Multikulturalisme ses af mange som progressiv og venstreorienteret, og kritikken af den betragtes som reaktionær og racistisk. Denne bog udfordrer denne tankegang og viser – fra et venstrefløjsperspektiv – hvordan den moderne mangfoldighedstankegang tværtimod undergraver fornuft, frihed, lighed og individuel selvbestemmelse. Ved at have et særligt fokus på sær-identiteter og indføre grupperettigheder på bekostning af universel politisk frihed, borgerrettigheder, upartiske institutioner og lighed mellem kønnene er den på kollisionskurs med demokratiets grundværdier. Multikulturalisme er derfor i virkeligheden en konservativ og antimoderne ideologi.

Den multikulturella vänstern har brutit med klassiska vänsterideal som vetenskap, sekularism, anspråk på sanning och fri debatt. Den förkastar högerns nationalism men odlar en etnomystik som är minst lika konservativ. Kulturell självbelåtenhet hånas och hyllas på samma gång. Var finns principen?...

The recent refugee crises have caused newcomers to settle in different municipalities in Sweden. Different municipalities respond differently to the situations that arise from an increased number of refugees waiting for decisions from the Swedish Migration Agency regarding residence permit. Such variation in response also affects how refugees can access relevant information about activities and initiatives available in the designated municipality while waiting. This study investigated how stakeholders' in the municipality of Trollhättan experienced their possibilities to spread information about their activities targeting refugees. A particular interest was on what kind of activities stakeholders provided, problems they face in reaching out to refugees, and opinions on using technology usage for outreach. Seven stakeholders in Trollhättan municipality were included in the study; a private company, the municipal employment office, a university and four nonprofit organizations. Findings suggest that stakeholders did arrange various types of initiatives but it was hard for refugees placed in Trollhättan to get access to these local initiatives. Stakeholders wanted to reach out to as many refugees as possible but they have a hard time doing so. The study concluded that information access of stakeholders activities is a major problem for refugees in Trollhättan. In order to address the dispersed and hard-to-find information from the varied stakeholders, a mobile app was suggested as a solution to the information problem in order to create a digital cental place for stakeholder initiatives and information spread. These initiatives, if known about, could create a more active and varied everyday life for refugees awaiting decisions from the migration board. For stakeholders to reach out with information of planned activities and for refugees to be able to tunein to these possibilities becomes particularly important in municipalities where refugees are dispersed in various kinds of locations, rather than living in largec amps.

Background. Satisfaction with democracy and generalized trust has shown to be able to link to the cultural marginalization within a society. Research concerning the correlation satisfaction with democracy and generalized trust shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the variables.

Material and method. The national representative SOM-enquiry from 2020 was used to study the relationship between satisfaction with democracy and generalized trust. In total, 22 500 individuals between the ages of 16 and 85 was selected (simple random sampling). A total of 11 127 respondents reported on every question in the total enquiry (including the control variables). The part that this study is based on included a probability sample of 3 750 people. The number of respondents in which this study is based on, was 1 863 respondents, which adds up to a response rate of 51 percent of the population surveyed. Multiple regression analysis with 5000 bootstrap iterations was used to study the correlation and control for the background variables.

Results. A medium strong positive correlation was detected between satisfaction with democracy and generalized trust even after the result was controlled for gender, education and income. However, the association did not persist when controlling for the variables age and ethnicity. Level of education is a significant player for the level of satisfaction with the way democracy works in Sweden and the degree of generalized trust, the higher the level of education, the higher the satisfaction with democracy in Sweden and the degree of generalized trust.

Conclusion. By investing in education, the interplay between satisfaction with democracy and generalized trust should influence cultural/social marginalization.

Bakgrund: Viljan att överlåta beslut till experter och viljan att öka jämställdheten mellan kvinnor och män anses vara en del i det moderna samhället. Det finns mycket lite forskning kring detta sambandet såväl nationellt som internationellt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan viljan att överlåta beslut till experter och viljan att öka jämställdheten mellan kvinnor och män.

Material och metod: Uppsatsens material har hämtats från den nationella SOM-undersökningen från 2020. Slumpmässigt urval gjordes bland personer mellan 16 och 85 år bosatta i Sverige augusti 2020. Antalet respondenter blev ungefär 1 863 stycken. Multipel regressionsanalys med 5 000 iterationer (upprepningar) utfördes för att studera denna korrelation under kontroll för ett antal kontrollvariabler.

