The geographical land area of Sweden and Norway is separated by a national border. The national border is the longest in Europe and sets apart the Swedish and Norwegian area of aw. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of the national border between Sweden and Norway on the process of urban management in border close areas. This is carried out by studying the border overhaul of the national border, cross-border buildings and property units whose property exit crosses the national border.

The study has been made with three modes of procedure consisting of a study of literature,interviews with specialists and examination of cadastral dossiers. For the study of literature relevant text of law, legal preparatory work and doctrine has been studied. Interviews with specialists and examination of cadastral dossiers has been carried out to gather information which couldn’t be gathered by the study of literature.The extension of the national border is regulated in Swedish law in ordinance of the national border between Sweden and Norway (SFS 1989:809) and in Norwegian law in law of border supervision and border control of people (LOV nr 8, 20/04/2018), which both refers to agreements between the nations from 1661 and 1751. Overhauls of the national border are carried out jointly by the countries in accordance with the mentioned agreements. Construction of buildings on the national border takes place through cooperation between Sweden and Norway. A problem with construction of buildings onthe national border is that it is interpreted to be contrary to terms in the mentioned agreements, which means that an exception from the regulations must be made. Who should make such a decision isn’t obvious. Out of all the examined property units whose property exit crosses the national border, none of them have a legislated right to use the property exit. The property units fulfills the demands of adequacy regulated in the third chapter first article of the Swedish property formation act (SFS 1970:988) unless the national border isn’t threatened to close, which was the case during the covid pandemic 2020-2022.

The conclusion that can be drawn is that the Swedish law for the national border needs to be reviewed because the law is lacking in what applies for example construction of a building on the border. Swedish and Norwegian laws are in many aspects alike which makes coordination between the countries function well for actions within the process of urban management in border close areas. However the closing of the national border due to the pandemic has caused consequences the law couldn’t foresee and a need for restrictions and regulations seem imminent 

Många fastigheter har inte tillgång till egen strand men kan ändå ha ett behov av brygga. Det skulle kunna vara för att transportera sig till och från fastigheten. Har fastigheten inte tillgång till egen strand kan det då bli aktuellt att säkerställa rätten till brygga över någon annans mark. Rättslig tillgång till brygga skulle kunna ordnas genom avtal eller en ansökan om förrättning hos Lantmäterimyndigheten (LM). Lagstiftaren klargör att servitut för brygg kan inrättas om det är av väsentlig betydelse för fastighetens ändamålsenliga användning enligt 7:1 fastighetsbildningslagen (FBL).Syftet med studien är att klargöra rättsläget för inrättande av förrättningsservitut för brygga samt att undersöka hur Lantmäteriet hanterar denna fråga i praktiken. För att kunna uppnå syftet med studien har gällande rätt, förarbeten och rättspraxis studerats för att få en djupare förståelse av gällande rätt samt hur lagen ska tillämpas. För att se hur förrättningslantmätare (FLM) hanterade inrättande av förrättningsservitut för brygga studerades genomförda förrättningar och en FLM intervjuades. Syftet med intervjun var att få en större inblick för det praktiska förrättningsarbetet samt hur FLM tänker vid inrättande av servitut för brygga.

Rättspraxis används för att se hur gällande rätt ska tillämpas. Utifrån de rättspraxis som har valts ut och studeras är domstolarna överens om att fastigheter har ett väsentligt behov av brygga om de är belägna på en ö utan fastlandsförbindelse eller annan möjlighet än via båt att ta sig till fastigheten.I studien har 42 förrättningar gällande bryggservitut studerats. Förrättningarna analyseradesutifrån flera faktorer som FLM ska ta hänsyn till vid inrättande av förrättningsservitut för brygga. Detta för att sedan kunna se om det är någon skillnad mellan gällande rätt, rättspraxis och FLM:s beslut om servitut för brygga.Det har tydligt framgått i studien att gällande rätt och rättspraxis är strikt i sin bedömning gällande förrättningsservitut för brygga medan FLM inte är lika strikta. Sammanfattningsvist visar studien på att det finns skillnader i hur gällande rätt är tänkt att tillämpas och hur den tillämpas i praktiken. Exempelvis redovisar rättspraxis tydligt och utförligt vilka paragrafer som ska prövas och tolkas vilket FLM inte tycks göra samt att de allmänna skydden prövas i en större utsträckning än vad de enskilda gör.

