During the 2020 pandemic, there were major changes in Sweden, and it created completely new conditions in working life. One of the big changes was that several businesses had to move their operations away from the offices overnight. It was forced to create completely new conditions for the leaders to lead their employees. The study has investigated, with a focus on the leadership perspective, what challenges and opportunities the leaders face partly when it comes to leading remotely, and partly in leading in a hybrid way. Research in the past has not had a pronounced leadership perspective, which is why the aim of the study is to contribute new knowledge within the current field. The study is limited to municipal operations. Management/leadership, transactional leadership, transformed leadership, and distance work are the parts used to create a structure in the study. Transcription has taken place of seven semistructured interviews which are coded and thematically analyzed with the help of previous research. The study has arrived at several interesting results. After the leaders led remotely for several years during the pandemic, a majority wanted to maintain some distance working. They didn't want to lead completely remotely and felt that hybrid work was a good middle ground to take. It would be easier to lead the employees and they would be able to be managers more easily. The control they felt they lost during the pandemic, they can get back through this new way of leading and they can get back a good group dynamic, which was missing during the pandemic. The new leadership becomes a new variant of traditional leadership, and the hybrid leadership shows the study, and study concludes that it produces positive employees, and the manager has fewer social problems to deal with. There is also a strong connection between the leadership perspective and the employee perspective (empowerment) when it comes to the many new ways of managing a hybrid workplace. That connection did not exist during the pandemic. It shows the study when it was more of an employee perspective that led to employee leadership. Now in hybrid leadership, both parts are present. The study shows that most of the managers favored a certain distance leadership, with mandatory elements for the employees. Through that, they get the best of traditional leadership, with the best of leading remotely, which in turn has resulted in happier employees, less sick leave, and more efficiency. This does not only apply to the employees, but the same applies to the managers, the study shows.

Background: The trust reform was an initiative by the government to encourage the public sector to move from NPM to TSL. TSL means a transition from less detailed control and control in the business to increased room for manoeuvre and trust in employees' skills and abilities.

Purpose: Our aim with this study is to increase the understanding of how trust-based leadership, interpreted and applied in the public sector, from a managerial perspective.

Method: In order to fulfil the purpose of the thesis and answer the questions, a qualitative research method was chosen with semi-structured interviews.

The implementation of evidence-based methods in hospital settings is difficult and complex. The aim of the present study was to highlight the implementation process concerning a new working method, i.e. a new assessment tool, based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF), among psychiatric nursing staff on five participating wards at a Swedish county hospital. Descriptive, qualitative data were collected through focus group interviews pre- and post-implementation. Data were analysed using directed content analysis, guided by Normalization Process Theory (NPT). The results revealed that just one of the five participating wards met the criteria for a successful implementation process. The results confirm previous studies showing the difficulty of implementation. Although participants agreed with the intention of the model, they were reluctant to apply it in practice. The implementation process seemed to be influenced by factors such as: time pressure; heavy workload; stress; lack of routines in using the tool; lack of nursing staff; as well as cultural characteristics and resistance to change.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify what is practiced during collaboration exercises and possible facilitators for inter-organisational collaboration.

Design/methodology/approach Interviews with 23 participants from four exercises in Sweden were carried out during autumn 2011. Interview data were subjected to qualitative content analysis.

Findings Findings indicate that the exercises tend to focus on intra-organisational routines and skills, rather than developing collaboration capacities. What the participants practiced depended on roles and order of arrival at the exercise. Exercises contributed to practicing leadership roles, which was considered essential since crises are unpredictable and require inter-organisational decision-making.

Originality/value The results of this study indicate that the ability to identify boundary objects, such as injured/patients, was found to be important in order for collaboration to occur. Furthermore, lessons learned from exercises could benefit from inter-organisational evaluation. By introducing and reinforcing certain elements and distinct aims of the exercise, the proactive function of collaboration exercises can be clarified.

