I studien undersöks effekterna av distansutbildning på högskolestudenter under COVID-19-pandemin. Pandemin var en extraordinär händelse som har förändrat utbildningslandskapet över hela världen. I examensarbetet presenteras bakgrundsinformation om pandemins inverkan på högre utbildning, inklusive de utmaningar och möjligheter som uppstått. Syftet är att undersöka högskolestudenters upplevelse av distansundervisning och påverkan av digitala verktyg. För att få en djupare förståelse av universitetsstudenters erfarenheter under övergången till distansundervisning genomförde vi en enkät med hjälp av snöbollsurval. Denna metod valdes eftersom den ger möjligheten att nå en bredare och mer diversifierad population av studenter. Studiens fokus var på könsspecifika skillnader och faktorer som påverkade studenternas akademiska erfarenhet och prestation. Studien undersökte tillgång till teknik, motivation och engagemang, samt hur dessa faktorer påverkade studenternas övergripande tillfredställelse och framgång. Examensarbetets resultat visar att män och kvinnor påverkas olika av distansutbildning, även om det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad i deras erfarenheter när det gällde de flesta faktorer av online-undervisning. I studien framgick att tillgång till teknik är en betydande faktor som påverkar studenternas akademiska erfarenhet och prestation, vilket framhäver vikten av likvärdiga resurser för alla studenter. Studenternas motivation och engagemang spelar en betydande roll för deras framgång i onlinekurser. Avgörande för att förbättra framtida online-undervisning är en bättre förståelse för könsspecifika skillnader.

Small and medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the global economy by generating employment opportunities and fostering economic expansion. However, the allocation of cloud computing resources remains a significant challenge for small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). The primary objective of this qualitative study was to examine the challenges associated with the allocation of cloud computing resources in small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). The research encompassed a comprehensive examination of existing literature and the utilization of semi-structured interviews to gather data from small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners and managers. The study focused only on two developed nations, namely the United States of America and the United Kingdom, as well as two developing countries, namely India and Pakistan. The literature review identified many issues that have an influence on the allocation of cloud computing resources in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These challenges include financial constraints, organizational culture, availability of competent individuals, and advancements in technology. The insights obtained from conducting interviews with small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners and managers provided useful information on the current methodologies employed for assigning cloud computing resources, as well as the obstacles faced by SMEs in effectively distributing these resources. The study's findings indicate that the successful operation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) heavily relies on the efficient allocation of cloud computing resources. Furthermore, addressing challenges in this area necessitates a purposeful and proactive strategy. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the cloud computing resource allocation tactics employed by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a result, policymakers, researchers, and SME owners and managers may utilize these insights to effectively implement successful strategies for allocating cloud computing resources.

Through a literature review in combination with qualitative analysis of course evaluations, this study examines aspects that contribute to enhancing elearning for physicians in a residency education program. The literature review and the qualitative analysis outline three main factors (pedagogical, technological, and organizational), highlighting the importance of a holistic approach that includes learning and technology in context when integrating e-learning strategies in adult learning programs. The findings contribute insights and practical guidance for education organizers on how to conduct e-learning during and after the pandemic.

Idag implementeras övervakningstjänster allt mer i olika verksamheter, särskilt inom transportbranschen. Implementeringen av övervakningstjänster möjliggör en bättre säkerhet och effektivare arbetsgång i form av att man som företag kan se bränsleförbrukning, lastbilars position och planera rutter utifrån leveransplats. Vi ville få kunskap om hur man övervakar anställda inom andra branscher och hur de anställda reagerar på övervakningen och utförde därför en bakgrundsundersökning där vi läste olika fallstudier från bland annat hemtjänsten, försäljningsbranschen och grundskolan. Vår frågeställning blev var går gränsen för acceptabel övervakning? Vi besvarade den genom att utföra intervjuer i två omgångar med tio respektive sex chaufförer som körde för företag i Bohuslän samt via en bakgrundsundersökning. Några chaufförer hade kort arbetserfarenhet och några längre, några chaufförer arbetade för större företag och några för mindre. På så sätt kunde vi se om deras svar skiljde sig utifrån antal år i branschen och eller storlek på företag. Resultatet av intervjuerna jämfördes därefter med bakgrundsundersökningen och resultatet vi kom fram till var att lastbilschaufförer numera accepterar att de blir övervakade via positioneringstjänster för att det leder till en effektivare ruttplanering. Chaufförerna anser även att det är bra att deras chefer kan se hur de kör. Genom att kunna se över sin förbrukning och hur man kör så möjliggörs en körstil som innebär mindre drivmedelsutgifter för företaget. Chaufförerna som arbetar i Bohuslän är också väl medvetna att tjänsterna krävs för att kunna konkurrera med utländska åkerier som kör för en billigare kostnad.Chaufförerna tyckte också att så länge övervakning var av relevant karaktär som driver företaget i rätt riktning anses det vara i sin ordning. Med relevant karaktär menade chaufförerna att företaget övervakar hur deras arbete flyter på och hur man kan effektivisera företaget utan att kränka deras personliga integritet. Efter vi jämfört våra intervjusvar med den bakgrundsundersökning vi utfört så kom vi fram till att. Lastbilschaufförer generellt sett har mer lojala åsikter för sitt företag än övriga yrken som vi haft med i vår undersökning.Nyckelord: Övervakning, lojala arbetare, IT-system, konkurrens

Numerous socioeconomic factors impact the adoption and implementation of e-learning in higher education institutions in developing nations, posing both opportunities and obstacles. The thesis is titled "Socioeconomic Influences on the Teaching in E-Learning in Higher Education in Developing Countries: Barriers and Facilitators." A Case Study of Lagos, Nigeria" investigates these variables and how they affect teachers' use of e-learning in Lagos' higher education establishments. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study investigates how educators' adoption of e-learning technologies is influenced by social influences, perceived utility, and perceived ease of use.Data was acquired through interviews with educators, administrators, and students using a qualitative research design. The results show that even while e-learning has a lot to offer education, there are several barriers to its widespread adoption, including low technological infrastructure, restricted access to digital materials, and differing degrees of digital literacy among teachers and students. The way technological, organizational, and environmental elements interact to shape the adoption of e-learning is highlighted by the study's analytical framework. This study offers a comprehensive knowledge of the obstacles and enablers of e-learning in Lagos by operationalizing the theoretical ideas from TAM and UTAUT. To close the digital divide and promote inclusive e-learning settings, the findings highlight the necessity of focused interventions, such as improved infrastructure, all-encompassing digital literacy programs, and encouraging institutional policies. This thesis adds to the body of knowledge by providing empirical insights into the unique obstacles and enablers of e-learning in the context of developing nations. It offers doable suggestions on improving e-learning implementation and using technology to improve educational outcomes in Lagos and other comparable contexts for legislators, educational leaders, and stakeholders.

