain rates using a direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar. Analyses of the results provide a vital but previously not reported information that the ATI 718Plus® offers a higher resistance to damage during high strain rate ballistic impact deformation compared to the most widely used Iron-nickel based superalloy, Inconel 718. ATI 718Plus® showed higher strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity, in both heat treatment conditions, than IN 718. The difference in the deformation behaviour of both alloys, in the annealed condition, is attributable to the compositional modification in ATI 718Plus® which has been reported to lower its stacking fault energy and increases the tendency for deformation twinning. However, in the age-hardened condition, the difference is believed to be related to the disparity in the operative strengthening mechanism, of the precipitates present in both alloys. Furthermore, a higher susceptibility to strain location and the formation of adiabatic shear band, in aged IN 718, is attributable to the stronger temperature-softening characteristics observed in the alloy and to the limited strain hardening tendency under dynamic impact loading. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

  • 37.
    Aydin, Gökçe
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Valiente Bermejo, Maria Asunción
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Högström, Mats
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Şelte, Aydın
    Uddeholms AB, Hagfors (SWE).
    Oikonomou, Christos
    Uddeholms AB, Hagfors (SWE).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Influence of laser metal deposition process parameters on a precipitation hardening stainless steel2023In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 67, no 4, p. 1067-1080Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The combination of corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steels (MPHSS) makes them well suited for demanding applications in aerospace, high-pressure gas bottles, or in injection molding of corrosive plastics. Directed energy deposition methods and specifically the laser metal deposition process with powder as feedstock (LMDp) have the potential to be applied in the production of such components. It is well-known that the geometrical features of the deposited beads such as aspect ratio and dilution are crucial for process efficiency and deposition quality. Therefore, this work aims at understanding the influence of the process parameters and the resulting microstructure of a MPHSS modified PH 13-8Mo alloy when using LMDp. Design of experiment (DoE) was used to plan and analyze the influence and interaction of the different LMDp process variables in the geometry of the deposits. It was found that height, width, and depth were statistically significantly influenced by speed, while height was also considerably influenced by the powder feeding rate. In terms of laser power, it was the most significant factor for the width and the depth, but it did not significantly affect the height of the beads. The results showed that the as-deposited microstructure of the modified PH 13-8Mo under the LMDp conditions investigated in this work consists of a martensitic matrix with some amount of primary δ ferrite. The presence of a low amount of retained austenite and aluminum-enriched inclusions was confirmed. This work enhances the fundamental process and material understanding of LMDp of the modified PH 13-8Mo alloy as a first stage in the fabrication of additively manufactured components.

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  • 38.
    Aydin, Gökçe
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Şelte, Aydın
    Uddeholms AB, Hagfors (SWE).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Valiente Bermejo, María Asunción
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Towards Laser Metal Deposition of Modified PH 13-8Mo Powder2023In: Key Engineering Materials, ISSN 1013-9826, E-ISSN 1662-9795, Vol. 964, p. 85-90Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modified PH 13-8Mo alloy exhibits a good combination of corrosion resistance and mechanical properties for demanding applications in aerospace, petrochemical, and tooling industries. Additive manufacturing, specifically the laser metal deposition process with powder as feedstock (LMDp), has the potential to be utilized in these industries. However, very limited knowledge on the LMDp of this alloy currently exists. The aim of this work was, therefore, to deposit a multi-track single layer of modified PH 13-8Mo alloy as a first step towards 3D geometries, and to analyze the resulting microstructure by using Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, and micro-hardness. It was found that the multitrack single layer was free from major defects. The microstructure was heterogeneous, and it consisted of a martensitic matrix and small amounts of δ ferrite, austenite, and AlN. The results of this research will be used to tailor the microstructure and properties of future 3D additively manufactured components.