Högsta domstolen (HD) har meddelat dom i det s.k. järnrörsmålet – domstolen själv benämner målet ”Mobilfilmen” – mellan klaganden Sveriges Television AB (SVT) och motparten Kent Ekeroth. HD fastställde domslutet från Svea Hovrätt, Patent- och marknadsöverdomstolen (PMÖD), 2019-07-15, PMT 1473-18. PMÖD:s domslut har tidigare kommenterats av Rosén.

Järnrörsmålet i HD – yttrandefriheten får stå tillbaka för upphovsrätten

Högsta Domstolens dom den 18 mars 2020 (T 4412-19)

All countries distinguish between minors and adults for various legal purposes. Recent U.S. Supreme Court cases concerning the legal status of juveniles have consulted psychological science to decide where to draw these boundaries. However, little is known about the robustness of the relevant research, because it has been conducted largely in the U.S. and other Western countries. To the extent that lawmakers look to research to guide their decisions, it is important to know how generalizable the scientific conclusions are. The present study examines 2 psychological phenomena relevant to legal questions about adolescent maturity: cognitive capacity, which undergirds logical thinking, and psychosocial maturity, which comprises individuals' ability to restrain themselves in the face of emotional, exciting, or risky stimuli. Age patterns of these constructs were assessed in 5,227 individuals (50.7% female), ages 10-30 (M = 17.05, SD = 5.91) from 11 countries. Importantly, whereas cognitive capacity reached adult levels around age 16, psychosocial maturity reached adult levels beyond age 18, creating a "maturity gap" between cognitive and psychosocial development. Juveniles may be capable of deliberative decision making by age 16, but even young adults may demonstrate "immature" decision making in arousing situations. We argue it is therefore reasonable to have different age boundaries for different legal purposes: 1 for matters in which cognitive capacity predominates, and a later 1 for matters in which psychosocial maturity plays a substantial role. © 2019 American Psychological Association.

The diffusion of international human rights norms through the enforcement of international human rights law by courts has been explored by both scholars of international relations and international law. Turkey, which has been a state party to most international human rights treaties despite being a major violator of human rights, is the case in this paper. It examines norm diffusion in the area of women’s rights through court action in a patriarchal culture protected and represented by a deeply patriarchal state and judiciary. By looking at the legal processes, domestic and international, through which the issue of the right of Turkish women to keep their maiden names after marriage has gone, this paper argues that norm diffusion through court action can be triggered even in difficult cases such as changing gendered norms and describes the conditions and mechanisms that make these changes more likely.

This study aims to examine in how many cases 15 different buildingcommittee’s in differentmunicipalities in Västra Götalands county, administer a building sanction fee for a violationof rules in the Swedish plan- och bygglagen (PBL) and also when the municipalities is unableto administer a fee. The study also aims to present how the buildingcommittee do to calculatethe fee (what they are basing their fee on) which can be found in the Swedish plan- ochbyggförordningen (PBF). It is also regulated in both PBL and PBF when thebuildingcommittee should administer a fee. PBL 11:51 states that the buildingcommittee should administer a fee for a violation that has not been wilful or by negligence.PBF 6:5 states that some procedures that do not require permission from thebuildingcommittee still requires you to notify and a starting permission to be administeredfrom the buildingcommittee. It can as an example be procedures that concern people’s healthand security. This study shall primarily examine when the buildingcommittee in differentmunicipalities is able and also how often they apply PBL 11:53 a, that gives thebuildingcommittee an opportunity in a single case to lower a fee that is not in a reasonableproportion to the violation that has been committed. How do different municipalities do to lower a fee that is not in a reasonable proportion to the violation that has been committed? Is the current jurisprudence and the law strictly applied in all cases or are the municipalities able to interpret the law in a more free way? How well are the decisions the municiplatities do motivated? The preparatory work of the law has been studied and summarized to givethe reader an overview of the lawmaker’s intention with the law.One of the primary purposes of the law was to give municipalities an opportunity to lowerthe building fee, by providing municipalities with a tool and a certain freedom in theirassessment regarding unlawful violations to the rules in PBL and PBF. This is possible withthe opportunity to lower the fee to half or one quarter of the original fee, these twopossibilities has been chosen to lower the chance of unequal treatment for certain individuals.Furthermore, a study of the law and on significant jurisprudence has been carried out andcompared with how the buildingcommittee have resolved their cases when they decide tolower the fee. Lastly a conclusion has been drawn on how well the different municipalitiesresolve their cases in line with current jurisprudence, what problems occur when applyingthe law and if the law has a clear way of interpreting the law or if unequal treatment persists.