In today's society, everything is expected proceed quickly, easily and smoothly. This also applies to websites on the Internet. When you visit a website, you want thewebsite to be easily accessible and you also want to find what you are looking for quickly. It is therefore important that the menu is easy to navigate. The menu is very important for the experience of the website, as you use the menu to navigate through the website. The menu will guide users through the website, will help them plan their actions, will determine where they are and will help them find their way back if they would get lost.In this study, we have created and designed a website with menus of four different types. Our study is based on a number of theories about cognition, perception,usability and effectivity together with theories about how to create a good menu. We will use these theories in our study to determine which of the menus is the most effective. To find out which menu is the most effective, test participants were asked to conduct a usability test. During the usability test, we tested the effectivity of themenus by measuring the amount of time required by the test participants to perform different tasks, as well as how many clicks were required and how frustrated the test participants became. Then, we compared how the different menus performed inrelation to each other. The test participants were also asked to respond to aquestionnaire where they subjectively described their thoughts on the menus.Our results from this study can be used as guidelines when choosing which type of menu to use on a website, where navigation is expected to be as effective as possible.Our results show that the horizontal menu is the most effective one of the different menus we have tested. However, which menu is the most effective in a given situation or on a given website depends on many factors, and thus, the horizontal menu is not always preferable to use on every website.

The aim of this study is to analyse how common it is for public authorities in EU countries to have their websites available in more official EU languages than the official language of the country and which language options are most common, to provide a picture of the language choices available on public authority websites in EU Member States and to answer the question:

How accessible is information on government websites in EU Member States if you do not speak the official language of the country?

Based on a quantitative content analysis of primary data collected from government websites in the EU, the results of the study indicate that although it is common for EU countries to offer an additional language option to the official language of the country on their government websites, the official languages of the EU are poorly represented as the language of choice for government websites, in addition to the official language of the country, is English.

One conclusion drawn from this study is that language barriers are likely to affect the mobility of EU citizens between EU Member States, as information on the websites of public authorities in EU Member States is rarely accessible to EU migrants who are not fluent in the official language or English.

As our world evolves, technology continues to advance, impacting various aspects of our daily lives. One significant realm that has been revolutionized by technology is marketing, with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) playing a central role in this transformation. An innovative manifestation of this progress is "V-commerce" – a form of online shopping that harnesses the power of virtual reality technology to offer customers a fully immersive and three-dimensional shopping experience. Despite being a novel concept, V-commerce holds great promise in the field of marketing, prompting a need for extensive research to unravel the factors that attract users to embrace this innovative shopping paradigm.

This study delves into the core aspects that underlie the allure of V-commerce. By examining the elements of virtual presence, intensity, satisfaction, and involvement, the research uncovers the pivotal factors that draw individuals to this technology-driven shopping experience.Through insightful interviews with a diverse group of ten participants, this study seeks to unravel the perspectives, opinions, and insights regarding the determinants influencing the adoption of V-commerce. The findings shed light on the distinct advantages that set V-commerce apart from traditional web-based shopping. The allure of remote communication, the vividness of information, interactive engagement, and unmatched convenience emerge as pivotal factors driving customers toward V-commerce over conventional online shopping methods.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition in the hip or knee joints that develops during a long period of time and sometimes needs hip or knee joint replacement surgery when pain gets too intense for the patient. This paper describes how an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis was designed. The design science research (DSR) approach was followed by creating a web-based animated video. The web-based animated video is used to support surgical departments with education for patients suffering from OA. In the web-based animated video, information about OA surgical treatment and its pre- and post-arrangements was included. The relevance, the rigor, and the design cycles were focused on, with some iterations of and improvements in the animations. Even after implementation, there was a feedback-loop with comments from the surgeons and their patients. Moreover, as more departments will use the web-based animated video, they want to make their special mark on it, so that further changes will be made. This paper presents the design and successful implementation of an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis, tightly linked to the patient journey and the workflow of healthcare professionals. The animated video serves not only as a tool to improve care but also as a basis for further scientific research studies. 

Studies on Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) development projects have traditionally often been limited to retrospectively identifying CSFs in a finished project. In this paper, we focus on how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. Based on a holistic perspective and systems thinking, an inductive research strategy was applied and a single in-depth case study was conducted. The findings include detailed descriptions that contribute to further understanding of how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. The analysis reveals that CSFs must be applied differently and managed on various system levels. Furthermore, it shows how interactions exist between different system levels, both in the case of a specific CSF and between different CSFs on various system levels. Our analysis framework and findings indicate new directions for future research: how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS development projects can now be investigated both in a more holistic way and more in detail. Finally, healthcare practitioners can use the descriptions as practical checklists for guiding them in how to realize situational adaptation of CSFs in HIS projects across different system levels.  

Many research studies have highlighted the low completion rate and slow progress in PhD education. Universities strive to improve throughput and quality in their PhD education programs. In this study, the perceived problems of PhD education are investigated from PhD students' points of view, and how an Information and Communication Technology Support System (ICTSS) may alleviate these problems. Data were collected through an online open questionnaire sent to the PhD students at the Department of (the institution's name has been removed during the double-blind review) with a 59% response rate. The results revealed a number of problems in the PhD education and highlighted how online technology can support PhD education and facilitate interaction and communication, affect the PhD students' satisfaction, and have positive impacts on PhD students' stress. A system was prototyped, in order to facilitate different types of online interaction through accessing a set of online and structured resources and specific communication channels. Although the number of informants was not large, the result of the study provided some rudimentary ideas that refer to interaction problems and how an online ICTSS may facilitate PhD education by providing distance and collaborative learning, and PhD students' self-managed communication.

The transformative potential of cloud computing in driving business efficiency and innovation is well-acknowledged globally. However, its adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, a developing economy, is still under-explored and fraught with unique challenges including infrastructural deficits, high internet costs, limited technical expertise, concerns over data security and sovereignty, and regulatory uncertainties. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption by leveraging a qualitative research approach, the study utilizes in-depth interviews with a diverse group of stakeholders to collect rich, contextual data. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) frameworks, the collected data is analysed to illuminate the key technological, organizational, and environmental factors affecting cloud adoption. By offering critical insights into the realities and complexities of technology adoption, the study aims to inform strategic decision-making among SMEs, policymakers, and technology vendors. It also proposes actionable recommendations for overcoming the identified barriers and optimizing the potential of cloud technology for the growth and competitiveness of Nigerian SMEs. The outcomes of this research highlight the need for collaborative efforts in fostering an environment conducive to technological advancement and digital transformation in the SME sector in Nigeria.