Collaboration in emergency work is challenging on many levels. The unforeseen and temporary nature of incidents presents basic challenges. Another important challenge is boundaries between specialized and autonomous emergency service organizations. We need to know more about how exercises are performed to increase the individuals and organizations preparedness for future joint response work. The aim of this study was to explore how boundary work is carried out at the incident site during exercises, and how boundary awareness is developed based on this boundary work. The analytic focus was on how boundaries were identified, negotiated and managed in the participants work. Empirically, full-scale exercises involving police, ambulance and rescue services and with repetition of practical scenarios and joint-reflection seminars are studied. Much of the work in the exercises was performed within distinct areas of expertise, in accordance with concrete routines, skills and responsibilities. Boundary work was often organized in the form of distribution of labour or creating chains of actions. The exercises shed light on challenges related to other aspects of emergency response,such as a lack of resources, diverging primary responsibilities, time-criticality and hazardous environments. The design allowed participants to explicate boundaries, test and discuss alternative solutions, and to visualize the effects of different solutions as the scenarios were repeated. The boundaries that were identified were often of institutional character, and were also related to the specific scenarios and to the actions taken in the activities. By integrating real-life experiences of collaborative work in the exercise, the exercise gained a certain meaning that was essential for the participants to develop boundary awareness.

Purpose - The purpose of this article was to identify and study common incentives for teamwork.

Design/methodology/approach - The study was designed as a case study. The case consists of teamwork at a univer-sity hospital. At the hospital, ten psychiatric teams were studied for a period of four years (2008-2011). Each team was followed for 12–18 months. Data were collected through interviews (n = 48) and observations (n = 52) of the teamwork at treatment conferences.

Findings - The common incentives identified consist of shared responsibility, appreciation and long-sightedness. The incidence of a silent contract is highlighted as an explanation for the team's cohesion.

Research limitations/implications - The study is conducted in a public organisation within one field. The results should therefore be interpreted with some caution.

Practical implications - The study is useful for practitioners to understand the importance of common incentives as a collective driving force. By developing well-adapted common incentives, the practical work can be developed, refined and improved.

Originality/value - The significance of common incentives and the unspoken contract in the team is identified.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to study how psychiatric doctors practise leadership in multidisciplinary healthcare teams. The paper seeks to answer the question: How do psychiatric doctors lead multidisciplinary teams during treatment conferences?

Design/methodology/approach: Six psychiatric teams were studied at a university hospital. Each team was observed over a period of 18 months, and data were collected during four years (2008-2011). Data were collected through interviews with doctors (n19) and observations (n30) of doctors’ work in multidisciplinary psychiatric teams.

Findings: Doctors in a multidisciplinary team use either self-imposed or involuntary leadership style. Oscillating between these two extremes was a strategy for handling the internal tensions of the team.

Research limitations/implications: The study was a case study, performed during treatment conferences at psychiatric wards in a university hospital. This limitation means that there is cause for some caution in generalising the results.

Practical implications: The results are useful for understanding leadership in multidisciplinary medical teams. By understanding the reversible logic of leadership, cooperation and knowledge sharing can be gained, which means that a situation of mere peaceful coexistence can be avoided. Understanding the importance of the informal contract makes it possible to switch leadership among team members. A reversible leadership with an informal contract makes the team less vulnerable. The team’s professionals can thus easily handle dif cult situations and internal tensions, facilitating leadership and management of multidisciplinary teams.

Originality/value: Doctors in multidisciplinary psychiatric teams use reversible leadership

logic.

Sammantaget ger ekonomicheferna uttryck för att de har ett tämligen gottinflytande över frågor som handlar om regelverk, normer, organisationsstrukturoch graden av delegation. Med tanke på att den totala svarsfrekvensenuppgår till 77 procent kan vi uttala oss tämligen väl om de undersökta tjänstemännensuppfattningar. Detta reser en rad intressanta frågor. Vilken gradav frihet och delegering är lämplig i en kommun? Hur ska man balanserakontroll, insyn och transparens mot ökade administrativa kostnader? Hurska man väga demokrati mot effektivitet? Frågan om graden av delegering handlar om en löpande avvägning mellanflexibilitet och kontroll. Frågan är vad som ska prioriteras mest i vilket lägeoch vilka delar som ska prioriteras på bekostnad av annat? Var betoningeni dessa frågor ska ligga är föremål för en ständig pendelrörelse över tid. Ibland betonas flexibilitet och i andra lägen kontroll. Detta hänger nära ihopmed kommunens regler, rutiner och ansvarstagande.

Purpose: The overall purpose of the article was to study how doctors practise leadership in multidisciplinary teams. The article seeks to answer the question: Which approach do doctors use to lead multidisciplinary psychiatric teams?

Methodology: Six psychiatric teams were studied at a university hospital. Each team was followed for eighteen months. Data were collected during a period of four years (2008–2011). Data were collected through interviews with doctors (n = 19) and observations (n = 30) of doctors’ work in a multidisciplinary psychiatric team.

Findings: Doctors in a multidisciplinary team use either self-imposed or involuntary leadership. Oscillating between these two extremes is called reversible leadership.

