This study examinates how child interviews are implemented in financial assistance in Norrköping municipality. In 2015, the management within Financial Assistance in the Municipality of Norrköping formed a group of social workers secretaries called the "Children's Group" to investigate the possibility of conducting child interviews within Financial Assistance. The child group is an assignment from the management in Financial Assistance, where it includes social workers who can contribute to focusing on the children within Financial assistance, in order to strengthen the child's perspective, exist as a consultant's support in matters concerning children for other social secretaries and implement child interviews. During an annual work with child interviews, the children's group has written a preliminary study. The child group has written a preliminary study during one year's work about the possibility to perform child interviews in financial assistance. The preliminary study shows that in financial assistance there is potential and that there are benefits in performing child interviews. The Children's Group in Financial Assistance in the Municipality of Norrköping today consists of five social workers who are working on implementing child interviews. The study is of a qualitative approach and has been used semi-structured interviews with five informants who work within Financial Assistance and who work with the Children's Mission. The study uses organizational theory and system theory to analyze how the child group relates to the child mission and the goals of the activity. Previous research is also used to understand how the children whose parents are involved in financial assistance affects by their parents' finances situation. The purpose of the study is to investigate how Norrköping municipality is working to implement child interviews within financial assistance and how the employees who are part of the child group experience the implementation process. The purpose is also to highlight opportunities and difficulties with the implementation. The study uses theories to offer an understanding of how the child group relates to the mission and the goals of financial assistance. Previous research is also used to highlight children whose parents are involved in financial assistance in order to gain an understanding of how these children are affected by their parents' finances. The study's results showed that the purpose of child interviews within financial assistance is to offer the children the opportunity to be noticed and make their voice heard. The purpose is also to follow the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Social Services Act, who contain regulations about the child's best interests. Using child interviews in financial assistance can help social workers to make more overall assessments where different perspectives are taken into account in their work. The study shows that the child group that works with the implementation of child interviews needs more time and resources in the form of the education in order for the implementation to continue and thus for the child group's commitment to remain. It appears that the implementation of child interviews has begun to apply as of May 1, 2019, but that the work has not been fully possible due to the absence of a compliance form 4 that was planned to be given out to the child’s legal guardians to ask whether their child can be interviewed or not. The results of the study show that the work with the implementation of child interviews can be influenced by decisions that must be made by the management, staff turnover, new employees that are part of the group who need to get introduced and practice child interviews, cancellations, loss and lack of resources in form of time and economy. These are some of the factors that need to be considered when implementing child interviews.

In the European society of today temporary residence permits (TRP) are largely directed at labor market issues, not protection issues. This responsibility-based model implies that the importance of getting a job is the norm regarding what life choices an immigrant "should” do to renew their TRP:s.

In the light of the UN's sustainability goals of reduced inequality, discourses about integration needs to be discussed and problematized to clarify what their implications are for individuals as for society. The aim of the following study is to describe and analyse the field of tension created between the regulatory requirements and the individual's considered life choices as they are articulated by persons living with TRP:s.

The study is based on interviews about life choices with six persons with TRP. The material is analysed with discourse analysis based on the concepts of temporality, liminality and agency and the analyse resulted in three discourses about, legal security (1), ontological security (2) and interrelational freedom (3). The three discourses can be seen as the field within which the individual make a specific choice.

The results show that life with TRP affects choices about family, education and work, but also the approach towards life in general. In all their choices, the informants must prioritize between increasing the chances of obtaining a renewed residence permit or moving towards long time goals. Choices are made with the cost of giving up educational goals or ontological safety, but at times the informants put their own agency in the front seat even though they risk to be sent back to the danger they once fled. The oppressive, colonizing, feature of the responsibility-based discourse risks putting people in a liminal situation that backfires on society in terms of sustainability, and equality.

In relation to different modifications on contemporary games of ethnicity, present among young people in Swedish multiethnic environments, a similarity with the phenomenon of passing is suggested. Passing usually refers to a movement from one side to another (the foundational example being from black to white). You pass over or through something and you may pass into a position from which you later retire. Judith Butler has given theoretical attention to the phenomenon of passing by stressing its relation to the act of queering. The connection between passing and queering comes about as a challenge of borders between what is presumed to be different races in addition to a challenge of the heteronormative order of gender and sexuality.

From an empirical material, consisting of interviews of young women in a multiethnic Swedish suburb, the phenomenon of passing will be discussed through examples on how young people can talk about the act of faking ethnicity. What ethnic positions are aspired as desirable may depend on intersecting categories as gender, sexuality and class identifications. In the reactions and comments on these kind of acts two counter positions seem to collide, one being based in the idea of authenticity and the other being a strive to oppose on absolutist definitions of ethnicity. If origin, roots and a firmly anchored cultural identity are seen as necessary or preferred values for the individuals’ or the ethnic groups’ self respect, passing must be interpreted as negative. But if certain acknowledgements become repressive rather than liberating passing may be a way of question and transgress normative ethnic and gendered status.