This thesis work researches what motivates swedish Facebook users to pass along and share

information on Facebook, their attitude towards shared information and what affects this behavior. The goal of this thesis is to research todays behavior and motivations to enlighten  what makes information worth sharing to others on Facebook, instead of simply attracting attention. By using a web survey we have collected data by sampling a part of the actual population  of  swedens Facebook users.Our results show that swedish Facebook users main reason for using Facebook is to socialize with offline friends and share information to show others

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A tanulmány arra tesz kísérletet, hogy a Zágrábi Animációs Filmiskola három filmjének példájánkeresztül átfogó szemlélettel illusztrálja a világ körképszerű percepcióját. Az iskola kezdetbenelsősorban az ideológia szférájához kötődött, majd fokozatosan esztétikai elveket kezdett követni.A jugoszláv társadalom szociológiai és történelmi körülményei a második világháború után egyillúziós, „mindenre kiterjedő szemlélet” megjelenését idézték elő a zágrábi animációs filmszerzőiben. Számos filmjükben egy fókuszpontúnak tűnő pozícióból, vagy egyszerűen egyideológiai üvegkupola mögül készítettek panorámaképet egy blokkokra osztott világ közepén. Azágrábi stúdióban az 1950-es évek vége és az 1980-as évek eleje között létrejött művek hatalmasnemzetközi sikerét és objektív értékét főként a cellanimációs technológiában történőmaszterelésnek és a stilizált mozgásnak köszönhették. A tanulmány szerint azonban ez akarikatúratechnikákkal megvalósított hatékony globális metaforáknak, a hidegvérűen felosztottvilág leegyszerűsítően sematikus bemutatásának volt köszönhető, ugyanakkor egy ideológiai éspolitikai diskurzus pozíciójából eredő ideológiai szatírának is, amelyet az „üvegkupola” alatt„titoizmusnak” neveztek. A szocialista társadalmak hataloméhsége és kapitalista társadalmakpénzhajhászata, valamint a mindent elpusztító konfliktusok állandó veszélye képezte a jugoszlávanimációs humor uralkodó témáit az összes formában. Különösen azok az animációs filmkészítőkvoltak hajlamosak ezt alkalmazni, akik „mindenre kiterjedő szemléletükkel” igyekeztek átfognikoruk világának „körképét”. Metaforáik szatirikus módon mutattak be a hidegháború időszakánaknéhány meghatározó jelenségét – a fegyverkezési versenyt, a kicsik és szegények egyenlőtlenségét,a környezetszennyezést, a kortárs ember elidegenedését a betondzsungelben –, és ezek a globálismetaforák kortársaik jövővel kapcsolatos félelmeinek élénk szemléltetéseként funkcionáltak. Aszerző előbb A nagygyűlés (Veliki miting. Walter és Norbert Neugebauer, 1951) című filmetvizsgálja, melyet Disney-köntösbe öltöztetett szocialista realizmusként értelmez, majd aKoncert gépfegyverre (Koncert na mašinsku pušku. Dušan Vukotić, 1958) című rajzfilmet, melyet afiktív Amerika karikatúrájaként ír le, végül a Naplót (Dnevnik. Nedeljko Dragić, 1974), melyet avalódi Amerika karikatúrájaként jellemez.

Digitala vårdmöten har blivit allt mer integrerade i många vårdcentraler, där vårdgivare tillhandahåller vård med hjälp av digitala verktyg i form av mobilappar. Denna trend har blivit vanligare än någonsin på grund av den digitalisering som sker runt omkring i Sverige. En annan anledning till den ökade användningen av digitala vårdmöten är den spridda covid-19-pandemin för några år sedan, där behovet av att ge vård på ett sätt som minskar sjukdomsspridningen uppstod.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att utforska vilka möjligheter och hinder som finns vid användandet av digitala vårdmöten utifrån chefernas synvinkel, för att skapa en helhetsbild av hur de vårdcentraler som är under implementering eller redan har implementerat digitala vårdmöte kan tillhandahålla en fungerande vård av hög kvalitet. Dessutom syftade studien till att belysa hur vårdcentralernas chefer kan förbättra sina verksamheter och ge insikter om hur de kan utnyttja de digitala verktygen på bästa sätt.

Forskningen genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats, och den empiriska datan som användes för att dra slutsatser samlades in genom sju individuella intervjuer med olika vårdcentralers chefer, där semistrukturerade intervjuer tillämpades.

Resultaten av denna studie visar en positiv inställning från chefernas perspektiv, där tidsbesparingar och möjligheten för vårdgivare att arbeta på distans betonas. Denna metod kan tillämpas inom olika typer av vårdsituationer, såsom uppföljning, rådgivning och inom psykiatrin där den bäst kan användas. Resultaten visar också att det finns hinder, såsom tekniska problem och oro kring datasäkerhet, vilka utgörde främsta hindren. Dessutom indikerar resultaten att cheferna bör arbeta med att motivera läkarna mer aktivt för att minska användarnas motståndet.

Democracy is built on consensus among the population through voting. Today we use paper ballot systems which require a centralized control with a reliable group to carry out the voting process, record and count the vote ballots. In recent years studies shown that the traditional system introduces a lot of possibilities of manipulation and corruption of votes. This thesis introduces an alternative approach to conduct voting. The approach is a e-voting system which uses the blockchain-technique. Blockchain provides several features that can protect against corruption and tampering with votes, and it brings a level of transparency that cannot be match by the traditional paper ballot system.

This study combines quantitative results from a questionary on voters' attitudes towards e-voting together with relevant research on blockchain-solutions and Swedish laws & procedures. The data which was collected was then transferred to Microsoft Excel where we created diagrams and tables and measured the frequency of the various questions.