Research limitations: The study was performed at a psychiatric ward during treatment conferences in a university hospital. This limitation means that there is cause for some caution in interpreting the results.

Practical implications: The results are useful for understanding leadership in multidisciplinary teams within the health and medical care system. The reversible leadership means that doctors can more easily oscillate from difficult situations and deal with internal tensions, facilitating leadership and management of the multidisciplinary team in the intended direction.

Originality / value: Doctors in multidisciplinary psychiatric teams use reversible leadership.

This study is about leadership and decision-making in psychiatric teams. To manage healthcare, cross-organisational work has been used as a working method in teamwork.

The overall aim of the study was to study how leadership and decision-making are applied in psychiatric teams. The issues addressed are: to describe and to understand how leadership in psychiatric teams is applied, to describe and to understand how decision-making in psychiatric teams is applied, explain why there are potential differences between talk and practice, and to explain why teamwork is applied in psychiatry.

The study's theoretical framework is based on the challenges that arise when teamwork is organised in a multi-professional context. In the study, decision theory, leadership theory and new institutional theory are used to help to link together and provide explanations for behaviour patterns of professions.

The study's data were collected between 2008–2011 through interviews, observations and document studies. Total study consists of 101 interviews with 111 informants. Observations have been done of 10 teams on 132 occasions for a total of 230 hours. Observations have focused on the teamwork carried out in the treatment conferences.

The study shows that: 1) there is an informal contract in teams that governs who does what in different situations, 2) doctors applied a reversible leadership where they alternated between the involuntary and the self-imposed, 3) teams used decision norms that are governed by situation-specific micro-codes, 4) there is an episodic culture which decreased the incentive to provide preventive and long-term treatment, 5) teamwork was used to provide the opportunity for solidarity, classification and control, and 6) there was no striving for perfection in decision-making; instead, the teams were satisfied with an acceptable level that everyone could agree on.

SammanfattningSyfte: Syftet med artikeln är att beskriva och problematisera läkares ledarskap i team. Arti-keln syftar till att besvara frågan; Hur utövar läkare ledarskap i team?Design/metod: Studien är designad i form av en fallstudie. Sex psykiatriska team har stude-rats vid ett universitetssjukhus. Varje team har följts under 18 månader. Datainsamlingen har gjorts under totalt fyra år (2008-2011). Data har samlats in genom intervjuer med läkare (n=19) och observationer (n=60) av läkares arbete i team.Resultat: Läkares ledarskap i team utövas i en dualistisk pendlingsprocess mellan självpåta-get och ofrivilligt, vilket benämns reversibelt ledarskap.Begränsningar: Studien är gjord på psykiatriska avdelningar i en organisation. Det finns därför anledning till viss försiktighet vid tolkningen av resultaten.Praktiska implikationer: Resultaten är användbara för att förstå teamledarskapets dualism. Reversibelt ledarskap kan leda till ökad osäkerhet och försvaga teamets proaktiva förmåga.Originalitet: Läkarens ledarskap i team lyfts fram som reversibelt, antingen självpåtaget och frivilligt, eller påtvingat och ofrivilligt.Nyckelord:

Abstract Rationale, aims and objectives  In this article, ideal conceptions about teamwork are tested. The research question posed is: How are teams in psychiatry formed? Three theoretical concepts that distinguish groups from teams are presented: sequentiality, parallelism and synchronicity. The presumption is that groups cooperate sequentially and teams synchronously, while the parallel work mode is a transitional form between group and team. Methods  Three psychiatric outpatient teams at a university hospital specialist clinic were studied. Data were collected through 25 personal interviews and 82 hours of observations. The data collection was carried out over 18 months (2008–2009). Results  Results show: (1) that the three theoretical distinctions between group and team need to be supplemented with two intermediate forms, semiparallel and semisynchronous teamwork; and (2) that teamwork is not characterized by striving towards a synchronous ideal but instead is marked by an adaptive interaction between sequential, parallel and synchronous working modes. Conclusions  The article points to a new intermediate stage between group and team. This intermediate stage is called semiparallel teamwork. The study shows that practical teamwork is not characterized by a synchronous ideal, but rather is about how to adaptively find acceptable solutions to a series of practical problems. The study emphasizes the importance of the team varying between different working modes, so-called semisystematics.

Bokinfo: 

Människobehandlande organisationer är en antologi som ger en bred överblick över välfärdens kärnverksamheter, vården, skolan och omsorgen, och beskriver vad som utmärker och skiljer dessa verksamheter från privata företag och organisationer när det gäller uppdrag, organisation, ledarskap och förändringsarbete.