Resultat: Våra analyser uppvisade ett svagt positivt samband mellan viljan att överlåta beslut till experter och viljan att öka jämställdheten mellan kvinnor och män. Detta samband kvarstod även vid kontroll för variablerna utbildning, kön och etnisk uppväxt.

Slutsats: Det finns ett samband mellan viljan att överlåta beslut till experter och viljan att öka jämställdheten mellan kvinnor och män. Detta ställer vissa krav på det samhälle som vi lever i där allt mer ansvar läggs på individen. Detta innebär att vi blir mer aktiva i relation till de samhällsresurser som finns.

In this article, we studied collaboration exercises (3LC) between the rescue services, ambulance services, and police force, which were developed to enhance learning and usefulness. The exercises’ structure was based on identified deficiencies in previous collaboration exercises. The purpose was to test the exercise model in terms of learning and usefulness. Ten 3LC exercises were observed. A total of 65 semi-structured interviews were conducted (2011–2014) in connection with the exercises. The exercises contained across-boundary elements, seminars, and interactive documentation. The participants were given the opportunity to discuss, analyze, and critically reflect on their efforts. During the seminars, the individual actions were analyzed, which led to alternative strategies that were subsequently tested in a repeated exercise. Our results demonstrate that repetitive features and seminars during collaboration exercises promote learning toward an organic behavior and usefulness in the actual incident work.

In this paper, the focus is on emergency exercises between the police, rescue services and ambulance. By practising, it is assumed that the conditions improve for a quick normalisation after an incident. The purpose of this paper is to identify whether the exercises are designed after organic action logic and therefore can be assumed to strengthen the ability to handle emergencies. Data have been collected at two large, regional, full-scale exercises (2008 and 2012). Data collection has been done through observations and document studies. The study shows that mechanistic behaviour is quite prevalent in the two studied exercises. They are time consuming and put little emphasis on practising organic behaviour. Too complex exercise scenarios contribute to a low tempo, long waiting periods and slow implementation. To succeed, the exercises need to have a non-linear time sequence and limited scenarios that invite participants to focus on organisational interfaces.

Purpose - There is a tendency in team research to employ concepts of stepwise models, reachingfrom the primitive to the excellent, to suggest that a higher level of evolution is better than the basic and simple. This tendency includes typologies of teams. This article aims to question the relevance of this view.

Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected in three steps. In the first step, articles and books analyzing teams and teamwork from stepwise analytical models were collected. In the second step the collected data were classified into different themes. Each stepwise model was classified into one essential denomination. This classification resulted in eight themes. In the third step each theme was analyzed, which led to the fusion of some of the themes.

Findings - The conclusion is that a synchronous, complementary or mature team is not necessarily optimal. Contrary to this, a differentiated, sequential or multi team approach can be optimal for some purposes. Team research needs to establish a more open, inductive and critical attitude than at present.

Originality/value - The paper highlights the need to observe and use team theories in a balanced and critical way.

The aim of this study is to make a comparison of how the reporting of special reasons for private responsibility for public space looked like before and after the surveying authority's changed role in the detailed planning process that took effect from 2015. In addition, an assessment is also made of whether the stated reasons are acceptable according to the law.Detailed development plans within Kalmar County that contain individual principalship for public space are collected. The plans that are examined have gained legal force between 2010 and 2020. Plan descriptions in these detailed plans are studied to see what reasons the municipality has stated for private responsibility. The assessment of whether the stated reasons are acceptable according to the law is made by studying legal cases, preparatory work, reports and manuals from the National Land Survey.For the study, 52 detailed plans were collected from different municipalities in Kalmar County. The period before the survey's changed role in 2015 consists of 28 detailed development plans and after 2015 consists of 24. The results show that the reporting is often deficient for special reasons. In a large part of the plans, no reasons are presented at all. However, there is a clear difference between the periods. Before the new role of surveying, no reasons were reported at all in 15 of the 28 plans studied. The period between 2015 and 2020 shows that 4 out of 24 plans did not state any reason which can be seen as an improvement. 