The study reports voters' attitudes towards blockchain-based e-voting systems were positive. It turned out that most of the voters were not against change and those who did not know about blockchain were willing to learn to ensure a secure and reliable a democracy as possible. From the questionnaire survey, the voters replied that the properties that were important for an e-voting were data integrity and anonymity. From the survey data and proposals from previous studies, a proposal for a blockchain-enabled e-voting system was created. By using multiple blockchains, smart-contracts and with the help of an architecture in which voter-data is fragmented, the proposed system could increase the security around anonymity and data integrity in connection to voter data.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the subject of young people's communication on social media linked to the concepts of cyberbullying, cyber-love and digital competence. With qualitative methods, focus group interview and interview, four children, two parents and a teacher were interviewed. In the essay, their reflections and perspectives on how they view young people's communication that takes place on socialmedia are highlighted. Previous research shows that the concept of digital competence is difficult to define and there are different interpretations of what the ability to have good digital competence actually means. Research shows that there are tendencies to generalize that all children and young people can handle digitalisation, just because they are born into a time where digital and social media characterize everyday life. The results show that cyberbullying and cyber-love take place in social media. The children surveyed learn to handle communication on social media on their own. To some extent,children have strategies for dealing with online hate and the use of social media, but not to the extent needed. The results also show that both the surveyed parents and the teacher express that there is a need to develop more digital competence and adult participation plays a role in children's development of digital competence.

Attack on Titan (2013) is a popular anime that has been widely distributed around the world. The anime is a prime example when it comes to using 3D Computer Generated Imagery (3D-CGI) combined with traditional 2D animation. This essay is a case study that explores how 3D-CGI impacts the building of atmosphere and tension as well as the perceptual realism in the anime. This has been done in the form of a content analysis where we take a closer look at a selection of scenes. These are establishing, in-depth, or climax, and have further divided them into battle scenes and non-battle scenes. The 3D-elements are divided into three categories, 3D-scenography, 3D-character, and virtual camera. The results show that there are no significant differences in the use of 3D-scenography and virtual camera in the different types of scenes. However, the use of 3D-characters can only be seen in in-depth scenes and battle scenes, respectively. The world of Attack on Titan has many similarities with our reality when it comes to respecting the laws of physics. 3D-CGI contributes with a flawless perspective that increases the sense of distance and speed, however, the use of 3D-characters seems to be largely an economical and time-efficient choice. Nevertheless, the creators have taken advantage of the possibilities that a 3D-character brings by creating tension-inducing imagery.

3D-CGI has been a contributing factor to the series' perceptual realism mainly because of its use of 3D-scenography and virtual camera, and it has also been a contributing factor in the building of tension and atmosphere mainly with its use of 3D-character.

Small enterprises strive to survive and grow in the business they are involved. They makeefforts to utilize different resources and technologies available to this end as long as it isaffordable and productive. Information Communication Technology or ICT and e-commerceare among those technologies that take the front line. This study asks the question ‘howmuch are Ethiopian small enterprises responsive to ICT and the internet and how much ofthe benefits have they utilized for their growth?’ It takes five small enterprises involved inimport and export business to perform case study research on the issue and examines theirutilization level of the technology. The findings show that small enterprises in the countryare on a very low level of utilizing ICT and e-commerce due to several reasons among whichare scarcity in infrastructure development and expertise in the area coupled with barriersfrom government policy and bank regulations.

På senare tid har införandet av så det kallade molnet och molntjänster bidragit till en märkbar utveckling inom IT-branschen. Det som utmärker molntjänster är främst möjligheten att ha tillgång till data från olika enheter oavsett geografisk lokalisering. Idag används molntjänster av flera användare runt om i hela världen. Dock finns det en hel del risker med dessa tjänster, som kan få förödande konsekvenser. I denna studie identifieras säkerhetsrisker som uppstår vid utnyttjande av molntjänster. Dessa säkerhetsrisker undersöks mer djupgående i syfte att minimera riskerna för att uppnå en ökad säkerhet vid bruk av molntjänster. Syftet besvarades genom att använda en vetenskaplig metod där insamlandet av kvalitativ data är i fokus. Den kvalitativa undersökningen baserades på data från intervjuer med respondenter från olika molnleverantörer i Sverige. Resultatet visar att graden av säkerhetsrisker, så som dataförlust och försök av dataintrång av exempelvis DDOS-attacker, är beroende av molnleverantör och typ av molntjänst. Detta innebär att antal risker i en molntjänst varierar beroende på vilken leverantör som erbjuder tjänsten. Det är i dagsläget näst intill omöjligt att utesluta de säkerhetsrisker molnet medför. Dock påvisar denna studie att potentialen för att minimera dessa säkerhetsrisker ligger i utformandet av avtalet mellan molnleverantör och kund och att båda parter identifierar och kommer överens om vilka säkerhetsrisker som är acceptabla för kunden.   

Learning within the organization is not only linked to the formal training and education of the employees, but also to informal processes of sharing knowledge. The knowledge is often embedded in organizational activities, practices and norms, as well as in social ties among individuals in the organization. We analyzed employees' behavior and acceptance of online social networking as an information system (IS) of learning. The analysis is performed by a descriptive case survey within a telecom corporation in Pakistan. The purpose of our study is to bring an informal learning system at workplace. In this study we obtain quantitative data from 105 out of 180 targeted employees. The results show that a majority of the studied employees favor social networking to connect colleagues at different levels and more than half of the respondents share their knowledge and experiences using social sites. Nearly half of the respondents strongly agree that knowledge sharing is an important role of social sites within the organization and many are in favor of social media as an informal learning system. The results also show how the professionals use social networking sites to share their experiences and to build a virtual break in hierarchical levels of professions. This paper illustrates the benefits of social networking sites as an informal work integrated learning tool that also serves as an IS model for the organization.

Work Integrated Learning (WIL) studies usually focuses on educational situations when professional organizations are actively involved in learning processes for students in higher education. However, after completing the institutional period entering the professional arena, the professional person is still actually a student at the workplace as s/he never stops learning. Learning within the organization is not only linked to the formal training and education of the employees, but also to informal processes of sharing knowledge. The knowledge is often embedded in organizational activities, practices and norms, as well as in social ties among individuals in the organization. Our analysis of employees' behavior and acceptance of online social networking as an information system (IS) of learning is performed by a descriptive case survey within a telecom corporation in Pakistan. Thepurpose of our study is to bring an informal learning system at workplace. In this study we quantitative data isobtained from 105 out of 180 targeted employees. The results show that a majority of the studied employees favors social networking to connect colleagues at different levels and more than half of the respondents share their knowledge and experiences using social sites. Nearly half of the respondents strongly agree that knowledge sharing is an important role of social sites within the organization and many are in favor of social media as an informal learning system. The results also show how the professionals use social networking sites to share their experiences and to build a virtual break in hierarchical levels of professions. This paper illustrates the benefits of social networking sites as an informal work integrated learning tool that also serves as an IS model for the organization.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur studenter på en programbaserad IT-utbildning upplever deras digitala kompetens samt om en demografisk faktor som kön kan ha en påverkan på studenternas upplevda digitala kompetens. En enkätundersökning som formulerades utifrån Digcomp 2.0 ramverket besvarades av studenterna på Högskolan Väst.