I den första utgåvan från 2015 var utgångspunkten de förändringar som globaliseringen, teknikutvecklingen och marknadiseringen i form av New Public Management (NPM) medfört för de människobehandlande organisationerna. I denna andra utgåva har författarna, förutom att uppdatera och förnya innehållet utifrån aktuell forskning, även tagit hänsyn till andra betydande händelser i omvärlden, som flyktingkrisen i mitten av 2010-talet och coronapandemin. Dessutom har de följt upp det ökande intresset för granskning och kontroll och den växande kritiken mot NPM. Är alternativet en mer tillitsbaserad ledning och styrning inom välfärdssektorn?

Sex nya kapitel har tillkommit. De tar upp kunskapsbildning och forskning om människobehandlande organisationer, migration och flyktingmottagande, hur man hanterar hög belastning inom grässrotsbyråkratier, standardisering och horisontell kunskapsstyrning, chefers roll och vardag inom socialtjänsten samt tillsyn inom social barnavård.

Människobehandlande organisationer vänder sig till studerande på socionom-, läkar-, vård- och lärarutbildningar liksom studerande inom ekonomi, statsvetenskap, psykologi, sociologi och offentlig förvaltning. Den är även avsedd för praktiskt verksamma i människobehandlande organisationer.

Bokens redaktörer Staffan Johansson, Peter Dellgran och Staffan Höjer är professorer i socialt arbete vid Göteborgs universitet. Övriga författare är forskare inom socialt arbete eller angränsande områden vid ett flertal svenska universitet.

The purpose of this paper is to study what professional emergency personnel learn during collaboration exercises and the benefits of what they have learned. Observations (n=19) and semistructured interviews (n=32) were carried out in conjunction with major exercises held in Sweden (2007–2012). The results show that exercises tend to be based on its own logic, which differs from actual events. Exercise participants believe that they mainly learn single-track, parallel and path-dependent behavior. The exercises do not facilitate the use of cross-boundary activities. This means that learning as well as benefits of the exercises for actual events is limited. The exercises would be more appropriate if those participating had the opportunity to identify weaknesses, try alternative ways as well as had the opportunity to have comprehensive organizational analyses at the conclusion of the exercises. Based on the results of the study, alternative models for the exercises are suggested that contain elements, which develop collaboration and contribute to learning.

This study identifies hidden artefacts in a public organisation. In contrast to earlier studies, itfocuses on artefacts as concealing rather than conveying meaning. Negligent behaviour causedby an unpopular culture was recognised in five psychiatric wards at a Swedish universityhospital. Data comprising observations (87 h) and interviews (n = 60) were collected over aperiod of 48months (2008–2011). Four different items used in everyday work representing adeeper meaning of the organisation were identified during the observations. The items selectedwere work attire, nametags, keys and restraint beds. These were considered particularly promisingwhen it came to the aim of the study, namely, to find out how artefacts are camouflaged. Theobservations and the interviews revealed that these were controversial and contested artefacts inthe organisation. The study uses the term ‘cultural camouflage’ for behaviour that ignores andconsciously conceals symbols that have negative values. This concept contrasts with previousresearch that shows how artefacts are emphasised and how they contribute to the character ofthe activity in a transparent way. Conservative and backward-looking behaviour among staffprovided one explanation as to why artefacts were concealed. Another was the need to establishharmonious internal interactions.

Purpose – Earlier studies have identified artefacts, but have only to a lesser degree looked at theireffects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how artefacts contribute to organisation. Design/methodology/approach – A trauma team at a university hospital has been observed andits members interviewed. Findings – The trauma team showed itself to be rich on artefacts since it had strong internal drivingforces, high legitimacy, and tried to live up to high expectations from the outside. Its members were motivated to be in the forefront of trauma care. Through renewal, the team succeeded in maintaining demarcation. It also succeeded in systemising internal work tasks and made for itself a position in relation to the outside. The team's capacity, however, came to be limited by internal conflicts and battles for prestige. Practical implications – The study shows that informal logic has a strong influence on teams.Teamwork contributed to the development of organisational structure and motivation for the personnel. Originality/value – Earlier studies advocate the important role of artefacts in order to communicate, collaborate, negotiate or coordinate activities. The conclusion is that artefacts also have an organising and developing effect on teams in a fragmented and differentiated healthcare.