Background: The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry states that 90% of teenagers between 13-17 years have access to media, including social media, and are therefore at risk to be exposed to harmful or inappropriate content. This can lead to depression and suicide. According to the WHO, suicide is the second leading cause of death for young people.

Several studies conducted by Till & Niederkrotenthaler (2019) show that suicide portrayals in media can influence the suicidality of recipients and is therefore cruicial when talking about suicide prevention. The importance of suicide prevention is shown in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), stating that the WHO wants to 'ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages' by promoting mental health and well-being. 

Aim: The aim of this thesis is to explore suicidal thoughts among adolescents and to investigate the effect of media portrayals of suicide on young people. Furthermore, this thesis investigates responsible reporting on suicide.

Method: This thesis provides a systematic literature review synthesising 15 peer-reviewed articles and studies, both written in German and English, about suicide among adolescents, possibilities of suicide prevention, the Werther effect, the Papageno effect, media portrayal of suicide, and harmful and helpful characteristics in suicide reporting. Relevant articles and studies regarding these topics were found in the Ebsco database.

Findings: Studies about the portrayal of suicide in the media show that there are benefits, like promoting helplines and counseling services and a better understanding of suicidal ideation, but also downsides, such as copycats. The decisive factor here is whether the guidelines for responsible reporting on suicide have been followed or not.

Further research is needed and could focus on unsuccessful suicide attempts in order to interview people what influenced their suicidal intentions. In addition, general guidelines are needed on how suicide should be reported in the media in order to prevent possible imitations of both real and fictional depictions of suicide.

Ungdomsåren är för många en påfrestande tid som förutom den fysiska och psykiska utvecklingen, innefattar individens hantering av inre såväl som yttre krav. En samhällskris, som coronapandemin och kriget i Ukraina, kan ses som en ytterligare påfrestning för unga att hantera. Forskning inom området har påvisat att unga använder sig av copingstrategier för att hantera svåra påfrestningar och att en stark känsla av sammanhang kan vara en motståndsresurs.

Syftet med uppsatsstudien är att undersöka professionellas upplevelse av ungas hantering av samhällskriser. Utifrån detta ämnar studien besvara frågeställningarna ”Hur upplever professionella att ungas synbara oro har påverkats till följd av de senaste årens samhällskriser? ” samt ”Vilka strategier ser professionella att unga använder sig av för att hantera eventuell oro för samhällskriser?”. Uppsatsstudien har utförts med en kvalitativ ansats baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju professionella, samtliga är yrkesverksamma i verksamheter med fokus på ungdomar. Respondenterna har erfarenheter av att möta unga och deras eventuella oro kopplad till samhällskriser. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys och med de teoretiska utgångspunkterna copingteori och KASAM.

De huvudsakliga resultaten av studien är att de professionella upplevde att unga använde sig av flera strategier för att hantera eventuell oro vid en samhällskris. De flesta strategierna visade sig vara känslofokuserade copingstrategier som exempelvis selektiv uppmärksamhet. Resultatet visar att de professionella upplevde att vissa av ungdomarna de mött kände oro kopplad till samhällskriserna, men att oron upplevdes avta inom de första dagarna. En bidragande orsak till oron kunde i resultatet härledas till ungas användning av sociala medier. I studiens resultat fann uppsatsförfattarna även att de professionella anser att de har en viktig och betydande roll för att öka tryggheten hos unga vid en samhällskris. Resultaten ger en indikation på att tillgängliga professionella, genom att bistå med resurser som socialt stöd och kunskap, kan öka ungas känsla av begriplighet och hanterbarhet och på så vis stärkas ungas KASAM. Utifrån ett socialpedagogiskt perspektiv kan inblicken i hur unga hanterar samhällskriser, bidra till att det socialpedagogiska arbetet utvecklas för att på bästa sätt stärka de unga i samhället.

Kapitlet fokuserar på vanligt förekommande sätt att beskriva risker i olika medier.