In order to have a rational and fair community building, it is important that the rules of the Swedish Expropriation act for negotiations in land access situations are interpreted and treated in an equal way in each situation. This is to contribute to the sustainable development of society where infrastructure is an important part of a country's ability to develop both economically and socially. In land access, you are faced with a variety of parameters that need to be addressed, and by creating a methodology how to solve the compensation issues for different situations, a more efficient process can be created.The work aims to explain what the current law is in matters regarding the Swedish Transport Administration’s obligations in case of partial expropriation for the construction of road and rail. The aim is also to clarify the current law of the individual's right to compensation when their individual water and/or sewerage facilities are part of the land being partially expropriated. Furthermore, the aim is to create a basis in the form of a valuation model so that the Swedish Transport Administration can in the future issue both equal and legal compensations. In order to achieve the goal of clarifying the issue, an interview study has been conducted with experts as well as a study of literature on the subject and relevant legal cases.Our work has led us to the fact that a strict interpretation of the 4 chapter of the Expropriation act means that it is a pure market value reduction that should be replaced.This without including items such as other damages to compensate for the loss of the facility unless it is damage that can be considered personal or of a temporary nature. In order to assess the market value decrease, it should first be ensured that the installation is not manifestlysubstandard, and this is in terms of a lay assessment of the standard of the installation. Then look to a value before, then minus the value after, without an installation. This becomes the difference between value before and after which are supposed to be replaced. This with a flat-rate mark-up of 25%. The value of the system should be attributed to what a replacement of the water or sewage facility costs. 

The Swedish national cadastral index map administrated by Lantmäteriet contains deficiencies in the positional accuracy of property boundaries. These deficiencies affect several parts of society and hinders progress toward a digital urban development process. Using modern methods, Lantmäteriet aims to accelerate the digital transition and is currently exploring the possibility of enlisting the public's help to collect property information through crowdsourcing.

This thesis aims to clarify how property law legislation should be applied when handling information collected through crowdsourcing, with a focus on property boundary markers. This is investigated through a legal dogmatic method, investigating primarily the Swedish Real Property Formation Act (1970:988), Real Property Register Act (2000:224), and the Real Property Register Ordinance (2000:308). Furthermore, the practical opportunities and risks associated with crowdsourcing, as perceived by professionals in the geodata sector, are examined through a qualitative interview-based method.

The study shows that there are no legal obstacles to this type of information collection. However, Lantmäteriet has a clear legal responsibility to insert and remove information in the real property register and must therefore ensure the legal certainty and quality of the information.

The authors of this thesis conclude that there need to be clear considerations regarding when it is appropriate to use crowdsourcing to achieve legal certainty.

I denna artikel presenteras en internationell studie från Doing Business vid Worlbank.org, om hur effektiva insolvensförfaranden är i de olika länderna. Det som granskats är hur den insolvensrättsliga lagstiftningens utformad, tiden för genomförande, kostnaderna för förfarandena och det ekonomiska resultatet. Studien visar bland annat att USA, Finland och Japan är mest framgångsrika med att lösa insolvensförfaranden i världen. I denna artikel presenteras studiens resultat. Artikeln avslutas med egna reflektioner.

Background: In Sweden, one can be deprived of liberty in either prison or forensic psychiatric care units. Persons deprived of their liberty are at greater risk of mental illness than the general population. 

Aim: To shed light on convicted persons' experiences of how their stay in closed environments such as prisons and forensic psychiatric care units affects their mental health.

Method: A literature-based study has been conducted. Ten scientific articles were obtained from the databases Cinahl and PsycINFO through systematic searches and were then analyzed based on a five-step model.