In this article, we studied collaboration exercises (3LC) between the rescue services, ambulance services, and police force, which were developed to enhance learning and usefulness. The exercises’ structure was based on identified deficiencies in previous collaboration exercises. The purpose was to test the exercise model in terms of learning and usefulness. Ten 3LC exercises were observed. A total of 65 semi-structured interviews were conducted (2011–2014) in connection with the exercises. The exercises contained across-boundary elements, seminars, and interactive documentation. The participants were given the opportunity to discuss, analyze, and critically reflect on their efforts. During the seminars, the individual actions were analyzed, which led to alternative strategies that were subsequently tested in a repeated exercise. Our results demonstrate that repetitive features and seminars during collaboration exercises promote learning toward an organic behavior and usefulness in the actual incident work.

Samverkan mellan olika yrkesprofessioner på en olycksplats är komplicerat. Mycket på grund av att förväntningarna inte alltid överensstämmer med förutsättningarna. I boken problematiseras agerandet på olycksplatsen. Friktionen mellan yrkesprofessioner lyfts fram och olika beteendemönster diskuteras.I boken tar författarna samverkan från retorik till ett praktiskt redskap, något som är möjligt att konkretisera och utföra praktiskt i det dagliga arbetet. Boken utgör samtidigt en introduktion till övningstekniken 3-nivåsamverkan (3-NS).I den här boken bjuds på flera närgångna beskrivningar. Medarbetare från fältet berättar om sina erfarenheter av samverkan, hur den tillämpas, om vilka möjligheter som finns och vilka svårigheter som behöver hanteras.Boken riktar sig till alla som arbetar i eller i anslutning till blåljusorganisationer. Den kan med fördel användas som lärobok för universitets- och högskolestuderande som läser till yrken inom polis, räddningstjänst eller ambulanssjukvård. Boken passar också för vidareutbildning av redan yrkesverksamma. Den kan även med fördel läsas av forskare, tjänstemän och politiker med intresse för hur framtidens blåljusorganisationer ska ledas, organiseras och styras.

This study relates to collaboration exercises, with particular focus on the full-scale exercises between the police, rescue services and ambulance. To succeed in a complex situation, it requires that the personnel’s ability to collaborate across organisations be developed and refined.

The overall aim of this study was to examine how collaboration is practised and how exercises lead to learning and usefulness. A research summary was initially done in this study. Based on that, a number of key concepts were developed that proved helpful when we followed the Swedish collaboration exercises through interviews and observations. The collected analysis has since been the basis for the design of a new exercise model, 3LC, three-level collaboration. It is based on the experiences we have had in studies of traditional exercises.

The 3LC exercises that were conducted consisted of two practical sessions and three seminars. Each session was followed by an evaluative seminar with the aim that participants themselves would reflect and develop their patterns of behaviour. The two practical sessions were identical. It gave the participants the opportunity to rehearse and methodically try new approaches. The first exercise session was carried out according to the procedures that normally apply and govern the actions at an actual event. The second exercise session was preceded by a self-critical seminar where participants themselves identified what could be improved for the next exercise session.

The research project was carried out from 2011 to 2014. A total of 19 collaboration exercises were studied, including 16 full-scale exercises. A total of 97 interviews and 125 hours of observation were carried out in this study. A questionnaire (CLU instrument) was developed, which was answered by 272 exercise participants.

The study shows that collaborative sessions in the exercises contributed to the participants learning more and having greater usefulness from the exercises. 3LC exercises were perceived to enhance learning by 26 per cent and usefulness by 17 per cent, compared with traditional exercises. Collaborative exercises are benefitted when participants analyse their weaknesses themselves. Repetitive elements where participants try out alternative strategies improve preparedness prior to actual events.

In this paper, the focus is on emergency exercises between the police, rescue services and ambulance. By practising, it is assumed that the conditions improve for a quick normalisation after an incident. The purpose of this paper is to identify whether the exercises are designed after organic action logic and therefore can be assumed to strengthen the ability to handle emergencies. Data have been collected at two large, regional, full-scale exercises (2008 and 2012). Data collection has been done through observations and document studies. The study shows that mechanistic behaviour is quite prevalent in the two studied exercises. They are time consuming and put little emphasis on practising organic behaviour. Too complex exercise scenarios contribute to a low tempo, long waiting periods and slow implementation. To succeed, the exercises need to have a non-linear time sequence and limited scenarios that invite participants to focus on organisational interfaces.