This report is about the ways in which children in families with previous economic stability experience and adapt to substantially decreased household income as a consequence of a parent's/parents' unemployment. While much is known about children growing up in poor families, and how they understand and act in relation to the family's economic situation, little is known about children who suddenly find themselves living in economic adversity. In the context of post-financial crisis Sweden where in the late 2000s/early 2010s large numbers of families with previously stable incomes found themselves in economic adversity, the objective of the research is to investigate how children and young people experience substantial decreases in household income as a consequence of parental unemployment. In particular focus is directed to the ways in which they reason about and respond to the family's new economic circumstances. Interviews with children (N=45) whose parents had previously been in long-term employment but lost their jobs were carried out. Drawing on national data provided by the National Transition Fund for Blue-collar Workers (TSL) and (ii) the Local Transition fund for white-collar staff in the private sector (TRS), five municipalities in the west of Sweden with the highest numbers of transition grants were initially identified for recruitment of families subjected to unemployment during the years of 2010-2013.The interview data was analysed using thematic content analysis (Broun & Clark2006) with focus directed to children's agency (Kuczinski 2003). While the results are largely in line with previous research on children living in long-termpoor families, that is to say that parents put children´s needs first, children take responsibility for the family situation by not financial demands on the parentsone major difference emerged. None of the types of self-excluding behavior characteristic of avoidance-oriented strategies was found. Unlike children living in poverty where self-exclusion and the avoidance of exposure to stigmatizing situations where resource disparities are highlighted are common, the children in the current study did not regard parental unemployment and the family's loss of income as a source of shame. Rather, they expressed awareness of how macroeconomic forces had impacted on their lives and, as active agents, developedstrategies that enabled them to adjust to the family's new economic reality. The implications of this result indicate that social workers working with children insuch situations need to reconsider interpretations of behavior that are rooted inthe assumption that economic adversity generates shame and stigma.

Background: Most studies of the effects of parental religiousness on parenting and child development focus on a particular religion or cultural group, which limits generalizations that can be made about the effects of parental religiousness on family life.

Methods: We assessed the associations among parental religiousness, parenting, and children’s adjustment in a 3-year longitudinal investigation of 1,198 families from nine countries. We included four religions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, and Islam) plus unaffiliated parents, two positive (efficacy and warmth) and two negative (control and rejection) parenting practices, and two positive (social competence and school performance) and two negative (internalizing and externalizing) child outcomes. Parents and children were informants.

Results: Greater parent religiousness had both positive and negative associations with parenting and child adjustment. Greater parent religiousness when children were age 8 was associated with higher parental efficacy at age 9 and, in turn, children’s better social competence and school performance and fewer child internalizing and externalizing problems at age 10. However, greater parent religiousness at age 8 was also associated with more parental control at age 9, which in turn was associated with more child internalizing and externalizing problems at age 10. Parental warmth and rejection had inconsistent relations with parental religiousness and child outcomes depending on the informant. With a few exceptions, similar patterns of results held for all four religions and the unaffiliated, nine sites, mothers and fathers, girls and boys, and controlling for demographic covariates.

Conclusions: Parents and children agree that parental religiousness is associated with more controlling parenting and, in turn, increased child problem behaviors. However, children see religiousness as related to parental rejection, whereas parents see religiousness as related to parental efficacy and warmth, which have different associations with child functioning. Studying both parent and child views of religiousness and parenting is important to understand the effects of parental religiousness on parents and children.

Background: Intimate partner violence is not a new problem, it has existed in all cultures and throughout history. Violence occurs in different degrees and what distinguishes violence in a close relationship is that it is not continuous, it also includes loving bits from the partner. The environment and suffering is palpable, as the violence takes place in the home environment and the suffering is constant for the vulnerable vulnerability experienced by the men.

Aim: The aim of the literature review is to describe the types of violence to which men are exposed to and what prevents men from seeking help in cases of intimate partner violence by a female partner.

Method: A literature review was conducted as a method included eight qualitative and six quantitative articles, as well as three articles that used both methods, all of which were quality reviewed. The databases used for the literature review were CINAHL and PsycInfo. 

Results: The results show that men are exposed to different types of violence and there are several factors that make it difficult for men to seek help for their vulnerability. The social structure of how men should be, expectations of masculinity, norms and the stereotype that exists on how men and women should be.

Conclusion: The results of the literature review showed that men are not getting the help they need due to the expectations placed on men. Further knowledge is needed to recognize and prevent men's vulnerability.

The maternity care crisis is described as a crisis that has escalated in 2021. Although the same issue has been ongoing for many years. This study aimed to examine midwives' experience of the psychosocial work environment within maternity care. Qualitative method was applied. The study was conducted in Sweden. The first respondent was selected through a convenience sample and the other five through a snowball sample. Semi-structured interviews were applied via video calls and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. The results showed partly in line with previous research, that midwives experienced their psychosocial work environment demanding but also meaningful. Understaffing compromised patient safety and limited respondents ability to provide the support they wanted to patients. In addition to understaffing, the main negative factors identified in the study were the high levels of stress experienced by respondents in the workplace, dissatisfaction with having to work three shifts and the feeling that they were not being seen. Support and community among colleagues and the meaningfulness of the profession were described as contributing factors to respondents' desire to remain working in maternity care