Resultatet som samlades in kunde peka på en sämre upplevd digital kompetens inom två aspekter av Digcomp 2.0 men kunde inte påvisa någon signifikant könsskillnad. Oavsett erhöll studien en låg reliabilitet och slutsatser kunde därför inte dras. Sammantaget kan resultatet peka mot att respondenternas upplevda digitala kompetens har fortfarande potential för vidareutveckling. 

Digitaliseringen av sjukvården inom Sverige har fört med sig nya upplevelser för vårdpersonalen. Sjukvården har utvecklat något som heter digitala vårdmöten, detta är ett hjälpmedel för människor som inte har möjligheten till att besöka sjukhus eller vårdcentraler fysiskt eller som av annan anledning föredrar ett digitalt möte som ett alternativ till att besöka sjukvården. Med digitala vårdmöten så kan patienten boka en tid för en uppföljning eller undersökning av ett hälsoproblem för att sedan genomföra mötet via sin dator eller mobiltelefon.

Den nya teknologin har påverkat vissa arbetsaktiviteter och vårdpersonalens upplevelse av dessa moment kan variera. Därför har denna studie genomfört intervjuer med vårdpersonal som har olika yrkesroller med syftet att beskriva deras upplevelse av digitala vårdmöten. Dessa intervjuer analyserades med hjälp av en innehållsanalys.

Slutsatserna med analysen var att vårdpersonalen upplevde digitala vårdmöten som ett alternativ för patienter och inte en ersättning till fysiska vårdmöten.

In this paper we will investigate how Disney's 12 principles of animation is used today by professional 3D CGI animators in their work.

The purpose of this study is to get an insight on how Disney's 12 principles of animation has changed for application in 3D CGI animation, as they were originally made for hand-drawn animation.

Based on a selective choice based on a survey sent to studios working with animation and to freelance animators, we conduct interviews with the animators who answered the survey and could provide empirical data to our research.

In the interviews, we ask how the respondents apply Disney's 12 principles of animation in their work in order to evaluate how they have changed since the 30s.

The results we got showed that all respondents agree that Disney's 12 principles of animation are important tools in the creation of believable character animations.

Some respondents chose to go through each animation principle and explain how they utilize each principle in their work, while other respondents stated they did not carefully followed these principles as they work with timelimited projects which means they do not have time to go through them all

Införandet av IoT (Internet of Things) har ändrat människors levnadssätt genom att använda hemapplikationer som integrerar med termostater, strömbrytare, smarta lås, apparater och övervakningssystem. Med dessa applikationer har man möjlighet att interagera samt övervaka sina bostäder var som helst. På grund av det är fler industrier och människor som har anammat IoT, har oro kring integriteten och säkerheten väckts för IoT-enheter. Sedan IoT infördes på marknaden har flertal intressenter, leverantörer samt forskare utvecklat IoTlösningar parallellt. Trots att det finns flera protokoll samt enhetstyper för IoT på marknaden, så är det bara några IoT produkter från olika leverantörer som är kompatibla och interoperabla med varandra. Denna kvalitativa studie handlar om utmaningar, möjligheter och säkerhetsaspekter som finns vid anslutning av IoT med Matter-standarden. Studien rapporterar att även om radiokommunikationsstandarden Matter löser en del av säkerhetsutmaningar som finns med IoT, är det fortfarande oklart hur väl kan det skydda användarnas integritet. 

Netsurf has recently been ported to Plan 9 (9front), bringing a more powerful browser to the Plan 9 users. This paper describes the steps done inthe porting effort and the solutions considered for challenges encountered in the tool chain, the environment and the build system. Solutionsfall in different categories, depending on where they can be implemented: in upstream Netsurf, in 9front or if they have to be maintainedas patches outside the official Netsurf sources.

There are several areas of research that concern image quality in relation to performance as well as the "feeling of perceived security" on a webpage.

The main purpose of this study is to find out to what extent image quality and performance (web page load time) can affect the sense of how secure and reliable a webpage feels, as well as how the experience can be affected by the lack of a good balance between image quality and performance. We also want to find out if any of those factors may be of gender-related significance.

We have conducted a survey where respondents were asked to visit 3 similar example websites but with different image resolutions.

The results based on our survey suggest that a good balance between image quality and performance both increases trust and provides a better user experience, although it does seem in general like people put more emphasis on the images being of a satisfying quality than to the fact that the page's loading time is short. We have thus concluded that one then regards web pages as more reliable, which increases the tendency to trust the page and complete a purchase, as well as to return to the page in the future.

The digitalisation of health care contributes to increased efficiency and thus has the potential to meet society's growing care needs and demand. The digitalisation brings with it opportunities, but also challenges for healthcare staff, given that digitalisation means that they need digital skills. The competence of the staff is one of the most important aspects for a successful digitalisation in healthcare. When digitalisation was implemented in healthcare, the aspect of digital competence did not receive sufficient attention. Healthcare staff can develop a frustration with adopting new technology if they do not have the digital skills needed to manage the technology. Hence the research question: How do care staff in the elderly care experience the use of digital tools at work, and how do they themselves see challenges and needs in terms of digital competence in the workplace? The purpose is to gain an understanding of the care staff's digital competence in elderly care, by examining their experiences and attitudes to using digital tools, as well as what training they have received to carry out digital tasks. A qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews to collect data. The interviews were conducted at two nursing homes and at one home care service. Ten people working in elderly care have participated in the study. When analyzing data a thematic analysis was performed. The main result that emerged in the study was that the current training for the digital tools is not sufficient. Based on their own experiences, the care staff believe that a more thorough and continuous education should be introduced. This is to give healthcare professionals the opportunity and resources to be able to develop digital competence. In summary, this study shows a need for updated knowledge and understanding of the purpose of digitalisation, which can contribute to increased confidence in IT and the digital competence of healthcare staff. In summary, the study creates an understanding of the healthcare staff's experience of digital tools, as well as the knowledge and training that the staff perceive as necessary to strengthen their digital competence. Furthermore, the care staff also feel that the digital tasks are mismanaged, and in order to minimize the shortcomings regarding digital competence and the use of digital tools, the care staff believe that a more thorough and continuous training is necessary.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur informatik- och ekonomistudenter upplever att sin personliga integritet påverkas vid personanpassade annonser på Facebook. Denna studie kommer presentera hur datainsamling sker-, vilka regler som finns vid datainsamling samt hur personanpassade annonser blir möjliga att utforma. Vidare använder denna studie SOR-modellen som analytiskt ramverk i syfte att särskilja olika faktorer som påverkar respondenternas personliga integritet. Det har genomförts semistrukturerade intervjuer med fiktiva annonser som komplement på fyra informatikstudenter och fyra ekonomistudenter på Högskolan Väst. Intervjuerna har röstinspelats och transkriberats med selektiv transkribering för att identifiera nyckelcitat. Dessa citat har sedan grupperats utefter datainsamling, personlig annonsering, integritetsparadox och klickintention. Resultatet av denna studie påvisar att utformningen av annonsen har en stor påverkan på hur integritetsparadoxen uppfattas. Hur denna studies respondenter upplever integritetsparadoxen vid personanpassade annonser baseras på hur trygg respondenten känner sig vid den datainsamling som sker. 

