Cardiac care has developed during the last years. The lengths of stay for patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction have been shortened thanks to more effective medical treatment. The short period of care means that patients have to absorb a lot of information on limited time and they may have difficulties absorbing everything before they leave the hospital.

The aim of this study is to highlight how men and women experience and manage their daily lives three to 12 month after a myocardial infarction. The study is literature based including both qualitative and quantitative studies.

The analysis revealed three themes with subthemes: 1) to no longer be able to rely on the body 2) managing daily life 3) support. It turns out that men and women have numerous emotional experiences and that fatigue plays a big role in their recovery. Men and women deal with their situation differently. Family and friends mean a lot in the rehabilitation and nurses play an important role in supporting those affected and this is an area with a lot of work to develop.

Conclusion: Nurses need knowledge and understanding of how patients manage and experience their situation after a myocardial infarction, as well as learning the importance of meeting each individual differently, depending on where he or she is in life and what his or her nearest environment look like. A more individualized follow-up and rehabilitation over time need to be developed.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to explore patients' experiences of participating in their rehabilitation process in the context of specialised rehabilitation in Norway.

BACKGROUND: The rights of patients to participate in their care and treatment is an ideology that underlines newer international and Norwegian public documents. However, there is a gap between policy statements and clinical practice, and a discrepancy between patients' and professionals' statements about patient participation in rehabilitation.

DESIGN: A qualitative approach with a narrative design.

METHODS: Eleven patients were individually interviewed to tell their stories about the rehabilitation processes. We utilised narrative analysis with a three-dimensional space narrative structure including temporality, sociality and spatiality. This study followed the COREQ checklist.

RESULTS: The analysis identified two throughout plots: 'person-centred culture' and 'time', and three plots which constructed how the patients participate in change through the rehabilitation process: (a) dependent-'open doors'; (b) motivation from within; and (c) independence-'locked doors'.

CONCLUSIONS: Patient participation in rehabilitation was dependent on person-centred cultures in the unit and on different aspects of time. The dialogue and the power balance between the patients and the health personnel changed as the rehabilitation progressed. Motivation for rehabilitation had to come from within patients. The paternalistic ideology did not seem to dominate the specialised rehabilitation unit in the present study.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study gives new insight into how patients participate in change in the rehabilitation process. This can be valuable for healthcare professionals and governments. Insight into how the lack of person-centred focus can harm the rehabilitation process, and a deeper understanding of the meaning of time in the rehabilitation process is essential. These results may provide a stimulus for discussions on how patients might participate in their rehabilitation process.

We compared online distributed information provided to patients with cancer in Scandinavian countries through the lens of governmentality. A secondary comparative qualitative analysis was conducted. Discourses in online patient information showed differences in governmentality techniques across the countries: Norway used a paternalist approach, Denmark an educative approach, and Sweden an individualistic approach and expected the patients to make the “right” decisions. Online information for patients with cancer in Denmark and Norway showed high professional and health care system involvement, whereas in Sweden, there was high patient involvement. There was almost no use of the person-centered approach among the online discourses

Bakgrund: I god hälsa ingår sexuell hälsa som uppfylls och bevaras genom respekt för individens sexuella rättigheter. Sexualitet har ingen fast definition och kan påverkas av faktorer som biologiska, sociala, kulturella och religiösa. Skolsköterskan har en central roll, men saknar verktyg och kompetens för att hålla i samtal om sexuell hälsa med barn och ungdomar. Forskning visar att skolsköterskan saknar kunskap, verktyg och samarbete kring undervisning om sexuell hälsa. Andra studier visar att barn och ungdomar önskar att skolsköterskorna ska vara mer inkluderad i sexuell och reproduktiv hälsoundervisning. Syftet var att belysa sexuell hälsa utifrån skolsköterskans, samt barn och ungdomars perspektiv. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats valdes utifrån Polit och Beck (2020). Åtta kvalitativa studier analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Lundman & Graneheim (2017). Resultatet presenteras i tre teman: Perspektiv på hur sexuell hälsa kommuniceras, delges och förmedlas; Kommunikation i samtal och Hinder i samtal. Slutsats: Skolsköterskans arbete med sexuell hälsa är fortsatt komplext och det finns ett behov av kunskap och utveckling inom olika områden. Dessutom saknar barn och ungdomar aktuell och anpassad information för dagens innebörd av sexuell hälsa och för sin utvecklingsnivå. Mötet och samtalet om sexuell hälsa mellan skolsköterskan samt barn och ungdomar möjliggörs av anpassade utrymmen för skolsköterskans arbete, uppehållande av integritet och konfidentialitet, val av attityder och språk i mötet och kunskaperna hos skolsköterskan. Dessutom påverkar kulturella och religiösa bakgrund barns och ungdomars uppfattning om sexuell hälsa, därför är det viktigt att ge dem möjligheten att tala om det.