Aktuella studier visar att i det alltmer individualistiska samhället kultiveras mindre trevliga egenskaper som kan leda till uteslutning av andra. Exempelvis, graden av empati, har under de senaste decennierna minskat. Tidigare forskning visat att intagna i fängelse hade lägre grad av målmedvetenhet (eller samvetsgrannhet, eng. conscientiousness) och vänlighet (eng. agreeableness), än icke-intagna. En person med låg grad av målmedvetenhet är opålitlig, lat, vårdslös och försumlig. En person med låg grad av vänlighet är cynisk, oartig, misstänksam, konfliktbenägen och självisk. Det finns inga aktuella studier som har undersökt personlighetsegenskaperna enligt s.k. BigFive bland intagna i fängelse i en svensk kontext. Syfte var därför att undersöka om intagna på kriminalvårdsanstalt i Sverige (säkerhetsklass I) skiljer sig från icke-intagna i målmedvetenhet och vänlighet. BigFive mättes med hjälp av Goldbergs (1999) IPIP. Studie 1 visade att intagna (n = 46) hade högre grad av målmedvetenhet än studenter (n = 32) och lika hög grad av målmedvetenhet som vaktpersonal (n = 45). Studie 2 visade att intagna (44 kvinnor och 81 män) hade högre grad av målmedvetenhet än icke-intagna; specifikt hade intagna högre grad av dess två facetter ordningsamhet och självdisciplin än icke-intagna (78 kvinnor och 54 män). IPIP visade på goda psykometriska egenskaper och resultaten kontrollerades för graden av skönmålning. Betydelsen av resultaten kan diskuteras kring antagandet att varje person anpassar sina personlighetsdrag utifrån den sociokulturella kontext han eller hon lever i, även om dessa personlighetsdrag antas uteslutande ha sitt ursprung i en biologisk bas. Intagnas personlighet kunde ha påverkats till det positiva av olika program inom kriminalvården, medan icke-intagnas personlighet kunde ha påverkats till det negativa av det digitala samhället i en snabb förändring, där individen sätter sina egna behov framför andras, kanske genom att vara mer opålitlig och uteslutande.

Background: Parenting includes physical and mental challenges, which can be stressful for both parents. As peripartum depression (PPD) affects the mother, both parenting and the experience of being a parent can be negatively affected. The fathers’ experiences of the situation when the mother suffers from PPD often mean suffering even for him, which is a perspective that has long been neglected. Aim: To describe fathers' experiences of parenthood when the mother suffered from peripartum depression. Method: A literature study involving ten scientific articles of qualitative method, selected through systematic searches in several databases. Analysis was carried out using a qualitative analysis model where comparisons of similarities and differences generated themes and sub themes. Result: Fathers were primarily affected by their partner’s PPD by experiencing challenges in paternity and the need for support from society was highlighted. Following themes and sub themes were identified, (1) Challenges in paternity, sub themes: The impact of not being prepared, PPD´s impact on family life and Opportunities for Attachment (2) Societal impact, sub themes: Support barriers – Obstacles to overcome for necessary support and The need for support and resources. Conclusion: A concept permeated all the themes of the study; Barriers. Fathers encountered several obstacles that thwarted the ambition to be the father figure they wanted to be. These barriers have been constructed by societal norms as well as from a care system that demonstrates a lack of knowledge and understanding of PPD's impact on family life and the inclusion of the father, the forgotten parent.

Background:

Research tells us that mental illness, stress, exhaustion and burnout have become more noticed among staff in psychiatry especially among staff in forensic psychiatry. Lack of knowledge, social support and motivation are some of the factors that affect staff in a negative way. Satisfaction and respect among colleagues are things that instead brings joy and strength at work.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to examine the personal strategies professionals in forensic psychiatry uses to promote and preserve their well-being.

Method:

A qualitative approach was chosen and six professionals were interviewed with semi-structured interviews. The transcribed texts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results:

The results of the interviews resulted in three themes: the experience of security and confidence at work, the art of seeing a difficulty as a challenge and well-being of different dimensions. The themes in turn resulted in six subthemes: security and confidence, sense of security, the network's importance to the well-being, self-motivation and personal strategies, meaningfulness in work and leisure and well-being factors characterized by.

Conclusion:

Personal strategies professionals in forensic psychiatry uses are the strategies that come with the experience. Colleagues, leadership, work environment, life outside work are some of the important factors that professionals feel provides energy to work in the best possible way. Family and friends are important for the professionals well-being and at work the security and confidence to the colleagues are important.

Skolsegregation är ett växande samhällsproblem både i Sverige och internationellt som har stora negativa konsekvenser för elevers måluppfyllelse och rätt till likvärdig utbildning och därmed likvärdiga livschanser.

Den här rapporten är en sammanställning av empiriskt material som samlats in inom ramen för ett samverkansprojekt kopplat till Trollhättans Stads arbete med att minska skolsegregation och öka likvärdigheten för kommunens elever. Efter vårterminen 2020 stängdes två skolenheter i Trollhättan och skolornas elever anvisades plats på och erbjöds skolskjuts till fem andra skolor. I samband med beslutet om denna omorganisering påbörjades ett samverkansprojekt mellan utbildningsförvaltningen på Trollhättans Stad och Högskolan Väst. Ett samverkansprojekt är ett tidsbegränsat forskningsprojekt där båda parter gemensamt formulerar syfte och forskningsfrågor. Syftet med detta samverkansprojekt var att skildra hur berörda aktörer – rektorer, lärare, övrig skolpersonal och elever – upplevde kommunens förändringsarbete för att motverka segregation och öka likvärdighet genom skolstängningar. De frågor som undersöktes var:

• Hur arbetar rektorer och lärare för att inkludera de nya eleverna och vilka framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar kan identifieras i arbetet med inkludering?