This article aims to present some of the initial work of developing a social science grounded game theory—as a clear alternative to classical game theory. Two distinct independent initiatives in Sociology are presented: One, a systems approach, social systems game theory (SGT),and the other, Erving Goffman's interactionist approach (IGT). These approaches are presented and contrasted with classical theory. They focus on the social rules, norms, roles, role relationships,and institutional arrangements, which structure and regulate human behavior. While strategic judgment and instrumental rationality play an important part in the sociological approaches, they are not a universal or dominant modality of social action determination. Rule following is considered, generally speaking, more characteristic and more general. Sociological approaches, such as those outlined in this article provide a language and conceptual tools to more adequately and effectively than the classical theory describe, model, and analyze the diversity and complexity of human interaction conditions and processes: (1) complex cognitive rule based models of the interaction situation with which actors understand and analyze their situations; (2) value complex(es) with which actors operate, often with multiple values and norms applying in interaction situations;(3) action repertoires (rule complexes) with simple and complex action alternatives—plans, programs,established (sometimes highly elaborated) algorithms, and rituals; (4) a rule complex of action determination modalities for actors to generate and/or select actions in game situations; three actionmodalities are considered here; each modality consists of one or more procedures or algorithms for action determination: (I) following or implementing a rule or rule complex, norm, role, ritual,or social relation; (II) selecting or choosing among given or institutionalized alternatives according toa rule or principle; and (III) constructing or adopting one or more alternatives according to a value,guideline, or set of criteria. Such determinations are often carried out collectively. The paper identifies and illustrates in a concluding table several of the key differences between classical theory and the sociological approaches on a number of dimensions relating to human agency; social structure, norms, institutions, and cultural forms; patterns of game interaction and outcomes,the conditions of cooperation and conflict, game restructuring and transformation, and empirical relevance. Sociologically based game theory, such as the contributions outlined in this article suggest a language and conceptual tools to more adequately and effectively than the classical theory describe,model, and analyze the diversity, complexity, and dynamics of human interaction conditions and processes and, therefore, promises greater empirical relevance and scientific power. An Appendix provides an elaboration of SGT, concluding that one of SGT's major contributions is the rule based conceptualization of games as socially embedded with agents in social roles and role relationships and subject to cognitive-normative and agential regulation. SGT rules and rule complexes are based on contemporary developments relating to granular computing and Artificial Intelligence in general.

The present study provides a literature review on the adolescent’s competence to consent to healthcare decisions. Following an interdisciplinary approach, the notion of adolescent’s competence is explored through developmental, neuroscientific, legal, cultural and rights perspectives. My findings demonstrate that the concept of adolescent competence to consent is complicated, as it is influenced and shaped by a variety of factors. My findings provide information and research evidence to healthcare providers and policy-makers pertaining adolescent’s competence to consent to medical decisions.

The Roma people are the largest ethnic minority group in the EU and all over, they have been subject to prejudice, stigma, discrimination and oppression. Thus, Roma are the most economically and socially excluded and marginalized group in Europe. The Roma living in Sweden are no exception; many are on the margins of society and face problems of social exclusion, institutional discrimination, low education, unemployment, and poor objective health. The Roma have been treated as a helpless group in need of "expert" help and action from the authorities. They have usually not been permitted to actively participate in adjusting efforts to their needs and situation. An alternative approach to the Roma situation is to allow the Roma to take the leading role and to initiate processes and activities concerning the group.These were the foundations for the 3-year health promotion project based on participatory action research (PAR) initiated in West Sweden in 2009. Through work-integrated learning(WIL) and the principle of training the trainers, the purpose of the programme was to strengthen Roma empowerment and participation in society, enabling Roma-led integration.The overall aim of the PhD thesis was to analyse and elaborate a WIL model to be applied inempowerment and adult education for the Roma minority- and other vulnerable groups in similar situation. The thesis is based on five papers: Paper 1 aimed to examine how 14 Roma adolescents in West Sweden perceive the concepts of health, well-being and quality of life, and further, to investigate the degree to which theyconsider themselves able to cope with their own life situation within these areas. The data, comprising six interviews, was analysed through qualitative content analysis. The most common understanding of health and well-being was to feel good, secure, happy and having awide social network of family and friends. Health and well-being were considered in a collective perspective, thus controversy earlier studies, the respondents perceived their health and well-being to be good. Freedom, independency, education and employment were the most important elements of QoL. Social support was the most frequently used coping strategy.