Bakgrund: Den vanligaste typen av diabetes är typ 2 diabetes (T2D) vilket återfinns hos 95 procent av personer med diabetes mellitus. Sjukdomen kan definieras som en metabol störning i kroppen som leder till att kroppens celler inte kan tillgodose sig glukos, det resulterar i att glukos ansamlar sig i blodet och ger förhöjda blodsockervärden. Att leva med T2D innebär en ökad risk för död. År 2021 resulterade diabetessjukdomen i 6,7 miljoner dödsfall. Det finns även en risk att utveckla diabetesrelaterade komplikationer, både akuta och långsiktiga, vilken kan leda till försämrad livskvalitet. Personcentrerad vård är en central del inom hälso-och sjukvård, genom att arbeta utifrån personens önskemål och behov förbättras och stärks personens egenvård. Att utföra egenvård kan minska både morbiditet och mortaliteten samt öka hälsa och välbefinnandet. Egenvård kan till exempel vara att följa rekommendationer om kost och fysisk aktivitet. Att utföra egenvård kan dock vara svårt då resultatet kan ses först på lång sikt, vilket gör att motivationen kan sjunka.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa patienters perspektiv av att leva med diabetes typ 2.

Metod: För att svara på studiens syfte användes scoping review. Metoden används för att kartlägga litteratur inom ett visst område. Data hämtades från tre olika databaser där 21 artiklar svarade på studiens syfte samt uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna. Artiklarna analyserades sedan genom en tematisk analys. 

Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra teman och nio underteman. Det första temat är egenvårdens betydelse där det visar sig att livsstilsförändring, hinder och digitalisering påverkar egenvårdshanteringen. Det andra temat är vårdens roll, där framkom det att kunskap och relation med vården anses vara viktigt för personer med T2D. Det tredje temat; det sociala livet, beskriverhur personer med T2D kan påverkas både positivt och negativt av familj och vänner. Det sista temat är sjukdomens påverkan på kropp och själ, vilket betonar hur sjukdomen påverkar personens välmående. Det var tydligt att många med T2D upplever negativa känslor relaterat till sjukdomen, så som oro, skam och frustration. 

Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att personer med T2D kan stå inför många utmaningar i livet som påverkar egenvårdshanteringen och välmåendet. Det är tydligt att personer med T2D upplever sjukdomen på olika sätt och har olika behov. Det tyder på att hälso- och sjukvården bör arbeta för att utveckla det personcentrerade förhållningssättet.

Background: It's a fundamental principal to protect children's rights. Through legislation, child abuse has been prohibited in many countries. Nurses working with children has a frontline role in identifying and reporting suspected or known child abuse. Mandatory reporting is one of the nurse's duty, reluctancy to report can lead to misconduct but it also leads to children suffering.

Aim: The purpose of this degree project was to identify factors preventing nurses from mandatory reporting of children in health care.

Method: A literature study based on using and analysing nine qualitative articles.

Results: Three themes emerged in the result. The first theme was knowledge deficit, with two subthemes which were the need of education of signs and symptoms and the other subtheme was insufficient experiences. The second theme was nurses strained work environment with three subthemes. The first subtheme was the lack of routines, the second one miss information and the third one lack of cooperation and communication. The third theme consists of two subthemes, which were the lack of emotional support and the experience of fear. The results showed that nurses due to different factors relinquished from mandatory reporting. 