• Vad betyder den sociala och språkliga miljön för elevers lärande?

• Hur upplever eleverna, både de som flyttar och de som går på de mottagande skolorna, sammanslagningarna utifrån ett psykosocialt perspektiv?

Som generation beskrivs dagens unga värdera sociala relationer högre och prioritera välbefinnande och lycka jämfört med tidigare generationer (1). De anses vara öppnare och mer toleranta men också mindre optimistiska då de i stor utsträckning har upplevt negativa världshändelser (2,3). Att ha en positiv syn på framtiden är en viktig aspekt av välbefinnande, men vad innebär positiv syn på framtiden för dagens unga och vad behöver de för att kunna ha en positiv syn på framtiden?

Metod

I detta projekt presenteras delar av resultaten från en större studie med syfte att undersöka ungas uppfattningar om psykiska besvär och psykiskt välbefinnande. Individuella intervjuer genomfördes med 33 personer mellan 16 och 25 år och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys (4,5).

Resultat

Framtid tolkades av de unga som alltifrån det stundande sommarlovet till det som händer om flera år. De relaterade positiv syn på framtiden till en variation av erfarenheter så som: att känna tilltro; inneboende optimism och livslust; att ha mål att sträva mot; och saker utanför den egna makten. Möjligheten att forma framtiden själv och inte styras för mycket av andras förväntningar och krav upplevdes viktigt för att kunna ha en positiv syn på framtiden.

Under två år med start våren 2020 pågick det så kallade Vi-projektets arbete med att hjälpa 1000 unga i åldrarna 15–24 år som var eller riskerade att bli UVAS (unga som varken arbetar eller studerar). Projektägare var Folkhögskoleförvaltningen Västra Götalandsregionen och medfinansiärer var Europeiska socialfonden (ESF). Budgeten var nästan 100 miljoner kronor och projektet hade som övergripande mål att UVAS ska ”äga sin egen framtid, förbättra sin hälsa och närma sig jobb eller studier”. Arbetet involverade samverkanspartners som kommunalförbunden i Fyrbodal och Sjuhärad, Rädda Barnen, fem folkhögskolor, vuxenutbildningen i Borås, Trollhättan och Vänersborg samt 19 kommuner. I denna rapport presenteras resultatet från en del av projektet, nämligen bemötande. I Vi-projektet benämndes bemötande som möten i ögonhöjd, och det stod i fokus redan från början. Enligt projektbeskrivningen ska man i ett möte i ögonhöjd försöka bortse från de maktaspekter som finns i möten mellan till exempel handläggare och unga vuxna och tillgodose individens behov genom att lyssna till vad hen har att säga och medvetandegöra hens roll och aktörskap i samhället. Detta med förhoppningen att möjliggöra en förändring i den unga vuxnas liv. Då möten i ögonhöjd blev ett återkommande inslag i projektet växte intresset för vad sådana möten egentligen syftar till. Med andra ord: hur beskriver medarbetare möten i ögonhöjd och, inte minst, vad har sådana möten betytt för de unga vuxna i Vi-projektet?I rapporten kan du ta del av både medarbetarnas och de unga vuxnas beskrivningar av vad bemötande betyder för dem och hur ett bra möte kan leda till livsförändringar.

Background: In today's society, an increased statistic of divorces is seen, that may result in negative effects in children. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe experiences of how children's attachment is affected when parents separate during the toddler years. Methods: The study was based on a literature review where qualitative and quantitative articles were obtained from the CINAHL database. During the analysis process, review of collected data was performed based on Friberg's analysis model in three steps. Results: Based on the analysis phase, two categories were created, the importance of secure relationships and short- and long-term consequences. The categories showed various factors that have affected the child based on the parental separation. The results of the study indicated the importance of a secure base and stable relationships for long-term wellbeing despite external stresses. Conclusion: The attachment was affected by lack of communication or when the secure base became unbalanced. To maintain the connection in the event of divorce, it was important to consider aspects that included safety and security. Based on the data collected, children, whose parents separated when the children were young, have shown having trust issues in new relationships in adulthood, as well as a having reduced self-esteem and fear of failure.

Fifteen nations offer fathers the right to reduce work hours to care for children. Incorporating a gender perspective, this study uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the implementation of this policy in the first nation to offer it, Sweden. It investigates whether the institutional and cultural environment exerts pressure on companies to facilitate fathers' hours reduction, companies' levels of support for fathers' use of this entitlement and correlates of company support. The persistence of the “male model of work” appears to be an important barrier to implementation of a policy that offers promise in offering fathers time to care.