The Roma adolescents preferred the tight relationship within the Roma community and associated mostly with Roma, a phenomenon previously referred to as homophily. The processof homophily seemed to be a salutogenic factor and a general resistant resource of the Roma adolescents and hence health-enhancing. Homophily was suggested as a determinant factor of health.Paper 2 aimed to explore how Roma people in West Sweden understand health, well-being,and quality of life, and how they cope with their life-situation. The data, consisting of 27 interviews (n = 33), were analysed qualitatively using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. The findings indicated that the respondents perceived health as a resource and an ability to self-manage. Crucial elements of the respondents' health perception were being employed, having an education, social support from family and friends, freedom and security,and involvement in society. The findings demonstrated that the respondents perceived their health and life situation as good, despite being marginalized and discriminated. A possible explanation to this is what the respondents described as survival strategies. As a result of decenniums of oppression, the Roma have developed survival strategies helping them to cope with the situation and to survive. Paper 3 aimed to analyse whether there is connection between health literacy and empowerment. The paper is based on a literature search conducted in December 2013. Of the total 303 initial hits, no articles primarily addressing the issue were found; yet five articles were identified taking up on both health literacy and empowerment, hence reviewed in more detail. The five articles acknowledged a nexus between health literacy and empowerment, though the nexus itself was never discussed in specific. The paper suggests that for health literacy to be critical to empowerment, the focus has to be on social determinants of health and the involved individuals', groups and/or communities perceptions on health and health needs defined by themselves. Such a perspective will build on the genuine needs of the people in concern. The paper proposes functional- and interactive health literacy as another way to label capacity building for health and empowerment, and critical health literacy as a way to describe empowerment. Hence, health literacy might be regarded as a tool for empowerment. Health literacy is considered not to automatically lead to empowerment. Health literacy as such might be increased by health education. Crucial for empowerment is to achieve the critical level of health literacy including an ability to question the prevailing power relations and societal conditions and reflecting on these, a strengthened sense of power, self-esteem and self efficacyand an ability to utilize these resources to engage in social and political action for change.Paper 4 aimed to explore how participatory action research (PAR) and work integrated learning (WIL) might function as empowering tools in the Roma inclusion process and to propose a working model to use in empowerment of the Roma minority- and other vulnerable groups in similar situation. The data were collected and produced continuously during the project and consisted of interviews, self-evaluation reports and written essays by the seven Roma participants, participatory observations, research groups' workshop notes, 21 monthly project reports, the project plan, syllabus of the WIL training programme and notes from ajoint planning workshop. The data were considered as a whole and analysed in a triangulating fashion using hermeneutical understanding inspired by heuristic research. Through improved abilities to mobilise the local Roma community for social change, the participants' critical health literacy improved, allowing them to experience a greater control over their own lives and integration processes. The results indicate an increased empowerment of the local coordinators indicating that WIL may be a worthwhile approach in strengthening the individual empowerment of Roma people. Based on the findings, health literacy was suggested as a catalyst in the empowerment process, serving as a tool for analyzing and describing the process of empowerment.Paper 5 aimed to analyse the health promotion project from the Roma participants' perspective. The focus was on the participants' perceived individual empowerment and perceptions on their contribution to the common good and community empowerment. The data, consisting of interviews and self-evaluation reports of the Roma participants,participatory observations, newspaper articles with interviews of the participants and 21 monthly reports, were analysed through an approach that comes closest to hermeneutical phenomenology. The findings indicate that the WIL approach, the participating nature of the programme, and the trust and support from both the Roma and the non-Roma facilitators, were essential for the development of empowerment. Three main themes emerged portraying the participants' psychological empowerment: strengthened Roma identity, sense of power and sense of enculturated social inclusion. Sense of enculturated social inclusion demonstrated the participants "new" way of understanding social inclusion; turning social inclusion from something they feared to something they embraced. As the participants realized that social inclusion would not require them the let go of their Roma identity and culture, their Roma identity was strengthened, they became more hopeful, felt more in control and felt generally better. Despite of limited time and resources for local community directed activities, the participants perceived that improvements were achieved at the local level. In conclusions, the findings indicate that when based on the specific health needs of the people involved, basic/functional- and interactive health literacy together comprise the same idea as capacity building for health that might lead to empowerment. What found to be essential for the Roma local coordinators development of empowerment was the combination of the WIL approach, the participatory nature of the project, the trust and support from the non-Roma facilitators and Roma colleagues, and the perception of being respected as human beings and as equals. The local coordinators empowerment consisted of strengthened Roma identity, sense of power and sense of enculturated social inclusion. This indicates that the suggested WIL model/approach, comprising a participatory approach with health literacy as a tool may be a worthwhile strategy in empowering Roma people and enhancing their self-led social inclusion process. A possible road for Roma self-led integration, hence, might be through a process of enculturated social inclusion. This may also be the case for other vulnerable groups in similar situations. Further research and interventions are needed however, in order to elaborate and verify WILs' potential and sustainability in empowering other minority- and vulnerable groups