Conclusion: The results highlighted that education and training was needed among nurses to gain knowledge on how to safeguard children and establish mandatory reporting. Thus, support from colleagues and managers agencies dealing with child safety was highly valued by nurses. Implementation of education, training and support could improve the cooperation in protecting children.

Background: Health-related urinary tract infection is increasing every day as patients are treated with urinary catheters. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection does not only cause suffering, prolonged patient care time and increased health care costs, but also overuse of antibiotics. The most common reasons why urinary tract catheters needs to be used are difficulties in empty the bladder and control urinary production. When inserting a catheter into the bladder the recommended method is the aseptic one, and meticulous hygiene routines must be applied. Nurses are responsible for observing early signs of urinary tract infection, documenting and ask how the patient experiences the urinary catheter treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate nurses' experiences of urinary catheter and catheter associated urinary tract infection. Method: A method to contribute to evidence-based nursing with ground in analysis of qualitative research was performed to get a better understanding of nurses 'experiences. Result: The results of the analysis are two main themes: Insufficient handling affects the patient and Varying insight about their own ability and limitations. Conclusions: Lack of communication between physicians and nurses threatens patient safety. Nurses have their own responsibility to manage effectively urinary tract catheters to prevent health-related urinary tract infection. There is a need for increased knowledge about the management of urinary tract catheters and the consequences of a catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Time for training and reflection should be planned in departments. For example, there may be hospital-wide education offered, which could be obligatory.

Bakgrund: Upplevelserna av krig i barndomen kan ge negativa konsekvenser livet ut. Krig består av brutalt våld mot det civila, trots att den fjärde Genèvekonventionen samt FN-barnkonventionen finns för att skydda individer. Under krig lever barn även i en otrygg miljö samt att krig medför försämringar och begränsningar för barn i livet. Dessa begränsningar kan innebära att barn inte får leka och gå till skolan. Bra upplevelser i barndomen är viktiga för att hjärnan ska utvecklas positivt. På grund av den otrygga miljön finns det risker att utvecklingen av hjärnan blir negativ. Det kan medföra trauma och psykisk ohälsa.

Syfte: Syftet är att redogöra för vuxna individers upplevelser av att ha levt i krig i barndomen.

Metod: Metoden som har använts i examensarbetet är en integrerande sammanställning av kvalitativ forskning inspirerad av metasyntes. Genom att systematiskt söka efter litteratur hittades sju artiklar som svarade på syftet. Artiklarna analyserades vilket resulterade i två teman och sex underteman.

Resultat: I resultatet redovisas två teman och sex underteman. Det första temat var “upplevelser av osäkerhet” och undertemat till det var “rädsla”, “svek” och “sorg”. Det andra temat var “känslan av att inte räcka till” och undertemat till det var “hjälplös”, “övergiven” och “skuld och skam”.

Konklusion: I examensarbetet har krigsmiljöer visat sig leda till mycket negativa känslor hos vuxna individer, som har upplevt krig i barndomen. Dessa negativa känslor har en direkt koppling till deras brist på trygghet i form av stöd och närvaro av vuxna i krigsmiljöer.  

Background:

Emergency departments receive approximately 1.3 million visitors each year with acute problems. A decision must be based on good reflections, with the aim of "doing good" and preserving humans' integrity. The ethical dilemma was described as when the choice between two solutions was equally unsatisfactory. To protect the patient's health and integrity, the nurse must understand the ethical obligations that the nursing profession entails.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to explore which ethical dilemmas nurses face in emergency departments and their experiences of them.

Method:

A literature-based study was conducted. The data collection was made in Cinahl and PubMed. Friberg's five-stage model was implemented.

Results:

Two themes with seven subthemes were identified in the content analysis. The first theme, “Causes of ethical dilemmas”, showed that nurses experienced insufficiencies and bar-riers in communication, lack of resources and being forced to prioritize as common reasons for ethical dilemmas. The second theme, “Ethical dilemmas cause emotional strain”, resulted in frustration and sense of responsibility, the feeling of being unable to help, worrying about con-sequences and ethical dilemmas led to heightened stress levels.