A principal element in the process of integration is identity. The ability of immigrants to integrate the cultural identity of their country of origin and the cultural identity of their new country to form a coherent self-concept has been found to be positively related to various forms of psychological well-being. But there is a lack of consensus among researchers regarding the optimal integrated identity structure. While supporters of the acculturative approach argue that a strong identification to both the original and the new groups maximizes well-being,others insist more on the importance of maintaining a coherent identity, regardless of the strength of identification and regardless of the number of social identities.As most researchers in the health oriented debate on identity have focused on abicultural context, knowledge of the identity structure that promotes well-being in a multicultural surrounding is limited. The identity politics dominating mainstream multicultural discourses are theoretically grounded on the idea that humans have essential, unchanging cores that are fully formed and integrated. Within this paradigm, groups are identified by characteristics that are understood as inherently distinctive. Therefore in order to understand the process by which social identities become integrated into a concept of self an intercultural approach of the understanding of social identities and well-being is suggested. The aim of this chapter is to review the debate on the concept of coherence in relation to identity and well-being in a multicultural context and to investigate whether identity based coherence is challenged or promoted by an intercultural approach of understanding.

Den romantiska och sexuella relationen beskrivs här som en kontext i vilken ungdomen formar sin identitet. 

I kapitlet beskrivs familjen som kontext och dess betydelse under ungdomsperioden, men också efter det att individen som ung vuxen flyttat hemifrån.

Background: Women with drug addiction are an exposed group. More evidence knowledge is required about women´s special needs to be able to improve and develop the care. Aim: The aim was to describe the experiences of drug treatment among women with addiction problems and to describe what promotes and impends recovery. Method: The used method is a literature study, based on 13 qualitative articles. Results: Three theme emerged in the result; to have supporting relationships, to find a new identity and to be seen as whole person. The findings show that most women with addiction problems need supporting relationships from professionals, family and other women with similar experiences. The findings also showed that most of the women had a desire to find a new identity outside their drug abuse and that every women wanted to be met as a whole person. Conclusion: In conclusion, the importance for a person centered care for women with addiction problems needs to be highlighted. To be able to recover, the women need to get support from healthcare professionals in order to find their own strategies to develop their relationships and their new identities.

Background: Bullying is a major problem in our society. Children who are exposed to bullying in school experience feelings of fear, anxiety, loneliness, powerlessness and helplessness. Peer relations are important for a child’s emotional development. There is limited research on children’s own experiences of bullying. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore children’s experiences of being exposed to bullying in school. Method: For this study, a literature review was chosen. Data was collected through systematic searches. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were included. Six articles were analyzed in this study. The analysis process was conducted according to a three-stage analysis model for literature reviews. Articles were read repeatedly, then similarities and differences were identified, which were then sorted, yielding themes and subthemes. Results: The results of the study presented in two themes and six subthemes. These themes were named as follows: (1) Children’s perception of bullying, with the subthemes: “to be bullied or to bully”, “children’s experiences of physical bullying” and “children’s experiences of being excluded”, and (2) Children’s ways to handle bullying, with the subthemes: “active or passive response”, “talking to someone” and “to involve school personnel”. Conclusion: Children have the expectation and desire that adults should be clear about the limits when it comes to bullying. When this does not happen, bullying can continue. Children experience anxiety and feelings such as powerlessness, loneliness, helplessness and, at worst, thoughts of suicide when they are subjected to bullying. Children who are bullied find it very valuable to have friends whom they can talk to. Many children want schools to work more with equal treatment plans and anti-bullying programs to highlight the importance of the subject.

Problematisk skolfrånvaro är ett växande problem i Sverige där skolorna tenderar att inte lyckas göra eleven delaktig i beslutsprocesser. Istället sätts interventionering grundade på antaganden om bakomliggande orsaker till elevens frånvaro. Sedan 1 januari 2020 så är Barnkonventionen del av svensk lag. Detta ska försäkra att eleverna blir lyssnade till och att deras åsikter beaktas i frågor som rör dem själva.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur professionella arbetar med elevens delaktighet i frågor om problematisk skolfrånvaro. Frågeställningarna som studien undersökte var ”Vilka attityder har professionella till elevens delaktighet?”, ”Vilka utmaningar och möjligheter upplever professionella med att jobba med elevens delaktighet?” samt ”Hur arbetar de professionella i praktiken med elevens delaktighet i planeringsprocessen vid problematisk skolfrånvaro?”. Studien utgick från en kvalitativ ansats och semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex professionella i skolan. Tematisk analys användes för att analysera intervjuerna. Analysen har utgått från Harry Shiers (2001) delaktighetsmodell samt teori om barnets aktörskap.