Results: Both positive and negative experiences were emphasized, however, the negative experiences constituted a majority. Three categories and eight subcategories emerged. The three categories were: Dejection, Power abuse and vulnerability, and Improved mental health.

Conclusions: The psychosocial environment outweighed the physical environment in terms of its impact on the mental health of detainees.

This chapter explores human rights organizations resisting the illiberal reconfiguration of Polish society that has been spearheaded by the country’s ruling political party since 2015. By decreasing financial support, launching smearing campaigns, and engaging in intimidation practices, the political regime aims to influence the scope of economic, symbolic, human, and social resources available to human rights organizations. Using data from representative surveys and in-depth interviews with representatives of human rights organizations and other civil society organizations, we systematically examine opportunities and limitations in navigating such institutional pressures. Our study demonstrates that organizations’ characteristics and environmental conditions determine the action repertoire, including diversification of resources, coalition building, and public campaigns, that sustains an organization’s legitimacy and (re)generates various forms of support.

During the year 2017, the local guidelines for consultations, and recommendations for the handling of property formation cases were phased out. By a new decision that included all counties in Sweden, the 21county administrative board´s would use the same guidelines, avoiding local deviations that had been previously approved and thus reducing the number of consultations. In Värmland and Västra Götaland counties, the guidelines called “Gröna Häftet” were removed, which had been used as a support in deciding surveying. By contacting the respective county administrative board and requesting judgments for the period 2016 to 2018, where the county administrative board has appealed against land survey decisions regarding property formation cases an investigation has been done concerning whether appealed cases have increased or decreased. 

The Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and land registration authority handles property formation cases relating to beachfront areas through a surveying service that the county administrative board then reviews. Property formation means the conversion or regeneration of properties. This process includes property regulation in connection with subdivision, splitting or merger of a property. The handling of these cases can take place at a municipal surveying authorityor at a state surveying authority. If there is any disagreement in the case, the county administrative board can appeal the decision to the Swedish Environment Court. This can only be done if the ordinance takes place outside the detailed planning area. If the ordinance applies to a detailed planning area, the county administrative board has no rights to appeal. In cases where the Swedish Environment Court find that the Land Survey authority has made an incorrect or flawed decision, the Swedish Environment Court may refer the case back to the Land Survey. Once the Land and Environment Court has ruled, one of the owners of the case can appeal if it is deemed that the judgment is wrong. The appeal must be submitted within a three-week period to the Swedish Environment Court, which in turn forwards it to the  Swedish Environment Court of Appeal, which takes a decision on the appeal.

In the survey sent out to the Swedish 21 county administrative boards, 14 responded, which corresponded to 67%. Of these 14, 13 responded to the survey, one abstained. When asked if the county administrative board's appeal against survey decisions had increased, 8 replied that there had been an increase. The other 5, had neither noticed an increase or a decrease. 

Professionals within street-level organizations are essential for the delivery of public services to citizens. However, among a number of difficult dilemmas, they have to deal with an extensive workload.The police can be seen as a good example of this; they are expected to solve most crimes, includingthe so-called mass crimes and the more spectacular cases that make it into media headlines, and often on a continually decreasing budget. A key regulating mechanism for investigation departmentsin the Swedish police is the so-called balance. The balance can be described as a basket in whichthey put the cases that there is a desire and potential to work on but not in the immediate term.The purpose of this article is to analyse the balance as a way of rationing the workload within theSwedish police. Working with the balance consists of two processes: limiting and buffering the workload. Limiting is the practice of reducing the work in a situation. Buffering is the process of puttingsome work on hold to deal with later, of which the article identifies five kinds; functional, problematic,quasi, progressive, and symbolic buffering. The exploration of ‘the balance’ contributes to our understanding of how street level organizations attempt to defend their professional jurisdictions, theirwell-being, and their ability to complete their duties.