Conclusion:

This study highlights how ethical dilemmas in emergency departments were a problem that led to deterioration of care. The factors causing ethical dilemmas to display need to be addressed to prevent faulty care. The study illuminates the substantial need for further research on ethical dilemmas and how to solve them.

Background: Over 40 million people around the world suffer from incurable illness or injury each year and need palliative care. The patient experience of end-of-life care needs to be illustrated, to make the healthcare better. There is little knowledge about the social, psychological, and existential dimensions of palliative care. Therefore, it is of relevance that the nurse has knowledge about the patient’s experiences, to be able to offer a better care. 

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe adult patients’ experiences of palliative care. 

Method: The study was based on a literature study, that had a qualitative approach. Ten scientific articles were searched and selected from databases Cinahl and PubMed, with inclusion criteria's adults, English language, year 2012-2022. The articles were analysed using Friberg’s (2017) five steps process. 

Results: Three major themes emerged: safety and its impact, the significance of the relationship to healthcare staff, and the impact of palliative care. The patients expressed the value of a good communication with the healthcare staff, to enable feeling safe, seen and understood. Patients better understanding of palliative care resulted in feeling secure. And through receiving practical help, they maintained autonomy and self-determination. 

Conclusion: This study emphasized that patients' experiences of receiving palliative care is important to uptain a good quality of life. Whereas person-centered care, good communication skills, and good quality of care are central parts. 

Background: To work in Palliative Care can be difficult and challenging for nurses, in which they meet existential issues concerning life and death. This requires nurses to meet the patient's relatives to discuss these issues. Nurses have the responsibility to invite patients and their relatives to converse about existential issues.

Aim: To describe the nurse’s experience of existential conversation with both patients at the end of life and their relatives.

Method: The study was based on a qualitative literature study with ten scientific articles. The articles were searched from databases Cinahl and PubMed. Friberg’s five-step model was used to analyze the articles.

Results: Through the analyses, three major themes were formed: The experience of communication in existential conversation described meaningful and important to be attentive and active listening. The experience of vulnerability described the feeling of fear, anxiety and despair and the feeling of inadequacy and powerlessness. The experience of factors that influence existential conservation that described the lack of time and own experience and experienced colleagues who provide better conditions to perform the conversations.

Conclusion: Nurses experienced different emotions while providing an existential conversation. Conservation about existential needs to alleviate the patients and their relatives' suffering experienced as meaningful. While the feeling of inadequacy and powerlessness to alleviate the patient’s suffering and the feeling of fear, anxiety and despair about their own death and life created negative emotions in nurses that lead them to feel more vulnerable.

Background: Dementia is a growing health problem that not only affects the individual but also their relatives. Symptoms cause impairment to varying degrees making life difficult for both the individual and their relatives. At first the demented person may be able to cope by himself but often need assistance from family member and healthcare the further down into the disease. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe experiences of being a relative of a person afflicted with dementia, Method: A literature-based study was performed based on ten scientific qualitative studies. Result: Three themes with seven subthemes emerged from the analysis: to get support, a changed relationship and a need for information and education. Conclusion The results showed that a change happens within the relationship to the demented person and that relatives needed support from different places and information and education to manage the changes and their health. The result clearly shows that being a relative to a demented person comes with hardships and changes to one daily life. To be able to withstand the hardships and changes relatives need support throughout the entire disease. They also need information and education about the disease itself but also about death and its process. The nurse has a vital role to support and provide tools for the relative’s wellbeing

Bakgrund: Prediabetes är ett tillstånd där blodsockernivån är högre än normalt men under den nivå där diagnos diabetes kan sättas. Om det inte åtgärdas föreligger en ökad risk att utveckla typ 2-diabetes vilket ökar risken för hjärt-kärlsjukdom och förtidig död. Förekomsten av typ 2-diabetes ökar lavinartat. Att förebygga diabetes är därför av stor vikt för att minska de diabetesrelaterade kostnaderna för både individen och samhället.