Resultatet visar att professionella är redo att lyssna på och beakta elevens åsikt i arbetet med problematisk skolfrånvaro men att psykisk ohälsa och en oförmåga att tänka långsiktigt kunde ses som hinder för elevens delaktighet. Relationsbyggande pekades ut som det främsta verktyget för att stötta eleven att uttrycka sin åsikt samtidigt som det upplevdes vara en av de största utmaningarna. Brist på tid och resurser lyftes som ett centralt hinder för att lyckas med det tidskrävande arbete som relationsbyggande innebär. Behovet av fler professionella i skolan med det sociala i fokus sågs som den främsta lösningen på denna utmaning

Kapitlet sätter fokus på tid och rum som betydande kontexter för identitetsskapandet.

Tvärtemot vår tradition om att vi skulle vara neutrala och lagom så framträder vid kritisk analys en bild av att Sverige är förunderligt och radikalt. Detta visar sig utgå ifrån en stark allians mellan staten och folket. Systemet utlovar trygghet, jämlikhet och rättvisa livsmöjligheter. Baksidan är att dessa kommer med ett högt pris och följaktligen har lagar, skatter och övervakning genom åren smugit sig in i varje moment i vår vardag. Boken vill påvisa hur detta pågående utbyte av en typ av frihet mot en annan för med sig en rad sociala och psykologiska samhällseffekter och ytterst sett förändrar oss själva. Följ med i en annorlunda och orädd samhällsberättelse och var en del i avslöjandet av den förunderliga svenskhet som gömmer sig bakom begreppet lagom.

This study examines the effect of information overload, due to information about people in increasing extent and number of needs, on altruism, such as charity giving. Information overload has previously been conceived in terms of quality as well as quantity of information. The former is conceptualised as extent of need and the latter as number of needs in the present research design. Two studies were conducted to test the prediction that information overload and charity donation size are inversely related. Study 1 was designed according to a 2 x 2 factorial design: Number of needs (high vs. low) x Extent of needs (long term and large scope vs. short term and small scope). Study 2 used a modified similar approach manipulating only number of needs. A sample of 60 and 44 undergraduate students filled out a charity donation form in the two studies. The results show a significant relationship between the factors of extent of need and number of needs with amount of money pledged for charity. People gave less the greater the extent of the need and the greater the number of needs. Both studies suggest information increase about extent and number of needs has inhibiting effects on charity giving. This effect, attributed to information overload, is labelled moral exhaustion.

The structure versus process approach to quality of care presented by Donabedian is one of the most cited ever. However, there has been a paucity of research into the empirical validity of this framework, specifically concerning the relative effects of structure and process on satisfaction with elderly care as perceived by the older persons themselves. The current research presents findings from a national survey, including a wide range of quality indicators for elderly care services, conducted in 2012 at the request of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare in which responses from 95,000 elderly people living in 324 municipalities and districts were obtained. The results revealed that the only structural variable which significantly predicted quality of care was staffing, measured in terms of the number of caregivers per older resident. More interestingly, process variables (e.g. respect and access to information) explained 40% and 48% of the variance in satisfaction with care, over and above the structural variables, in home care and nursing homes respectively. The findings from this large nationwide sample examining Donabedian's model suggest that quality in elderly care is primarily determined by factors pertaining to process, that is, how caregivers behave towards the older persons. This encourages a continued quality improvement in elderly care with a particular focus on process variables.

The American Dream is that any individual, not regarding family background, can achieve what they desire, in terms of life,economic liberty, and happiness. An indication of the American dream would be if individual adult personality traits predicted lifeoutcomes better than childhood background. A sample of the Swedish population, representative in age, sex, and occupation (N= 5,280) was 2012 measured on adult personality traits, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), and 3 life outcomes – education,income, and life outcome satisfaction. Childhood SES accounted for almost twice the disattenuated variance (22%) compared topersonality (12%) in educational attainment, while personality accounted for almost twice the variance (12%) compared to childhoodSES (7%) in annual income. Life outcome satisfaction was only predicted by personality (37%) and not by childhood SES (0%).Moreover, particularly the traits extraversion and neuroticism showed a full compensating catch-up effect on high childhood SESin annual income. Expressions of personality may be growing in predictive importance and constitute a societal trademark of theAmerican dream being present. Sweden is a renowned progressive, individualistic, and egalitarian country, which could make theresults of wide-reaching interest.

Study investigates how interaction between parents and early adolescent boys and girls, influences different types of risk behaviour. Special focus is given to parental knowledge and monitoring strategies, as well as adolescent interpretation of parental efforts. Usinga sample of 1520 early adolescent boys and girls, we examine the structures in relations between adolescent disclosure parental control, solicitation and knowledge and adolescent feelings of being overly controlled

Juvenile delinquency is a widespread problem in the world and not least in Sweden. This study examined juvenile delinquency and the extent to which personality (the Cloningers biopsychosocial model for the young), family relationships and friends' criminal behavior relate to this. Furthermore, the extent to which crime differs depends on gender and residential area. The study was conducted on a selection of 1461 adolescents in 7th and 8th grade as a part of the LoRDIA project. The results describe a pronounced positive relationship between youngster's criminal behavior and the personality trait Novelty Seeking (i.e. the individual is impulsive, exploratory and sensational seeking). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between crime and family cohesion and a positive correlation between crime and friends' criminal behavior, which suggests that good cohesion within the family seems to be a protective effect against crime while dealing with criminal friends increases the risk of criminal behavior. The study further showed that there are pronounced gender differences in youth patterns of crime. In addition to boys committing more crimes than girls, it appeared that the personality trait Novelty Seeking has not a generally statistically significant relationship with crime for boys living in a worse socioeconomic area. The study emphasizes that both individual characteristics and social ties are important for understanding the existence of juvenile delinquency.