The basis for this article was a health promotion program based on participatory action research and work-integrated learning (WIL). Seven Roma people were employed and trained to work as local coordinators to empower the local Roma community by strengthening their participation in society and their sense of community, as well as to promote self-led integration. The study aimed to analyze the program from the Roma coordinators' perspectives, focusing on perceived individual empowerment and perceptions of contribution to the common good and to community empowerment. The findings, based on qualitative data, primarily interviews with the Roma coordinators, indicated that the WIL approach, the participatory nature of the program, and the trust and support from the Roma colleagues and non-Roma facilitators were essential for the development of empowerment. Three main themes emerged that portrayed the participants' psychological empowerment: strengthened Roma identity, a sense of power, and a sense of enculturated social inclusion.

Many Roma people in Sweden are on the margins of society and face problems of social exclusion, institutional discrimination, low education, unemployment, and poor health. The aim is to describe how a group of Roma people, in West Sweden, understand health, well-being, and quality of life within the Roma context, and how they cope with their life-situation. Data consisted of qualitative interviews. The data were analyzed qualitatively using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. The respondents mainly understood the concept of Health as "being healthy" and "feeling good". Elements that were crucial part of the respondents' health perception were being employed, having an education, social support from family and friends, freedom and security, and the extent of involvement in society. The results indicate that the respondents perceive their health and life situation as good, despite of their marginalized situation and discrimination.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka yrkesverksammas syn på kvinnors roll i gängkriminalitet. Vi ansåg att det var intressant utifrån att båda författarna uppmärksammat att kvinnlig gängkriminalitet har börjat ta plats i den mediala världen. För att kunna besvara våra forskningsfrågor för vår studie, har vi valt att genomföra sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med respondenter som jobbar med och omkring gängkriminalitet på olika sätt.

Resultatet utav det här har sedermera analyserats både utifrån tidigare forskning om ämnet men även via våra teoretiska utgångspunkter intersektionalitet, hegemonisk maskulinitet,stämplingsteorin, internalisering och socialisationsteorin.

Resultatet för vår studie är tydligt, både via den tidigare forskningen kring ämnet men även via vår empiriska undersökning. Att se och uppmärksamma kvinnor i gängkriminalitetär problematiskt. Det vi kan se i vår studie är att kvinnor i gängkriminalitet ofta stämplas som oskyldiga eller ovetandes och då med hänvisning till hur en kvinna är och bör vara utifrån olika tankar från samhället och yrkesverksammas tankar kring olika könsroller. Det blir även tydligt utifrån både vår empiriska undersökning och tidigare forskning att kvinnor numerai nnehar en mer aktiv roll än vad man tidigare antagit.

Slutsatser i vår studie visar tydligt att det behövs mer svensk forskning om ämnetkvinnlig gängkriminalitet. Så att samhället därefter kan dra slutsatser om hur man kan anpassa stöd och hjälp för kvinnor i gängkriminalitet.

INTRODUCTION: Creating romantic relationships characterized by high-quality, satisfaction, few conflicts, and reasoning strategies to handle conflicts is an important developmental task for adolescents connected to the relational models they receive from their parents. This study examines how parent-adolescent conflicts, attachment, positive parenting, and communication are related to adolescents' romantic relationship quality, satisfaction, conflicts, and management.