Syfte: Att beskriva specialistsjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med prediabetes inom primärvården.

Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats där sju semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.

Resultat: I analysen framkom sju subkategorier som mynnade ut i tre kategorier, att identifiera patienter med prediabetes specialistsjuksköterskans roll och ansvar och vi kan göra mer. Specialistsjuksköterskorna beskrev sitt uppdrag att vårda patienter med prediabetes som ett viktigt uppdrag både med tanke på patientens hälsa men även ur ett samhälls- och vårdcentralsperspektiv. Specialistsjuksköterskornas erfarenheter visade att insatser för patienter med prediabetes hade låg prioritet inom primärvården. Genom att skapa ett tydligare uppdrag var specialistsjuksköterskornas uppfattning att vården gentemot patienterna med prediabetes bli bättre och mer jämlik. De ansåg att kunskapen och verktygen finns redan idag men att resurserna saknades.

Slutsats: Genom att skapa tydligare styrdokument kring vården av patienter med prediabetes kan hälsan hos denna patientgrupp stärkas samt prevalensen av typ 2-diabetes minska. Genom mer riktad styrning av primärvården mot insatser för denna patientgrupp skulle vården bli mer jämlik och högre prioriterad på vårdcentralen.

Background: According to the World Health Organization, stress is a threat to global health, where there is an increase in healthcare personnel. Previous studies show that the nurses in the emergency room are extra vulnerable. Internationally, major challenges in modern emergency department are seen as a result of overcrowding and extended stay times.

Aim: The purpose was to examine the nurse's experiences of stress in work at the emergency department.

Method: A qualitative literature study was selected to describe nurses' experiences of stress following traumatic events in emergency department. Qualitative studies increase the understanding of the individual's experiences and needs, and how this affects the individual's health.

Results: The result shows that stress at the emergency department is a common problem. Complex care situations, high workload, lack of experience and conflicts in the working group were factors that lead to stress. Effects on physical and emotional health also emerged. Stress can affect the nurse and the quality of care.

Conclusion: The nurse at the emergency department is often exposed in a work environment where stress is common. Therefore, it is important for the nurse to receive support from work management and colleagues in order to be able to handle situations that may lead to impaired patient safety as well as the health of the nurse.

Background: Sexual health is an important aspect of people's general experience of health and wellbeing. Conversations about sexual health and sexuality are included in nurses overall nursing responsibilities and can be linked to several areas of competence within nursing. Nurses has a key role in identifying and addressing illness and problems related to sexual health. Despite this, patients express lack of information and dialogues with nurses about sexual health and sexuality. In order to contribute to a good and satisfactory nursing from a holistic perspective and promote patients' health and well-being, it is necessary that nurses include conversations about sexual health and sexuality in their professional practice.

Aim: The aim of this literature review was to examine nurses' experiences of conversations about sexual health and sexuality with adult patients.Method: The literature review withheld 12 scientific articles of both a qualitative and quantitative approach. The articles underwent a quality review and analysis. Articles have been systematically searched in the databases Cinahl and PubMed/Medline.

Results: Nurses experiences of conversations about sexual health and sexuality with adult patients are presented under three categories: "Difficult to talk about sexual health and sexuality", "Unfavourable working environment" and "Clear priorities".

Conclusion: Sexual health and sexuality are topics that many nurses find difficult to raise during conversations with patients. It is necessary for nurses to be self-aware and reflect on their own norms, attitudes and beliefs linked to patients' sexual health and sexuality. Nurses needs additional understanding, of their professional responsibility and knowledge of sexual health, to promote a person-centred care. Furthermore, it is essential that nurses are providedwith conditions such as time, private spaces, and written guidelines/routines in their working environment.

Background: Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease that is difficult to treat and diagnose. The illness is of unknown etiology. The majority of the ill is women. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women ́s experiences of living with long term pain associated with fibromyalgia. Method: A literature -based study was performed. The database Cinahl was used in the search process. This study includes 11 qualitative articles that have been analysed by a review template. The analysis resulted in two categories "experiences of a changed me" and "experiences of social life" with six subcategories. Results: The consequences of fibromyalgia were that the family life, spare time, social life and working life changed in different ways. The articles also showed that women with fibromyalgia did not receive the understanding they needed from their families or the environment. Conclusion: Women with fibromyalgia feel that they do not get understanding from the outside world. It is important that health care professionals understand and acknowledge these individuals' subjective experiences so that they can give professional care and support.