Kapitlet beskriver intelligensdiskurser som kontext.

This study aims to provide more in-depth knowledge about professionals' views regarding Internet use among youths with intellectual disability (ID). How do the professionals describe the abilities of the youths with ID when using the Internet for social, romantic, and sexual reasons? What kinds of experiences do the professionals have of these youths' Internet usage, and how do they talk about their ways of dealing with this? In what ways do the professionals describe their own competence regarding Internet usage among youths with ID aged 16-21 years, and do they express the need for any specific tools? Qualitative research interviews were conducted with 17 professionals, 4 males and 13 females, between the ages of 29 and 58. The professionals described challenges with the youths' various emotional and intellectual abilities, as well as their technical knowledge in relation to Internet use. The results highlight three themes: A two-fold usage, Between being controlling and permissive, and A lack of strategies. The article discusses the development of a 'Participation-script', where a continuous dialogue with the youths with ID exists parallel to a restrictive Net-script. We argue that everyday school situations concern joint decision-making between professionals and pupils with ID. Such an approach to participation is based on relationships, that is, oriented towards the self-understanding and individual agency of youths with ID, as well as to the self-understanding of the professionals involved in the lives of youths with ID.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and correlates of depression in new fathers. Methods: A population-based sample of 885 Swedish fathers and their partners completed a questionnaire, including the EdinburghPostnatal Depression Scale at three months postpartum. Correlates of depressive symptoms were analysed with univariate andmultiple variable regression models. Results: Symptoms of depression were found in 6.3% of the fathers and 12.0% of themothers, and the point prevalence of major depression in fathers was 1.3%. The strongest correlates of depressive symptoms in fathers were problems in the partner relationship, a low educational level, previous depression, stressful life events and low partner support. The cross-sectional design could affect the magnitude of the results, and causal inferences cannot be made. Conclusions: Although the rate of depressive symptoms is lower in fathers than in mothers at three months postpartum, the associated factors are similar to those found in studies of mothers. The first visits at the childhealth centre could include a discussion with both parents about normal transition problems; balancing work,personal and family needs; and distress. When signs of distress or partner relationship difficulties are picked up,this should be followed up and support interventions offered.

I en studie av erfarenheter av och barns delaktighet i det så kallade TIPS-projektets arbete mot problematisk skolfrånvaro i mellanstadiet har hållits observationer av skol- och kartläggningsmöten, fokusgruppsintervjuer med TIPS samt intervjuer med familjer. Resultatet uppvisar liknande erfarenheter och en relativt god samsyn kring de olika aktörernas roller. Barnets delaktighet anses vara av stor vikt men samtidigt svår att få till, och här tycks stabila goda relationer och upplevelser av att bli förstådd vara centrala. Föräldrarna bär rollen som barnets röst och kontaktväg och får ofta hantera ett stort antal professionella kontakter. Samtidigt kan professionella se trötta föräldrar som inte alltid vågar axla rollen eller inte vill ta emot stöd. Skolans roll är att göra anpassningar för att få barn tillbaka till skolan, vilka även fungerar förebyggande för många barn, men också att skapa utrymme för att bygga relationer med familjer. TIPS uppgift är att ge stöd i kommunikationen och fylla de glapp som uppstår mellan familj och skola respektive föräldrar och barn.I studien visar sig barnets delaktighet vara avhängig såväl föräldrarnas samtycke som barnets egen vilja. Det finns en tydligt uttalad vilja från de professionellas sida att barnet ska ha möjlighet att vara delaktigt, vilket innebär att det finns öppningar och möjligheter på flera nivåer i Shiers delaktighetsmodell, och de ger gärna barnet hjälp och stöd för att kunna formulera sin delaktighet. Däremot finns en viss skepsis kring de högre delaktighetsnivåer som innebär att dela makt och ansvar, då det anses kunna ge negativa konsekvenser för barnet. Barnets delaktighet och aktörernas roller kan därmed ses som sammanvävda, då delaktigheten kan förbättra insatserna och stärka barnet samtidigt som barnets röst riskerar att försvinna i den komplexa samverkan. Shiers delaktighetsmodell kan vara ett hjälpmedel för samverkande aktörer att organisera och planera för insatser som inbegriper barns delaktighet