METHOD: We interviewed 311 adolescents at two time points (females = 52%, ages 15 and 17) in eight countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). Generalized and linear mixed models were run considering the participants' nesting within countries.

RESULTS: Adolescents with negative conflicts with their parents reported low romantic relationship quality and satisfaction and high conflicts with their romantic partners. Adolescents experiencing an anxious attachment to their parents reported low romantic relationship quality, while adolescents with positive parenting showed high romantic relationship satisfaction. However, no association between parent-adolescent relationships and conflict management skills involving reasoning with the partner was found. No associations of parent-adolescent communication with romantic relationship dimensions emerged, nor was there any effect of the country on romantic relationship quality or satisfaction.

CONCLUSION: These results stress the relevance of parent-adolescent conflicts and attachment as factors connected to how adolescents experience romantic relationships.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka om lärares upplevda autonomi kan påverka hur lärare presterar i sitt arbete där frågeställningen löd: Påverkar lärares upplevda autonomi deras självskattade arbetsprestation inom arbetet? Studien har en kvantitativ ansats och har skickat ut en enkät till skolor i 14 regioner inom västra delen av Västra Götalands län. Det var totalt 39 lärare som deltog i studien. Enkäten bestod av Teacher Autonomy Scale (TAS), Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) samt bakgrundsfrågor. Det gjordes en korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys för att få fram resultatet. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett starkt positivt statistiskt signifikant samband mellan Generell autonomi och Uppgiftsprestation. Det fanns också ett starkt negativt samband mellan Generell autonomi och kontraproduktiv prestation men strax över gränsen för att ha ett statistiskt signifikant samband. Resultatet står i linje med tidigare forskning men det är viktigt att betona att det finns ytterst lite forskning inom området, särskilt inom Sverige.

The aim of this study is to investigate how different occupational categories within adult education in Swedish for immigrants (SFI) interact within the framework of their common business.

As a method for carrying out the study, I have used qualitative interviews. The data material presents opportunities and difficulties that appear around working together. The empirical material has been processed through thematic analysis. The theoretical starting point for the study is a model of different degrees of vertical and horizontal integration for understanding collaboration.

The result shows that there are a variety of temporary collaborations. Through interviews the study give examples of professional categories that meet in everyday work. In addition, work takes place between different professional categories in a more coordinated form through teams. Furthermore, the respondents' experiences of the value of collaborating, such as strengthened relationships and a better working environment, are made visible. Another highlight that is mentioned is the increased possibility for staff to identify the need for support from the students, which leads to better adaptations of teaching. The result also shows how the business is coordinated through teams, and the potential for collaboration. Cooperation between professional categories is not fully achieved today within sfi.

The conclusions show that there is a consensus among managers and other occupational categories considering which mechanisms make it difficult or possible to cooperate. There are no routines for collaboration today. What employees also demand is someone who leads the work, makes decisions and bears the responsibility of planning, implementing and following up the collaboration.

It is commonly understood across Europe that the provision of Social Services of General Interest (SSGI) is important. Several official documents guarantee every EU citizen access to, and the availability of, SSGI. Nevertheless, when it comes to producing, financing, administrating and territorially organising SSGI, the approaches and practices used across the various European states differ significantly while often mirroring the functioning of the social welfare and national administrative planning systems that prevail on the ground. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic analysis of how European states (the EU 27 plus Croatia and the EFTA countries of Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) cope with the organisation of SSGI in the fields of education, care, labour market, social housing and insurance schemes. Outlining the similarities and differences of the various national approaches leads to the creation of a European typology of SSGI organisation. This typology will then be compared to existing typologies and classifications of social welfare and spatial planning systems.

Einleitung

Der Begriff »Vergewaltigungskultur« tauchte in den 1970er Jahren zuerst in den USA auf und wurde anschließend zu einem allumfassenden Erklärungsmuster für das Vorhandensein sexueller Gewalt in verschiedenen sozialen Bereichen: auf dem College-Campus, beim Militär, in den Gefängnissen und zu Hause. In manchen Studien wurden verschiedene Gesellschaften je nach ihrer Vergewaltigungskultur als »vergewaltigungsanfällig« oder »vergewaltigungs-frei« (Sanday 2003) kategorisiert. Wurden das normative Umfeld und die gesellschaftliche Wahrnehmung von Vergewaltigung mit dem individuellen Verhalten von Menschen verbunden, so ergab sich eine höhere oder niedrigere Zahl sexueller Übergriffe, mit mehr oder weniger harten Konsequenzen für die Täter.