This thesis examines the possibility of initially capturing the recipient's attention with an animated character. Selected animated movements of the character are used to move the recipient's concentration and attention further to desired points and artifacts off-screen.The purpose is to get a clearer indication of which of the selected movements are more likely to be effective for this purpose. The methods are selected for qualitative research and consist of a design process to produce visual material adapted for a visual experiment in a defined environment with associated qualitative interviews of randomly selected informants. The results were based on analyzes of primary data from the visual experiment with visual perception as a theoretical explanatory model. This data is considered to support a hypothetical possibility to use an animated character to design a synthesis between the monitor's internal visual content and nearby external artifacts.

The end results shows that a static movement strategy is needed for an animated character to effectively move the recipient's attention between the internal and external content within the desired context. This is considered to include a chronologically structured interaction between dynamic body movements followed by temporarily static gestures that informatively indicate a clear direction.

Sweden is a highly ranked country when it comes to digitalization, this means that many parts of society are, and continue to be digitalized and the trade sector is not an exception. In pace with digitalization, store staff's work and tasks change, which is why the purpose of this study is to investigate what pros and cons digitalization has brought with it from the employee's perspective. The research question that was used in this survey was: How do store employees feel that digitalization affects their work environment? To answer the question, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents from two of the leading grocery stores in Sweden. The material collected from the interviews was transcribed and a thematic analysis was then performed, which became the basis for the result and discussion part of this paper. The results showed that digitalization entails changed tasks as they can be eliminated, changed, or added due to digitalization. In many cases, these changes were seen as a good support for the staff, however, it was mentioned that digitalization rarely eliminates tasks but rather changes them, as the time saved from how the task was previously performed is instead used to maintain the system that changed the task. The constant digitalization has driven the stores to become extremely dependent on the technology to run their business, several respondents pointed out the fact that if the wrong system is down, there is no backup plan to continue running the store without this system.

Den här kandidatuppsatsen undersöker hur ett ljud kan påverka upplevelsen av ett objekt med ett fokus på ljuddesign för ett objekt som saknar en verklig referens. Studien hade som avsikt att undersöka hur man upplever ett objekt utifrån ljudets grad av realism. Genom webbaserade enkäter samlade vi in data för att se hur ett objekt kunde upplevas olika genom att koppla samman det med olika ljud som skiljde sig i grad av realism. Enkäten kompletterades genom att analysera två filmer där relaterade fenomen förekom. Resultaten leder till en diskussion där det lyfts fram möjliga samband mellan ljud och verklighetsgrad som skulle kunna bli grund för framtida studier.

Sedan Twitch startade sin livestreaming site 2011 så har livestreaming vuxit otroligt fort. År 2014 hade Twitch 100 miljoner unika tittare varje månad. De som streamar på Twitch är allt från esport spelare till personer som streamar för nöjets skull. Idag finns det streamers som inte jobbar utan livnärar sig på att streama och få microdonationer från sina tittare. Vi är nyfikna på hur en streamer kan leva genom att bara spela datorspel. De samlar på sig en publik som återkommer så fort streamern börjar streama. Utöver reklam på deras sida så får streamers in microdonationer via sina tittare. Dessa microdonationer står för en stor del av deras inkomst.

Vi har valt att fokusera extra på de som tittar och inte de som streamar. Hur kommer det sig att någon kan tänka sig att donera pengar till en streamer? Vi har då valt att göra en enkät om motivation och microdonationer som Twitchtittare kommer svara på.

I vår undersökning så var det endast 36.5% som spenderade mindre än 4 timmar per vecka på Twitch, restrerande svar var från personer över 4 timmar. Enligt vår undersökning så påverkas många inte av andra när det kommer till val av streams. Många väljer stream på grund av att streamern är underhållande eller att man spelar likadana spel som streamern. Trots att vissa personer i undersökningen spenderar mycket tid på Twitch så donerar de inte ofta. 43% har varken donerat eller subscribat till en stream innan. Endast 5.5% donerar mycket (över 10 $) och ofta. Enligt vår undersökning så har endast 56.1% donerat eller subscribat till en stream innan. Man får ta hänsyn till att 75,6% är ungdomar under 24 år och kanske inte har en inkomst, därav är det svårt att donera trots att man vill. Trots att många donerar väldigt små summor så finns det personer som donerar otroligt stora summor där en streamer kan nästan hamna i chocktillstånd.

Det fanns ett antal olika faktorer som motiverade personer att donera sina pengar till streamers. De tre mest framstående faktorerna var "Entertaining streamer" en streamer som engagerar publiken och får dem att skratta, "I play the same game" tittarna känner igen spelet och spelar det under sin egen tid och "I want to learn something" tittarna vill förbättra sina egna färdigheter och lära sig något nytt. Mer än hälften av de personer som svarat skulle vara villiga att spendera minst 10 dollar i månaden på Twitch relaterat material. De flesta av de personer som svarade var män och cirka 1525 år. “Benefits” dvs få något i utbyte mot en donation hade en mycket lägre effekt på folks motivation än väntat.

When visiting a website today, the first interaction between the user and the site typically occurs with a cookie banner, a large box that informs the user about the use of cookies, user tracking, and the handling of personal data. The user is expected to make an active choice to allow or deny this usage. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing users' decisions when interacting with cookie banners. To answer the research question, observations were conducted with seven selected informants as they performed various tasks, followed by qualitative semi-structured interviews.