This article reviews the traditions of the health care industry while challenged by trends. Strong professions, ambiguous and contradictory aims, and a lack of resources have contributed to difficulties managing contradictory needs. One way to handle the situation is to introduce systems based on freedom of choice, inter organisational and professional work, and an improved degree of flexibility. The trends are mainly influenced by New Public Management control models. The mixture of new and traditional types of management control has produced organisational hybrids. These organisational hybrids have contributed to organisational tensions from the old as well as the new in an inconsistent but regenerating way.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study why collaboration among police, fire, and ambulance services is minimised at accident scenes. Design/methodology/approach - Observations and semi-structured interviews were carried out during 2007-2008. The data material comprises a total of 248 hours of observations on 20 occasions and 57 interviews with 80 people.Findings - The study identifies the difference between rhetoric and practice in connection with accident work. Collaboration is seen as a rhetorical ideal rather than something that is carried out in normal practice. Asymmetry, uncertainty and lack of incentives are important explanations as to why only limited forms of collaboration are actually implemented.Research limitations/implications - The paper shows a distinction between collaboration as rhetoric and practical collaboration at accident scenes. Practical implications The article proposes a multi-faceted collaboration concept. In this way, collaboration can be developed and refined.Originality/value - The results of the study show that police, fire, and ambulance services want to develop excellent forms of collaboration at the accident scene, but avoid this as it leads to uncertainty and asymmetries and because of a lack of incentives. However, simpler forms of collaboration may be realistic in the organisation of everyday work at accident scenes. 

The aim of the study was to examine the emergency personnel’s perception of the effects of exercises, with regard to learning and usefulness. The exercises were quasi-experimental and constructed in such a way that employees from different organizations overlapped each other’s tasks. This was accomplished by: having asymmetries included in the scenarios, repeating exercise procedures and testing different strategies, which were discussed at joint seminars. The exercises were compared to a similar study, published in this journal, of nonquasi-experimental but merely traditional exercises. Surveys were distributed and collected from emergency personnel in connection with seven exercises. At the exercises, 94.3% of the personnel thought that the exercises had a focus on collaboration (traditional exercises, 75.6%).

I den här studien fokuseras den starka passion som finns för typologier inom teamforskningen. Det finns typologier av teamprocesser, strukturella teamtyper och modeller för implementering av teamarbete. Vid första anblicken kan man i vissa fall få intrycket av att modellerna utvecklats utan att vara baserade på empiriska fynd och i andra fall att modeller blir en sorts självuppfyllande profetior som döljer möjligheten att urskilja variationer ur empiriska fynd.

Syftet med denna artikel är att granska samband mellan ett antal typologier och diskutera varför teamarbete uttrycks som stegvisa utvecklingsmodeller. Speciellt fokus läggs på trestegsmodeller, så kallade triader.

Vi har identifierat och analyserat fem teoretiska triader som beskriver teamarbete. Forskningsfrågan för denna artikel är: Är teamtypologierna värderande på så sätt att de särskiljer excellenta team från mindre framgångsrika, eller klassificerar de utan att värdera teamens grad av excellens? Är de teoretiska modellerna sorterande eller värderande?

This article provides a systematic review of the literature on backsourcing. The aim is to synthesize existing literature in order to compare and analyze similarities and differences in backsourcing in the private and public sectors. The study asks questions about: which methods and theories have been used, why backsourcing has been implemented, and what reasons have been described for backsourcing. The study is based on an analysis of 500 articles about backsourcing and 33 articles in the final data set. The results show that backsourcing is primarily caused by: increased costs, lack of quality, and contract problems in the private sector, along with loss of control, cost saving, and changed strategy in the public sector. The study's synthesis highlights three explanations for how backsourcing is managed and interpreted in both the sectors. The article contributes specifically to summarizing current research on backsourcing, synthesizing how backsourcing has been studied, illustrating gaps in the research, as well as explaining relevant differences between private and public backsourcing. 