Baum, Cohen und Zhukov (2018) stellten zum Beispiel in ihrer Stu-die über die amerikanische Vergewaltigungskultur fest, dass es einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen der Vergewaltigungskultur und der Häufigkeit von Vergewaltigungen sowie der Reaktion des Strafrechtssystems gibt. Studien mit einem Fokus auf dem Einfluss oder der Prävalenz der Vergewaltigungskultur bezogen sich zwar auf die amerikanische Gesellschaft und arbeiteten mit einem daran ausgerichteten Modell, es gab jedoch überall auf der Welt auch Studien, in denen Ursachen, Manifestationen und Konsequen-zen von Vergewaltigungskulturen in unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Kontexten erforscht wurden (Inal und Smith 2018). Entsprechend untersucht dieser Artikel die Vergewaltigungskultur in Schweden, wie sie sich unter Jugendlichen manifestiert, von ihnen erlebt und verstanden wird. Diese Untersuchung ist vor allem im Zuge der #Metoo-Bewegung von Bedeutung und in der von ihr ausgelösten Debatte über die Selbstwahrnehmung Schwedens als eine der Gesellschaften mit der größten Gleichberechtigung weltweit und jahr-zehntelanger aktiver Förderung der Geschlechtergleichstellung. Diesbezüglich wartet der schwedische Kontext mit einigen Paradoxien auf. Die nationale #Metoo-Bewegung hat schnell und lautstark mobilisiert und das strukturelle Vorhandensein einer Vergewaltigungskultur in einem Land aufgezeigt, in . . . 

This article claims that the contents of energy conservation information policy instruments must be better adapted to household members’ everyday life experiences in order to capture their interest and transform information into action. The article elaborates on how to ground energy policy information in the everyday doings and strivings of households. Using two time-geographical concepts, i.e. activity and project, we investigate how people understand and define their energy-related activities as parts of overarching everyday projects with a focus on the constraints on energy conservation. The analysis is empirically based on interview data from a case study of households’ use of renewable heating technologies. The results illustrate how peoples’ heating activities are related to everyday projects such as reducing environmental impact, comfort for a convenient daily life, the household budget balance, learning about and/or maintaining home technologies and hobbies. One conclusion is that information instruments focusing solely on one or two such projects might hamper the translation from information to action and also limit the number of people interested in or able to access the information. Another conclusion is that the growing use of energy efficient technologies might influence new habits and perceptions of the everyday use of energy, making common economic motives for saving energy less useful. Anchoring energy-related information and support in the everyday activities and projects of households would facilitate the translation process. If this is achieved, information could prove a useful instrument in the broader reorganization of societal institutions in a sustainable direction.

Bakgrund. Att uppleva sig ensam och att ha låg social status och ett fattigt socialt nätverk är båda förknippat med sämre hälsa. Någon forskning på hur ensamhet och social hierarki samverkar i en rikstäckande population har inte studerats i Sverige.

Material och metod. Cirka 3000 personer från hela Sverige har slumpmässigt valts ut till undersökningen. Det är Sociologiska institutionen vid Umeå universitet som står för undersökningen och Sifo som samlar in uppgifterna. Det var totalt 1090 respondenter som hade svarat på frågorna. Multipel regressionsanalys med 5000 bootstrap iterationer användes för att studera denna korrelation under kontroll för bakgrundsvariabler.

Syfte och frågeställning. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera förhållandet mellan självupplevd ensamhet och egenskattad social hierarki.Frågeställningen i föreliggande uppsats blir: Hur samverkar självupplevd ensamhet med egenskattad social hierarki i den svenska populationen

Resultat. Ett svagt negativt samband har genom denna studie funnits mellan ensamhet och socioekonomisk status. Detta samband kvarstod även då det kontrollerats för variablerna inkomst och ålder. Man bör således se att gemenskap och tillhörighet är faktorer som bidrar till välmående och stabilare psykiskt mående.