  • 39.
    Baghdadchi, Amir
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Cary, Claire
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus (USA).
    Sridhar, Narasi
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus (USA).
    Valiente Bermejo, María Asunción
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Fink, Carolin
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus (USA).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Corrosion resistance and microstructure analysis of additively manufactured 22% chromium duplex stainless steel by laser metal deposition with wire2023In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology, ISSN 2238-7854, Vol. 26, p. 6741-6756Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microstructure characteristics and pitting corrosion of a duplex stainless steel (DSS) manufactured by laser metal deposition with wire (LMDw) were studied. The layer-by-layer LMDw process resulted in a mixed microstructure of predominantly ferrite with 2% austenite and chromium-rich nitrides, and reheated regions with ~33% austenite. The high cooling rate of LMDw restricted the distribution of Cr, Mo, and Ni, in ferrite and austenite, while N diffuses from ferrite to austenite. Subsequent heat treatment at 1100 C for 1 h resulted in homogenized microstructure, dissolution of nitrides, and balanced ferrite/austenite ratio. It also led to the redistribution of Cr and Mo to ferrite, and Ni and N to austenite. At room temperature, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements in 1.0 M NaCl solution showed no significant differences in corrosion resistance between the as-deposited and heat-treated samples, despite the differences in terms of ferrite to austenite ratio and elemental distribution. Critical pitting temperature (CPT) was the lowest (60 C) for the predominantly ferritic microstructure with finely dispersed chromium-rich nitrides; while reheated area with ~33% austenite in as-deposited condition achieved higher critical temperature comparable to what was obtained after heat treatment (73 and 68 C, respectively). At temperatures above the CPT, selective dissolution of the ferrite after deposition was observed due to depletion of N, while after heat treatment, austenite preferentially dissolved due to Cr and Mo concentrating in ferrite. In summary, results demonstrate how microstructural differences in terms of ferrite-to-austenite ratio, distribution of corrosion-resistant elements, and presence of nitrides affect corrosion resistance of LMDw DSS.

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  • 40.
    Baghdadchi, Amir
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Patel, Vivek
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Li, Wenya
    State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Friction Welding Technologies, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi (CHN).
    Yang, Xiawei
    State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Friction Welding Technologies, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi (CHN).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Ductilization and grain refinement of AA7075-T651 alloy via stationary shoulder friction stir processing2023In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology, ISSN 2238-7854, Vol. 27, p. 5360-5367Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigates the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy subjected to stationary shoulder friction stir processing (SSFSP). SSFSP samples were produced at three different rotational speeds in a range of 600–1000 rpm. The results reveal that SSFSP leads to a uniform grain refinement within the Stir Zone (SZ), reducing the grain size to approximately 2–3 μm from the initial 15 μm in the base material (BM) irrespective of the probe rotational speeds. After SSFSP, the elongation increased by over 50 % at the cost of 10 % reduction in the ultimate tensile strength for all samples. It was worth to note that variations in tool rotational speed exhibited minimal influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties, offering wide range of probe rotational speeds. This could be attributed to the use of non-rotating shoulder with prob dominated microstructure in the SZ. Fractographic analysis confirmed the ductile nature of fractures, revealing development of fine dimples due to grain refinement. This work underscores the effectiveness of SSFSP in achieving significant grain refinement followed by drastic increase in ductility, which offers valuable insights for using stationary shoulder at wider range of rotational speed.

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  • 41.
    Bates, William P.
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Patel, Vivek
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Rana, Harikrishna
    Department of Engineering, University of Palermo,Palermo (ITA).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    De Backer, Jeroen
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. Friction Welding Process Section, TWI Ltd., Cambridge, CB21 (GBR).
    Igestrand, Mattias
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Fratini, Livan
    Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo (ITA).
    Correction to: Properties Augmentation of Cast Hypereutectic Al–Si Alloy Through Friction Stir Processing (Metals and Materials International, (2022), 10.1007/s12540-022-01207-7)2023In: Metals and Materials International, ISSN 1598-9623, E-ISSN 2005-4149, Vol. 29, article id 876Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The graphic abstract was missing from this article and it has been given in this correction. The original article has been corrected. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials.

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    fulltext
  • 42.
    Bates, William P.
    et al.
    Department of Engineering Science, University West, Trollhättan (SWE).
    Patel, Vivek
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Rana, Harikrishna
    Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo (ITA).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    De Backer, Jeroen
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Production Systems. Friction Welding Process Section, TWI Ltd., Cambridge (GBR).
    Igestrand, Mattias
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Fratini, Livan
    Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo (ITA).
    Properties Augmentation of Cast Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy Through Friction Stir Processing2022In: Metals and Materials International, ISSN 1598-9623, E-ISSN 2005-4149Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present endeavour is to augment mechanical attributes via friction stir processing (FSP) in hypereutectic aluminium-silicon castings by the means of microstructural modifications and defects reduction. Wherein, the study proceeds with mainly two approaches namely, alteration in tool revolution (TR) and the number of FSP passes. The prepared specimens were evaluated investigating volume fraction of porosities, microstructural characterizations and microhardness. Therefrom, the specimen with highest number of passes delivered most uniform properties resulting from the reduction in casting porosities and refined silicon particle uniform distribution throughout friction stir processed zone. This endeavour may be considered as a footstep towards more industrial readied material transformation.