Our study indicates the presence of cookie fatigue, a weariness towards cookie banners where informants prioritize closing the banner over making an informed decision. We have also found that the content of the banner is of secondary importance compared to the desire to close it. Since the ease of closing the banner was a priority for the informants, we also observed that the use of dark patterns, particularly in the form of hiding or relocating the option to decline cookies, significantly influences the decision made.

We see that cookie fatigue plays a major role in how users interact with cookie banners, and to expect users to make more informed decisions, one must first counteract cookie fatigue, possibly by reducing the prevalence of cookie banners.

Den snabbt ökande digitaliseringen som sker i dagens samhälle påverkar såväl människor som teknik. Utvecklingen av digitala kanaler låter oss idag kommunicera och handla på helt nya sätt samtidigt som robotar är på väg att bli en del i vardagen. Inom e-handel har utveckling av automatiserade system och robotliknande teknik kommit långt och kan bidra till effektivare processer i företag. Lindex AB är ett av Sveriges största modeföretag och konkurrera ständigt med andra företag på marknaden för att uppfylla kunders behov och krav på service. Något som blivit allt viktigare på detaljhandelsmarknaden är försäljning genom digitala kanaler och e-handel där ordrarna ökar samtidigt som det ställs högre krav på kortare ledtider.

Lindex har i denna studie en central del där syftet är att undersöka möjligheter och hinder för automatiserade lösningar i lager genom att studera orderhanteringen i Lindex e-handelsmiljö. Studien innefattar en teoridel som introducerar läsaren till automatisering av lagerprocesser där flera exempel på robotlösningar och avancerade lagersystem presenteras. Att ha robotar som transporterar varor till personalen istället för den traditionella versionen där personalen plockar varor från stationära plockplatser är idag en möjlighet. Detta kan innebära effektivare processer och slutligen kortare ledtider till kund.

Intervjuer och observationer ligger till grund för studiens kvalitativa undersökningsansats som ger följd till ett resultat med mycket bilder. Totalt har sex observationer och tre intervjuer genomförts för att noggrant studera företagets processer. Deltagande observationerna har genomförts där författaren fått möjligheten att följa och studera nyckelprocesserna i Lindex varuflöde på en lagernivå.

Slutsatsen visar på att det skulle vara svårt att automatisera processer på grund av flera hinder men tyder på att en av processerna som observerats har god möjlighet till automatisering på grund av dess starka koppling till lagersystem.

Med ökande användning av molntjänster och den snabba utvecklingen av mobila enheter ökar behovet av snabb och lättviktig datahämtning. Men för att kunna leverera en sömlös och effektiv upplevelse för användare och klienter krävs att kommunikationen mellan applikationer på internet också kan hålla en hög kvalité. En vanlig teknologi för kommunikation mellan webbtjänster är Representational State Transfer (REST)-arkitektur. REST medför begränsningar som kan minska möjligheten till att konstruera flexibla webbtjänster, vilket kan innebära en försämrad prestanda med längre responstider. Alternativa lösningar har börjat dyka upp däribland frågespråket GraphQL som utvecklats i syfte att tänja på de begränsningar som tidigare funnits och på så sätt uppnå en annan flexibilitet. För att bidra med ett resultat som var applicerbart i samband med olika typer av databaslösningar testades GraphQL och REST med både en relationsbaserad- och en icke-relationsbaserad databas.

I denna studie utfördes en jämförelse av prestanda vid olika typer av förfrågningar för att utvärdera om GraphQL kan bidra med flexibilitet och samtidigt bibehålla en likvärdig prestanda. Undersökningen gick ut på att mäta latens och datavolym vid mer eller mindre komplexa förfrågningar.

Resultaten av mätningarna visade att GraphQL presterar bättre än REST i avseende latens när fler än en slutpunkt används för REST. Vid enbart en slutpunkt är REST, vid användning av både SQL-databas och NoSQL-databas, snabbare än motparten GraphQL. I avseende datavolym presterar i samtliga fall REST bättre än GraphQL. Vid datahämtning från fyra slutpunkter i REST har GraphQL SQL en mindre datavolym än REST NoSQL, men REST SQL är fortfarande minst.

GraphQL med SQL-databas presterar i samtliga fall bättre än GraphQL med NoSQL-databas, i avseende både latens och datavolym.

I avseende latens presterar REST med NoSQL-databas bättre än REST med SQL-databas i tre fall av fyra. I avseendedatavolym presterar REST med SQL-databas bättre än REST med NoSQL-databas i samtliga fall, både i storlek på förfrågan och storlek på svar.

This text explores how virtual reality (VR) can be used as a medium to convey experiences, particularly in the context of work-integrated learning (WIL). The author argues that VR, combined with semiotics and narrative theory, offers a powerful platform for creating dynamic and meaningful ”story worlds.” These worlds can help users explore, create, and understand complex information in a more engaging and effective way than traditional teaching methods. 

The primary research objective is to investigate how VR can be used to convey the experience of being in a specific situation. The text specifically examines how semiotics can be used to design and analyse VR environments, and how narrative structures can promote storyfication among users. 

Semiotic principles are employed to analyse and design VR environments. Semiotics, the study of signs and symbols, provides a framework for understanding how meaning is created and conveyed through various elements in the virtual environment. By carefully selecting and placing signs, designers can create specific meanings and experiences for users.

The text emphasises the power of storytelling as a fundamental cognitive tool for structuring and understanding experiences. Narrative structures, such as plot, characters, and conflicts, can be woven into VR environments to create engaging and meaningful experiences. 

Two VR prototypes were developed and evaluated during the project. Both prototypes simulated a situation in palliative care, where the user’s task was to interact with a patient and their relatives. The design processs for the prototypes was iterative and involved steps of initial research, semiotic analysis, prototype development and evaluation. The VR environments were constructed based on the semiotic analysis, focusing on integrating signs identified in the previous steps in a meaningful way. User tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the prototypes. Users’ behaviour in the VR environment was observed, and interviews were conducted to gather feedback on their experiences and interpretations.

The studies showed that VR can effectively convey the experience of being in a specific situation. Users reported a strong sense of presence and engagement in the virtual environments. The analysis of users’ behaviour and interviews showed that the VR environments successfully triggered storyfication leading to meaningful reflections and discussions about palliative care. Important factors in the environments included content that introduced cognitive chafing and required participants to fill in the blanks to make sense of the situation. 