Den här studien handlar om interorganisatorisk samverkan inom vård och omsorg. Här studeras vilka strategier som första och andra linjens kommunala chefer använder för att få till stånd en fungerande samverkan. Hur ser hindren ut och vilka strategier och överväganden gör cheferna för att övervinna dem. Den fråga som därför behandlas i denna rapport är; vilka strategier an-vänder kommunala chefer inom vård och omsorg för att implementera samverkan? I studien har data samlats in genom att 21 chefer inom vård och omsorg intervjuats. De chefer som medverkat i studien har alla varit verksamma i kommuner som deltagit i det Nationella kommunforskningsprogrammet, vilka är Borås, Göteborg, Lund, Norrköping, Piteå, Sjöbo och Stockholm. I studien har tre centrala iakttagelser gjorts. Dessa handlar om; 1) att cheferna väljer en form av situationsanpassad strategi beroende på vad sam-verkan har för syfte och med vilka aktörer som samverkan ska genomföras, 2) att cheferna behöver hantera den upplevda intressekonflikten som finns mellan att ta ansvar för den "egna verksamheten" samtidigt som de förväntas ta ansvar för samverkan med andra organisationer och 3) att cheferna har svårt att hantera sitt chefsansvar vid samverkan. Samverkan där linjestyrningen utmanas eller kompletteras med horisontell styrning är lösare reglerad vilket kan leda till oklar ansvarsfördelning och diffus arbetsdelning. Här kan chefer behöva tillägna sig andra uttryck för att utöva sitt ledarskap då den traditionella chefsrollen inte är lika väl anpassad till styrning vid samverkans-situationer.

I den här boken får du möjlighet att bekanta dig med de styrmodeller som har tillämpats inom vården under de senaste decennierna. Författarna ger en bild av vad de olika modellerna tenderar att leda till på kort respektive lång sikt. Trender, regler, resultat, arbetsfördelning och de speciella förutsättningar som gäller för styrning i professionella organisationer behandlas.Boken riktar sig till utbildningar inom hälso- och sjukvårdsadministration, vårdvetenskap, socialt arbete, arbetsvetenskap, offentlig förvaltning, företagsekonomi och service management samt till praktiskt yrkesverksamma. Den kan även med fördel läsas av forskare, tjänstemän och politiker med intresse för hur framtidens hälso- och sjukvård ska organiseras och styras.

Hälso- och sjukvården står i dag inför en rad ekonomiska, demografiska och medicinska utmaningar. Hur den ska styras och organiseras blir därför en angelägen fråga. Den här boken, som nu kommer i sin andra upplaga, beskriver några av de styrmodeller som har tillämpats inom vården under de senaste decennierna. Hit hör exempelvis beställarstyrning, kundvalsmodellen, balanserad styrning, teamarbete, prestationsfinansering och processorientering. Författarna lyfter fram fördelar och nackdelar med de olika modellerna och visar vad de tenderar att leda till på kort respektive lång sikt. 

This article aims to study whether exercises contribute to learning that can be useful in actual emergency work. It reports the findings of a study about professional emergency personnel’s perceptions of the impact of collaboration exercises. Surveys were distributed and collected from emergency personnel in conjunction with three collaboration exercises that took place in Sweden in spring 2012. The survey included personnel holding different positions within the police department, fire department and ambulance services. Among them were also operational personnel such as officers. A total of 94 professional emergency personnel agreed to participate by answering the survey. The response rate was 95%.The study shows that collaborative elements in exercises contribute to perceived learning (R2 = 0:53), and that learning, in turn, has a perceived beneficial effect on actual emergency work (R2 = 0:26).The perceived results of collaboration,learning and their impact on actual emergency work, however, are moderate.The exercises were characterised by long waiting times and gave few opportunities to practise different strategies. Only a few respondents felt that they learned something about the collaborating organisations’ ways of communicating and prioritising. Many also thought that the exercises were more useful for command officers than for operational personnel.Thus, the study shows that by strengthening the collaborative elements of the exercises, the perception of the participants’ actual emergency work can be developed.

Team är populära, inte minst inom vård, behandling och omsorg.Trots att det börjar bli en väl etablerad företeelse tycks teamfortfarande stå för förnyelse och nytänkande. Teamarbete harsåledes kommit att få en allt viktigare roll.

I denna antologi behandlas frågor som: Varför uppstår team? Vadgör team nödvändiga? Vad är utmärkande för olika typer av team? Vad skapar väl fungerande team? Vilka effekter får teamarbete förverksamheten? Du som läsare bjuds på både kritiska betraktelser,utvecklingsspår och verktyg.

Boken vänder sig till studerande och forskare vid högskolor ochuniversitet samt till praktiskt verksamma inom vård-, behandlingsochomsorgsorganisationer. De olika kapitlen kan läsas friståendeoch ger var för sig en god bild av teamets funktion.

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Team i vård, behandling och omsorg förmedlar en unikinsikt och förståelse kring teamarbetes betydelse, funktionssätt och utmaningar baserad på omfattande och mångårig forskning. Boken förtjänar därför attanvändas inom alla utbildningar på högskolenivå som är inriktade mot vård- och omsorg.