The study deals with the shoreland protection legislation and the current investigation from 2020. The shoreland protection legislation counteracts the development for smaller municipalities that need being able to exploit attractive locations. The inquiry aims to differentiate shoreland protection legislation by making it easier to build in rural areas and more restrictive on the exploited coast. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the shoreland protection legislation is interpreted differently in municipalities on the Bohuslän coast and municipalities with mainly rural areas in Dalsland, and to find out whether the municipalities see any change if the inquiry's proposal is implemented. The study was conducted with a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews and with a legal dogmatic method to establish the municipalities' interpretation of applicable law. The conclusion shows that the municipalities make different interpretations of the legislation, which means that the county administrative board has an important role to equate the results for those who apply for an exemption for beach protection. Although some municipalities consider the regulations to be strict, they agree that the legislation is significant for sustainable community building. There is a need for differentiation of the regulations for municipalities that are struggling with depopulation related challenges. We find that the rural municipalities consider that the inquiry's proposal does not provide sufficiently differentiated legislation. The proposal does not significantly affect the coastal municipalities, but nevertheless agrees that it will not lead to any major change. While the proposal will not massively impact the coastal municipalities, the municipalities on the coast agree that the proposal will severely affect inland municipalities.

In a Swedish context the study aims to shed light on the legal situation that prevails when establishing solar cells on agricultural land. The report focuses on mapping the regulations and reasons on which the County Administrative Board and the court base their decisions and judgements.

The question focuses on describing the problems surrounding solar cells on agricultural land. The legislation, judgements and decisions from the County Administrative Board were examined to gain an understanding of what it looks like in the current situation. The judgment were supplemented with decisions from the county administrative board because there are no prejudicial judgements.

The study focuses on legislation concerning the use of agricultural land. The County Administrative Board has a key role in this aspect because they are the authority that handles matters concerning the establishment of solar cells on agricultural land. The process is handled in a consultation with the support of Chapter 2, Section 6 of the Environmental Code. The County Administrative Board's task in the consultation is to consider the interests of the community but also to determine whether there is a change in land use.

In the event of a change in land use, Chapter 2, Section 6 of the Environmental Code applies, which means that Chapter 3 Section 4 of the Environmental Code shall also be applied. The regulations mean that usable agricultural land may only be used for the essential interests of society.

xThe approach to clarify the legal situation for the area uses a legal dogmatic method. The study describes the current legal situation and how the County Administrative Board handles the area. The lack of practice in the area has resulted in the study being supplemented with interviews with administrators from the County Administrative Board and industry profess–ionals.

The results of the interviews provided a picture of how the two largest county administrative boards work with the issues and the difference between their approaches. They were also given the opportunity to share what can be improved to facilitate understanding between companies and the County Administrative Board during consultations. As a result, all parties considered that building permits should apply to solar cell parks or that they be included in Chapter nine of the Code on environmentally hazardous activities.

The legal situation and how the County Administrative Board should behave is not always obvious. There are no rulings from higher courts to establish practice in the solar cells area. The two appealed judgements that currently exist will not solve the whole problem of establishing solar cells on agricultural land. More judgment with different conditions and locations will be required to create a case law on solar cell parks on agricultural land.

Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to determine if a lack of buyers real estate agents in Sweden is due to a lack of knowledge of the existence or the absence of need for the service. A short investigation of how the law corresponds to the work of a buyers real estate agent has been done.

Research question: Is the lack of buyer’s real estate agents in Sweden due to a lack of knowledge of their existence or the absence of need for the service.

Methodology: In this paper, the information is gathered from two different types of survey methods, quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. The information from these has been compiled and is the result of this paper. The analysis of the work is based on the results which have been processed with the theoretical part as a basis. It is based on the theoretical model which is called the "slutlig analysmodell".

Essay contributions: In Sweden, there are a few agents who act as buyer’s real estate agents which works on behalf of a buyer. After a shorter research it was found that there is not much information about the service or how well the Swedish people are aware of such a service or if they have any need of it. This essay therefore wants to point out the problem with the lack of demand for the service and what it may be due to. After completion of this essay this paper will provide a basis for further research into the service and its demand.

Results and Conclusion: Swedish housing speculators have poor to no knowledge of the existens of the buyer’s real estate agent service due to minimal marketing. Also the demand of such a service is low due to that the buyers are well protected by the seller’s real estate agent, who by law also must work for the best of the buyers interests.

Suggestions for further research:

1) Investigate whether there is room or opportunity for the implementation of legislative changes which would support a buyers real estate agent service.

2) How to increase the Swedish people's awareness of the existence of a buyer’s real estate agent service.

3) Implement a more nationwide survey on Swedish people's awareness and needs of a buyer’s real estate agent service to see if the results show otherwise.