The text argues that VR, combined with semiotics and narrative theory, has the potential to contribute to WIL by offering a platform for experiential and narrative learning. By creating dynamic and engaging storyworlds, VR can help students develop important skills, increase their empathetic abilities, and prepare for real-life situations.

This article is a pilot study on the relationship between performance in online classes and behavior in online discussion forums. Measuring student activity on the discussion forum, the collected data is then analyzed and mapped to the performance of the students on the course. The student activity was dividedinto a number of parameters, and during the study these parameters were compared to the performance of the students.The significance of each parameter was also analyzed through a Kruskall-Wallis-test Overall there was a strong tendency thatstudents with more activity and engagement received higher grades. This is in the future useful for developing some kind of monitoring to identify and support students on the verge of failing the course.

This article uses binary logistic regression to create models for predicting course performance. The data used is the data-trail left by students activities on a discussion forum while attending an online course. The purpose of the study is to evalute how well models based on binary logistic regression can be used to predict course completion.Three sets of data was used for this. One set collected at the end of the course, one collected after 75% of the course and one set collected after half the course. The result of the study says that it's possible to design models with an accuracy of between 70% and 80% using these methods, regardless of what time is used.

Demand for web developers has increased significantly in recent years in line with the growth and development of the Internet, while demand has increased it also has become more and greater. Job advertisements in web development went from requiring one or two programming languages to now requesting several technical skills in, for example, different languages and frameworks. They also demand several years of experience and knowledge in these areas and, for example, that you should be able to communicate, be agile and creative. In addition, technology and knowledge are replaced over the years and new, more modern solutions become popular. So therefore I want to find out what different knowledge that web developers need according to job advertisements and if it differs from previous studies and if the requirements for the number of knowledge have been raised.

This study deals with the subject of cosy gaming. The aim of the research is to investigate the motivations, habits and emotional experiences of people who play cosy games. The method used was qualitative research with a combination of individual and focus group interviews. The study concluded that cosy games are often experienced as relaxing and calming, which can help in disconnecting from stress and anxiety. Cosy games can be used as a form of escapism, but they also have the potential for addictive behaviours.

Participants express a desire to play along side friends in co-op mode, adding a social dimension to the experience. In addition, it is important to have simplicity and inclusion in the game design to attract players to cosy games.

In conclusion, it can be said that there is a need for continued research into addictive behaviours and why people experience periods of intense gaming followed by complete withdrawal from these games.

The purpose of this study was to access the factors that influence the adoption of AI and robotics in the Ghana healthcare from the perspective of medical professionals and patients. Technology acceptance model was used to access the factors that influence the adoption of AI and robotics. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was applied to this study. This study included 8 participants with different occupations. This study resulted in many different views and perspectives. Whereas some participants were resisted the use of robotics and AI in GHS, others found it interesting. The results indicated that AI and robotics can be adopted by the GHS to supplement the human resource need, support medical professionals in their line of duty to reduce stress and enhance the quality-of-service delivery by improving diagnosis. The study suggested that to influence the adoption of AI and robotics, medical professionals must be trained, and the public must be sensitized. Also, AI and robotics can be included in school curriculums and successfully implemented by piloting or trials.

The need to uncover the bibliographic field of work-integrated learning (WIL) stems from the increased interest to include WIL in higher education and present positive outcomes of WIL. This bibliographic review of WIL aims to understand the connectedness and trajectory of WIL in scientific publications and to explore the most influential actors. The amount of WIL research is increasing rapidly and there is global interest in the research field, even if there are dominating countries, such as Australia. From both citations, co-citations, and bibliographic coupling it is evident that there are highly influential countries, sources, publications, and authors in WIL research, which shape the bibliographic landscape of WIL. As WIL is an emerging research field, additional bibliographic reviews in coming years can show future trends in WIL research and potential differences between countries and disciplines.

Competence development at work has since long been a core managerial challenge and a topic that has received a steady research interest. In academia, the topic has been explored in what we see as two scholarly traditions: 1) the earlier scholarship on ‘competence’ where discussions of technology have largely been absent, and 2) the later scholarship on ‘digital competence’ where the focus has been on the individual’s abilities to use particular Information Technology (IT) artifacts. With the increased sophistication of digitalization in today’s society, we suggest—while attending to digitalization—competence scholarship needs to go beyond the study of individuals’ ability to use particular IT artifacts. One way to do so is to investigate how digitalization transforms work conditions, and how individuals respond to these shifts. In this study, we focus on the role of today’s cyber-infrastructural technology, such as social media, in re-writing work conditions. By examining, through in-depth interviews, how the work of communication practitioners is digitalized, we 1) extend the conceptualization of digital competence beyond the customary IT competence, and 2) suggest two levels of competence based on two empirically grounded conceptualizations; competence as the optimization of existing resources, and competence as the envisioning of new possibilities.

Studying human competence in relation with digitalization is currently an under-researched area within information systems scholarship. This paper presents a response to the contemporary calls within the IS field for studying the changes brought on by the advent of digitalization. Based on indepth interviews with professional communicators, we illustrate the effects of digitalization on the formation of work related competences. Employing a new sociotechnical system approach (Neo-STS), we analyze and illustrate the effects of digitalization in multiple ways. First, we propose that any further study of competence cannot be inadvertent to the phenomenon of digitalization. Second, we suggest a new approach for studying competence in relation with digitalization as opposed to studying "digital competence". Third, by applying a Neo-STS perspective, we provide a substantiated explanation of the transformation of competences in the work of communicators.

The purpose of the study was to examine the technical and psychological aspects necessary for a VR system to create a sense of presence in a user.

The study utilizes several theories but is primarily based on Wallergård's (2022) theory of Presence.

The results correlate with the theories of the study, and there are several associations to draw between the respondents' responses and the study's theories. It is evident that several psychological and technical aspects influence a user's perception and perspective, which in turn affects the user experience and the goal of achieving virtual presence. The study employs a qualitative interview study with practical elements. An interview study that allows respondents to visit an apartment viewing using three different techniques.

The discussion describes the shortcomings of the qualitative interview study and questions the choice of the lab environment afterwards. However, the researchers argue that they were not motivated to create their own environment due to time constraints, but also because the market from which the lab environment was obtained did not offer the solutions that the researchers could potentially have fixed.

The conclusions were that all respondents felt that the perspectives were not entirely calibrated correctly, leading to a poorer experience and a lower sense of virtual presence.