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    Springer
  • 43.
    Choudary Ratnala, Dilipkumar
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Joshi, Shrikant V.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing.
    Development of Functionally Graded Metal–Ceramic Systems by Directed Energy Deposition: A Review2023In: Materials Science Forum, ISSN 0255-5476, E-ISSN 1662-9752, Vol. 1107, p. 105-110Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ceramics and metals are the two vastly explored classes of materials whose individual characteristics and targeted applications differ significantly. Continuous thrust for space exploration and energy generation demands materials with a wide range of properties. To tackle this demand, ceramic-metal combined structures that club heat, wear, and corrosion resistance of ceramics to the high toughness, good strength, and better machinability of metals are desirable. While various processing routes to combine ceramics and metals have been developed through the years, solutions to address problems associated with the interface, thermal property mismatch, and poor adhesion need to be explored. In this context, Functional Graded Materials (FGMs) have attracted particular attention by virtue of their ability to avoid sharp interfaces and local stress concentrations. Out of all, Additive Manufacturing (AM) routes, particularly the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) technique, is emerging as a productive technique capable of fabricating a wide range of metal-ceramic graded structures. This paper specifically discusses metal-ceramic FGMs ́ capability as a potential high-temperature material with customized multifunctional material properties. It further outlines the primary concerns with the realization of metal-ceramic graded structures and major techniques developed to mitigate problems encountered in processing them. Specific emphasis is laid on the powder-based Laser DED (L-DED) technique of FGM fabrication owing to its control over complex geometries and microstructural engineering.

  • 44.
    Dahat, Shubham
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Hurtig, Kjell
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Scotti, Americo
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    A Methodology to Parameterize Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Case Study for Wall Quality Analysis2020In: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, ISSN 2504-4494, Vol. 4, no 1, article id 4010014Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of this work was the development of a methodology to parametrize wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), aiming dimension repeatability, and tolerances. Parametrization of WAAM is a difficult task, because multiple parameters are involved and parameters are inter-dependent on each other, making overall process complex. An approach to study WAAM would be through operational maps. The choice of current (Im) and travel speed (TS) for the desirable layer width (LW) determines a parametrization that leads to either more material or less material to be removed in post-operations, which is case study chosen for this work. The work development had four stages. First stage, named &lsquo;mock design&rsquo;, had the objective of visualizing the expected map and reduce further number of experiments. At the second stage, &lsquo;pre-requisite for realistic operational map&rsquo;, the objective was to determine the operating limits of TS and Im with the chosen consumables and equipment. Within the &lsquo;realistic operational map&rsquo; stage, a design for the experiments was applied to cover a parametric area (working envelope) already defined in the previous stage and long and tall walls were additively manufactured. Actual values of LW (external and effective layer width) were measured and an actual operating envelope was reached. According to the geometry-oriented case study, a surface waviness index (SWindex) was defined, determined, and overlapped in the envelope. It was observed that the walls with parameters near the travel speed limits presented higher SWindex. This operational map was further validated (fourth stage) by selecting a target LW and finding corresponding three parametric set (covering the whole range of operational map) to produce walls on which geometry characterization was carried out. After geometry characterization, obtained LW was compared with the target LW (the maximum values were very tied, with deviations from +0.3 to 0.5 mm), with a SWindex deviation at the order of 0.05. Both results evidence high reproductivity of the process, validating the proposed methodology to parametrize WAAM.