In Sweden the counties has monopoly on the planning on usage of land and water within their geographical borders. The Swedish system of planning is statued in the Planning and Building Act (2010:900), and consists of the regional plan, comprehensive plan, detailed development plan and area regulations. The comprehensive plan is an important political document of guiding long-term planning, meant to ensure economic use of land and water and for protecting the public interests. It is also meant to guide in trails of building permit and advance notice, mainly in areas that lack detailed development planning. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the legal situation on the comprehensive plan and its significance in matters of building permits and advance notice, to be able to account for points made in legal practice, and if any change in the matter has taken place over time.

When deciding appropriate use of land and water individual and general interests according to chapter 2. in the Planning and Building Act always needs to be taken into consideration. The comprehensive plan gains its meaning in trails of building permits and advance notice through this chapter by its presentation of general interests. Depending on the level of detail of the plan, the guiding effect varies. It is however never the comprehensive plan itself that decides if a measure can be allowed at a given place, but how the measure will affect the general interests that the plan is presenting. Owing to the precedent NJA 2021. s. 321 clearer guidelines on how to apply the comprehensive plan in trails of building permits has been made. It is also clear that the significance of the comprehensive plan is depending on whether the trail is located inside or outside an area of detailed development plan.

According to Planning and Building Act (PBL) 8 chap. 6 § 2 there is an exception for holiday homes so that they do not have to meet ordinary accessibility requirements. Holiday homes do not have to be accessible and useful for people with reduced mobility or orientation. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the exemption in the legislation is used by applying for a building permit for holiday homes with the intention of escaping the requirements of the PBL. The study also examines how the building committees handle building permits for large holiday homes and the criteria used to separate holiday homes from permanent houses. Large holiday homes are being investigated, as a generalization could show that the chance is greater that such a home has been built to take advantage of the exemption.Through a legal dogmatic study, information is collected about the current legal situation, which is then compiled with a forensic sociological study. There are uncertainties in the forensic sociology survey as a limited proportion of the municipalities in Västra Götalandincluded in the survey, responded to the interview form.To live permanently in a holiday home, neither a building permit nor registration is required. According to the legislation, those who live permanently in a holiday home must still ensure that the house meets the requirements for accessibility and usability. The responses from the municipalities nevertheless show a tendency for the exemption to be utilized to a certain degree. There is no definition for holiday homes in PBL and in practice a large holiday home could just as easily be a permanent home. When the municipalities handle building permit applications, they still must distinguish between the different forms of housing, what determines is what is stated in the application.It is difficult to prove that property owners use the exemption to escape accessibility requirements. It also entails certain disadvantages to state holiday homes in the application if the intention is to live permanently. It can mean a higher cost to adapt accessibility afterwards, there may also be some problems if the municipality introduces area regulations.From a long-term perspective, a proportion of the population is excluded from the holiday home market when a significant proportion of properties are not built adapted to accessibility.

The Land and Environmental Court intended in a decision in 2020 that minor adjustmentswithin existing building permits could be granted. The wording about minor deviations indicated an adjusted outlook among The Land and environmental Court that in a decision from 2015 stated that the Planning and Building Act (2010:900) does not allow for adjustments of a building permit but instead referred to a new building permit. The Land and environmental court’s decision in 2015 also established that a new building permit demands the neighbors’ opportunity to remark on the measure.The purpose of the study is to investigate how the local building committees interpret adjustments in terms of a building permit decision. The following issues are treated: what articles are being reviewed by the local building committees in a situation of an adjusted building permit and how is the question of right for the neighbors to give one’s opinionbeing dealt with in a situation of an adjusted building permit. Furthermore, is the term minor deviation being reviewed and how it interprets in a building permit matter, and also how The Land and Environmental Court interprets adjustments of a building permit.Juridical method has been applied for the study. All 49 counties within Region Västra Götaland was contacted with a request of five building permit decisions from 2017 or 2018. 14 building permits had relevance towards the study. Three interviews were conducted with building permit administrators that are active in the Region Västra Götaland.

An analysis of the collected building permits displayed among other things that adjustments of placing was processed in most cases. Respondents replied in interviews that relocation of the residence placing were a common deviation from building permits. The reviewed buildings permit act consisted of adjustments compared with prior building permits which yields that reviewed building permits consists of measures that are not tolerated within the prior granted building permit.