Stefan Tengblad, professor i företagsekonomi

Today there is a development in Sweden towards reforming the public sector with the help of information technology (IT). The international name for this is eGovernment. This is a political decision aiming  not only for  increased IT-use in the public sector, but also for  the implementation of  an organizational change within the municipalities in Sweden. This has led to several Swedish municipalities customer centres having been established.

The main function of a municipal customer centre is to supply services to the citizens more efficiently by primarily using telephone and ICTtechnology in order to handle customer contacts. The employees at  the customer centres are educated in different subject  areas in order to being able to directly answer and solve routine questions and tasks from the citizens that are not too complicated without having to send the questions to the back office of the organisation. This paper aims to analyze some of the consequences for the citizens.

The empirical data comes  from four municipalities in Sweden and the research method of the study is qualitative (semi-structured telephone-interviews with citizens and recorded interviews with different personnel categories from three municipalities) . The analyzing model used is the “the MOA-model”. It was implemented in order to analyze the establishment’s focus on the customers and it was also used as this study’s  theoretical frame of reference.

The main result shows that the establishment of the customer centres is something positive from the  citizens’ point of view. E.g., the accessibility to the public municipal service has increased for most of the citizens and their experience of the delivered service via the telephone contacts was positive, as well as the registering of every issue with the customer centre which implies that the citizens can govern the needs for public municipality service. However, there are some negative aspects, e.g. the use of touch tone, and  there is still a risk of creating a digital divide, especially among  elderly citizens.

Keywords: Public customer centres, citizens, e-governance, municipality, New Public Management

The constitutional local autonomy of Swedish municipalities aims to relate democracy and public administration to local distinctiveness. It relies on the idea of subsidiarity and rests on the idea of a local common and the citizen’s own inter-pretation of common problems and activities. This gives a unique opportunity to develop Swedish municipalities as slow cities. In Sweden there are some local food initiatives focusing on local and traditional production, hospitality and delivering. However, to live slow is also about how, where and when everyday life take place. This in spite of that all municipalities have explicit sustainability policies. A reason for this could be the dominating discourse of welfare efficiency, production and growth.

   One of the most recent approach to keep up the image as well as the practice of Sweden as a sustainable but still efficient, fast and well-organized state is e-government. The high Internet penetration among Swedes opens for as well as asks for improved and developed governmental services on-line. In Sweden, a recent governmental action plan stresses the importance of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in order to effectively develop the Swedish public administration with the aim to ”make it as simple as possible for as many as possible” leading to improved accessibility for all citizens. This has led to that public municipal contact centers have been established. Contacts centers are both physical and on-line. E-government could be considered as fast government, but in this paper we will try to turn that obvious first impression up-side down. We will conceptual argue that municipal contact centers are a tool towards improved sustainability, localism and slowing up administration.

   Thus there are two main implications of contact centers, they localize public services and they combine different services into a one-stop practice. This strives to provide a ‘holistic’ approach of the individual in relation to the governmental administration. The conclusions of the paper are a double modeling. Firstly, we point out the implications of time-geographical modeling of slow processes. Secondly, we place e-government and contact centers in this model. Policy implications relate both to the conceptualization of slow processes and the potential to further develop municipal contact centers.

The emerging information society challenges relations between public agencies and citizens in many ways. Providing e-services on the Internet and using other forms of information and communication technologies are basic components of e-government. E-services as such are innovations – even if the service itself existed before – as they are a new way of producing and organizing the service. For secure use and successful implementation of innovations in public contexts, the innovation must be considered legitimate and related to policies.

   The European Union and all other levels of government form policies, which are translated among the various levels to manage the useful, secure praxis of e-services. Translation in organisational terms takes place across governmental levels in the multi-level governance chain and secondarily from technical to administrative settings. Since the Swedish public administration relies on a dual steering approach, with strong, constitutionally mandated regional and local autonomy, such policies cannot be forced onto regional and local public agencies. Instead, European and national policy statements become soft policy instruments in the local context, and their implications rely on local uptake in the specific setting and on the competencies of the professionals in local public administration. 

   Since this is a new, emerging field of innovative policy and practice, our analysis will build on an inductive methodological approach. The theoretical framework of policy and technology translation allows inclusion of this broad process of changes. Our focus here on the translation process is to highlight translations both across levels in multi-level settings and as constructions of meanings of security. The conclusion is that the organizational settings of multi-level governance are greater constraints than new technology for implementation of public e-services.