Slutsats. Större nätverk och sociala kapital bidrar till fler resurser för individer att uppnå högre socioekonomisk status och kan således minska både den subjektiva och objektiva ensamheten.

Bakgrund: Att växa upp och gå i skola i förorten har länge gett intryck av att man inte kommer längre, vilket ger uppfattning av att stigmatiseringen blir en del av ungdomars identitet. Att inte uppleva tillhörighet till eller att vara en del av samhället kan leda till att ungdomar inte studerar vidare, tar grundskolan på allvar eller hamnar i kriminalitet.

Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur ungdomar konstruerar sina egna förortsidentiteter utifrån hur de ser på sin framtid och sina jämnårigas framtid i samma område. De övergripande frågorna i undersökningen är om de upplever sig stigmatiserade och marginaliserade. Metod: Studien kommer behandlas genom en kvalitativ metod. Genom ett snöbollsurval har 5 ungdomar i en förort i en västsvensk stad intervjuats genom samtalsintervju. Deras reflektioner och livsberättelser analyseras i ljuset av tidigare forskning samt teoretiska ramar. Efter transkribering av intervjuerna valdes tankefigurer som innefattar de centrala resonemangen av resultatet.

Resultat: Nyckeln till framgång för ungdomarna innefattar tankefigurer som att kämpa och sköta sig i skolan, samt att flytta från stadsdelen som ett framgångsbevis. De intervjuade beskriver att deras klasskamrater kommer att tillhöra arbetarklassen och inte hamna i kriminalitet som en definition av att de kommer lyckas i livet. Nyckeln till framgång enligt dem beror på yttre och inre faktorer som tur och förmåga och att det är givna faktorer, antingen har man talang och tur eller så har man inte det. Elevernas föreställning om stigmatisering visar att ungdomarna inte uppfattar marginalisering. Ungdomarna betraktar även ansvaret på individuellt plan och inte på samhället, alltså inte uppfattar marginalisering. Ungdomars framtidsversion beskriver även ett låg kulturell kapital, alltså legitima kulturen som innefattar utbildning brister vilket formar deras habitus till en föreställning om arbetarklass som en normaliserad livsstil.

Think tanks are a special type of civil society organization engaged in research and advocacy. They produce and deliver social analysis to policymakers and the wider public, aiming to influence policy in a given direction while declaring themselves detached from vested interests. This chapter focuses on how the image of independence rhymes with think tanks’ need for significant economic resources, revealing two main strategies to resolve the resulting funding dilemma. The first strategy entails diversification of funding sources; the second is avoiding certain types of funding outright. The concrete sources that individual think tanks eschew turn out to be linked to their ideological profiles: conservative institutions highlighted foreign funding as the most problematic, while market liberal and centrist liberal institutions shunned state funding.

Since James Scott introduced the concept of everyday resistance’ in 1985, research has grown within partly overlapping fields. Existing studies utilize very different definitions, methodologies and understandings of everyday resistance’, which makes a systematic development of the field difficult. In previous work, the authors have suggested a theoretical and definitional framework where everyday resistance is understood as a specific kind of resistance that is done routinely yet is not publicly articulated with political claims or formally organized. A more comprehensive and systematic exploration of this challenging phenomenon is possible through an analysis where: repertoires of everyday resistance are taken into account, together with relations between actors, as well as the spatialization and temporalization of resistance. These analytical dimensions are explained and motivated through illustrations from existing research. Finally, it is argued all four dimensions need to be studied in intersections.

Students from socioeconomically disadvantaged homes are typically depicted as lowperformers and more likely to fail in school (Sirin, 2005). However, a group of children, despite of their disadvantaged background, manage to overcome adversities in the education process and achieve satisfactory learning outcomes, a capacity referred to as Academic Resilience (Howard & Johnson, 2000; Agasisti et al., 2018). It has been noted that the educational reforms and social changes which occurred in Sweden during the past decades have affected the abilities that different education actors have to enhance educational equity (Gustafsson & Yang Hansen, 2017). These changes may also have an impact on the possibility of students and schools being resilient. The symposium is based on three studies aiming to identify and understand the factors behind academic resilience. 

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