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  • 45.
    Das, Subhash
    et al.
    ITW India Private Limited, Vadodara (IND); Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat (IND).
    Vora, Jay J.
    Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat (IND).
    Patel, Vivek
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Li, Wenya
    School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an,Shaanxi (CHN).
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Pimenov, Danil Yu
    Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk (RUS).
    Giasin, Khaled
    School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth (GBR).
    Wojciechowski, Szymon
    Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan (POL).
    Experimental investigation on welding of 2.25 Cr-1.0 Mo steel with regulated metal deposition and GMAW technique incorporating metal-cored wires2021In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology, ISSN 2238-7854, Vol. 15, p. 1007-1016Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The regulated Metal Deposition (RMD) process is a variant of the gas metal arc welding process (GMAW), which was developed to effectively control the metal transfer in the short-circuiting mode. The process is fundamentally a modified short-circuit GMAW process wherein a uniform droplet deposition, making it easier for the welder to control the puddle and hence achieve an enhanced quality of welded joints. In the present study, the RMD technique has been established for the low alloy steel grade 2.25 Cr - 1.0 Mo particularly for depositing the root pass on a 10 mm thick joint. In addition to this, the RMD technique is attempted with metal-cored wires to enhance the deposition rates and hence productivity. The joint fill-up is further attempted with the GMAW technique using metal-cored wires and analysed. The weldments were subjected to post-weld heat treatment followed by mechanical and metallurgical characterization. Mechanical characterization such as tensile properties, impact properties, bend test as well as all weld tensile properties of the weld joint was evaluated and found to be acceptable. The ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) testing was carried out by breaking series of impact specimen till negative temperatures. The DBTT temperature for the weld joint was found well below -30°C which indicated the strength and soundness of the welded joint. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was carried out for and favourable results were achieved in microanalysis. The study proposes the use of metal-cored wires for potential applications in the welding of high thickness joints for enhancing the overall productivity. 

  • 46.
    Das, Subhash
    et al.
    ITW India Private Limited, Vadodara (IND); Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar (IND).
    Vora, Jay
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar (IND).
    Patel, Vivek
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Pimenov, Danil Yurievich
    Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk (RUS).
    Giasin, Khaled
    School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth (GBR).
    Elucidating the Effect of Step Cooling Heat Treatment on the Properties of 2.25 Cr-1.0 Mo Steel Welded with a Combination of GMAW Techniques Incorporating Metal-Cored Wires.2021In: Materials, ISSN 1996-1944, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 14, no 20, article id 6033Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The prospect of using metal-cored wires instead of solid wires during gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of 2.25 Cr-1.0 Mo steels embraces several challenges. The in-service requirements for the equipment made up of these steels are stringent. The major challenge faced by the manufacturers is temper embrittlement. In the current study, the temper embrittlement susceptibility of the welded joint was ascertained by subjecting it to step cooling heat treatment. A 25 mm thick 2.25 Cr-1.0 Mo weld joint was prepared using a combination of the regulated metal deposition (RMD) and GMAW processes incorporating metal-cored wires. After welding the plates were exposed to post-weld heat treatment followed by a rigorous step cooling heat treatment prescribed by API standards. The temper embrittlement susceptibility of the weld joint was ascertained by Bruscato X-factor as well as by formulating ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) curves by carrying out the impact toughness testing at various temperatures. Detailed microscopy and hardness studies were also carried out. It was established from the study that the X-factor value for the welded joint was 15.4. The DBTT for the weld joint was found to occur at -37 °C which was well below 10 °C. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of carbides and the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry studies indicated the presence of chromium and manganese-rich carbides along with the presence of sulfur near the grain boundaries. This study establishes a base for the usage of metal-cored wires particularly in high temperature and pressure application of Cr-Mo steels.

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    Materials
  • 47.
    Draxler, Joar
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Edberg, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Lindgren, Lars -Erik
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Modeling and simulation of weld solidification cracking part I: A pore-based crack criterion2019In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 63, no 5, p. 1489-1502Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several advanced alloy systems are susceptible to weld solidification cracking. One example is nickel-based superalloys, which are commonly used in critical applications such as aerospace engines and nuclear power plants. Weld solidification cracking is often expensive to repair and, if not repaired, can lead to catastrophic failure. This study, presented in three papers, presents an approach for simulating weld solidification cracking applicable to large-scale components. The results from finite element simulation of welding are post-processed and combined with models of metallurgy, as well as the behavior of the liquid film between the grain boundaries, in order to estimate the risk of crack initiation. The first paper in this study describes the crack criterion for crack initiation in a grain boundary liquid film. The second paper describes the model for computing the pressure and the thickness of the grain boundary liquid film, which are required to evaluate the crack criterion in paper 1. The third and final paper describes the application of the model to Varestraint tests of alloy 718. The derived model can fairly well predict crack locations, crack orientations, and crack widths for the Varestraint tests. The importance of liquid permeability and strain localization for the predicted crack susceptibility in Varestraint tests is shown. © 2019, The Author(s).