The conclusions of the study includes established law of building permits are being complied by the local building permit committees but the study lacks basic data to evaluate whether local building permit committees relate to the latter decision by the Land and Environmental court regarding minor adjustments of building permits. The expression minor deviation in building permit validation is being managed restrictive according to the respondents.

Genom lagstiftningen 15 kap. 10 § FBL och 36 § FL är det möjligt för Lantmäteriet att rätta ett förrättningbeslut till följd av en uppenbar felaktighet, fel, oklarhet eller rättsosäkerhet i fastighetsregistrets allmänna del. Studien avser att undersöka vilka situationer som rättelseinstitutionen i FBL samt FL kan tillämpas. Rättelse enligt FBL och FL är fakultativ vilket innebär att LM har ensamrätt att tillämpa paragraferna. Det finns vägledningen i förarbetena till hur 36 § FL ska tillämpas, medan förarbetena till 15 kap. 10 § FBL saknar någon egentlig vägledning för vilka situationer lagen ska tillämpas. I och med detta uppstår en problematik hos Lantmäteriet i fråga om vilka situationer lagstiftningen egentligen kan tillämpas. För att klargöra vilka situationer som 15 kap. 10 § FBL samt 36 § FL kan tillämpas har en rättsfallsanalys genomförts i studien där 14 rättsfall rörande FBL och 8 rättsfall rörande FL valts ut efter relevans och har därefter analyserats. Av de rättsfall som undersöktes har det i studiens resultat delats upp i olika kategorier för att urskilja de situationer från rättsfallen där rättelse enligt respektive lagstiftning är tillämpbar:

15 kap. 10 § FBL

● Undanröjning eller återkallelse

● Rättelse av fastighetsbildning och fastighetsreglering

● Rättelse av övrigt material i fastighetsregistrets allmänna del

36 § FL

● Rättelse av ersättning eller andra kostnader

● Rättelse av GA och andelstal

● Rättelse av gräns och areal

Av studiens slutsatser framgår det att om 15 kap. 10 § FBL ska vara tillämpbar krävs det att något av tre följande rekvisit ska vara uppfyllda: fel, oklarheter eller äventyra fastighetsregistrets tillförlitlighet. Det redovisas även författarnas exempel på situationer där rekvisiten fel samt äventyra fastighetsregistrets tillförlitlighet uppfylls. Dessa situationer baseras på rättsfall som inkluderats i rättsfallanalysen. Gällande 36 § FL redovisas en situation som uppfyller rekvisitet uppenbar felaktighet. Det beaktas även att det inte är möjligt att dra generella slutsatser om vilka situationer som rättelse enligt FBL kan tillämpas utifrån de studerade rättsfallen, eftersom varje rättelsesituation är unik. 

This essay gives an account of what can today be categorized as industrial fixtures according to the law. It brings attention to several problems with current law concerning industrial fixtures and presents a suggestion for changed wording which is considered to be more appropriate. The suggestion is based on a broader categorization of what should belong to the range of industry fixtures which was presented in the bills which lay as the basis to the current law. The change is partly motivated the same way as the previous suggestion since it is thought to have been justified already then and partly by support of the new circumstances of today which further exposes the necessity of a range as broad as was originally suggested.

Such as the law is designed, the range of industrial fixtures is limited among other things to only include equipment used in “industrial business”, a term which only is applicable for businesses which deal with the manufacture of products. It was not thought to be necessary to include a broader range of businesses, because equipment of the applicable kind was judged to exist mostly in factories. With the technological development which has happened since then similar and sometimes even identical equipment has come to be used in several businesses which do not deal with the manufacture of products. The old arguments for why such businesses equipment should not constitute industrial fixtures is therefore no longer justifiable.

This essay presents “industrial or there with comparable business” as a suggestion for changed wording in 2:3 JB, which is taken directly from the original bill. It would have been appropriate to let the law read this way from the beginning, but it appears as especially appropriate today. The range of industrial fixtures should be expanded mainly so that more businesses can be able to use valuable equipment to strengthen credit for real estate mortgage. An expanded range of industrial fixtures would probably also clear away some problems concerning demarcation.