  • 48.
    Draxler, Joar
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Edberg, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Lindgren, Lars -Erik
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Modeling and simulation of weld solidification cracking part II: A model for estimation of grain boundary liquid pressure in a columnar dendritic microstructure2019In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 63, no 5, p. 1503-1519Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several advanced alloy systems are susceptible to weld solidification cracking. One example is nickel-based superalloys, which are commonly used in critical applications such as aerospace engines and nuclear power plants. Weld solidification cracking is often expensive to repair, and if not repaired, can lead to catastrophic failure. This study, presented in three papers, presents an approach for simulating weld solidification cracking applicable to large-scale components. The results from finite element simulation of welding are post-processed and combined with models of metallurgy, as well as the behavior of the liquid film between the grain boundaries, in order to estimate the risk of crack initiation. The first paper in this study describes the crack criterion for crack initiation in a grain boundary liquid film. The second paper describes the model for computing the pressure and the thickness of the grain boundary liquid film, which are required to evaluate the crack criterion in paper 1. The third and final paper describes the application of the model to Varestraint tests of Alloy 718. The derived model can fairly well predict crack locations, crack orientations, and crack widths for the Varestraint tests. The importance of liquid permeability and strain localization for the predicted crack susceptibility in Varestraint tests is shown. © 2019, The Author(s).

  • 49.
    Draxler, Joar
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Edberg, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Lindgren, Lars-Erik
    Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
    Modeling and simulation of weld solidification cracking part III: Simulation of solidification cracking in Varestraint tests of alloy 7182019In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 63, no 6, p. 1883-1901Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several advanced alloy systems are susceptible to weld solidification cracking. One example is nickel-based superalloys, which are commonly used in critical applications such as aerospace engines and nuclear power plants. Weld solidification cracking is often expensive to repair, and if not repaired, can lead to catastrophic failure. This study, presented in three papers, presents an approach for simulating weld solidification cracking applicable to large-scale components. The results from finite element simulation of welding are post-processed and combined with models of metallurgy, as well as the behavior of the liquid film between the grain boundaries, in order to estimate the risk of crack initiation. The first paper in this study describes the crack criterion for crack initiation in a grain boundary liquid film. The second paper describes the model required to compute the pressure and thickness of the liquid film required in the crack criterion. The third and final paper describes the application of the model to Varestraint tests of alloy 718. The derived model can fairly well predict crack locations, crack orientations, and crack widths for the Varestraint tests. The importance of liquid permeability and strain localization for the predicted crack susceptibility in Varestraint tests is shown. © 2019, The Author(s).

  • 50.
    Draxler, Joar
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Åkerström, P.
    Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
    Edberg, J.
    Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
    Lindgren, L. -E
    Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
    Singh, S.
    Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Goteborg, Sweden .
    Raza, Tahira
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    Andersson, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology.
    A numerical model for simulating the effect of strain rate on eutectic band thickness2020In: Welding in the World, ISSN 0043-2288, E-ISSN 1878-6669, Vol. 64, p. 1635-1658Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Large tensile strains acting on the solidifying weld metal can cause the formation of eutectic bands along grain boundaries. These eutectic bands can lead to severe liquation in the partially melted zone of a subsequent overlapping weld. This can increase the risk of heat-affected zone liquation cracking. In this paper, we present a solidification model for modeling eutectic bands. The model is based on solute convection in grain boundary liquid films induced by tensile strains. The proposed model was used to study the influence of strain rate on the thickness of eutectic bands in Alloy 718. It was found that when the magnitude of the strain rate is 10 times larger than that of the solidification rate, the calculated eutectic band thickness is about 200 to 500% larger (depending on the solidification rate) as compared to when the strain rate is zero. In the paper, we also discuss how eutectic bands may form from hot cracks. © 2020, The Author(s).

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