Purpose: To explore and compare cancer patients’ perceptions on the quality of nursing care in four European countries. Methods: Data were collected in Cyprus, Finland, Greece and Sweden. The sample comprised 596 hospitalized cancer patients. The quality of nursing care was measured using the “Oncology Patients’ Perceptions of the Quality of Nursing Care Scale” (OPPQNCS). Patient characteristics were also collected. Analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of country on the perceptions of the quality of nursing care. Results: Patients’ age ranged from 18 to 86 years, and 58% were male. The comparison of cancer patients’ perceptions regarding the quality of nursing care between the four countries showed a statistically significant difference in the total OPPQNCS scores (p <0.001) as well as in the subscales responsiveness (p <0.001), individualization (p<0.001), co ordination (p<0.001) and proficiency (p<0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the OPPQNCS ranged between 0.89 and 0.95. A multivariate analysis of variance for the OPPQNCS controlled by respondents’ demographic characteristics revealed that only the patient’s country was significantly related with the patients’ perceptions of quality care. Conclusion: Quality of nursing care as perceived by cancer patients was high, but differed between the four countries. The impact of the clinical status of cancer patients on the quality of nursing care and managerial factors such as staffing/nursing care delivery models that influence the ability of nurses to offer high quality care should also be explored by more focused studies.

Different studies show that stress is a common feeling that newly graduated nurses experience during the first period in the profession. What causes the stress are high expectations that they have on themselves and the expectations from colleagues, as well as the fear of making a mistake while working as a nurse. Newly graduate nurses go through five stages of development from being novice to expert. The aim of this study was to describe work experiences of newly graduate nurses in hospital ward settings. The research method was a literature study based on ten qualitative articles. Articles were analyzed by using the method of Friberg (2012). Four main themes were identified: experiences of leadership; experiences of the relationship with colleagues; experiences of support; experiences of knowledge level. Colleagues and managers must respond to the needs of newly graduated nurses in an adequate way to create a friendly and supportive working environment, which in turn can contribute to the professional development of the newly graduated nurse. Nursing education should prepare students for professional careers in terms of socialization, leadership and organization.

Background: World Health Orginazation (WHO) reported that cancer is the second leading cause of death globally with estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Sleeplessness is a common problem for people with a cancer diagnosis. Humans sleep around eight hours a day which adds up to a third of life. It is the responsibility of nurses to see to the nursing of patients, including sleep. Limited sleep can lead to a greater risk of contracting immunological diseases. In Swedish hospitals there are few guidelines for handling sleeplessness with patients, therefore a study regarding factors influencing sleep negatively is important for the nursing profession.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe experiences that influence night sleep for patients with a cancer diagnosis.

Method: The method for this study is a literature review using quantitative and qualitative articles.

Results: Among the factors that influence sleep, the most common were pain, urinary and bowel issues, depression, anxiety, social constraints and cancer related loneliness.

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that more guidelines regarding sleep is necessary for the development of nursing.

Since the first successful organ transplant in 1954 performed by the surgeon Joseph Murray this procedure has become the most effective treatment of organ failure. Although the majority has a positive attitude towards organ transplantation, the supply does not meet demand. As a result of this the patients sometimes must wait years for a new organ and some of them dies while waiting.

The aim of this study was to describe patients experiences of waiting for an organ transplant and the method used was a literature study.

Result shows that these patients went through physical, psychological and financial changes during the waiting time. Patients described mixed emotions and different ways of perceiving hope. They long for a "normal" life and the waiting gets harder over time. It's essential for the patients that both they and their next of kin gets repeated and continuously information during the waiting time.

Background: Mental illness is defined differently depending on the context, ranging from symptoms of anxiety and depression to schizophrenia. Mental illness among the population has increased since 1990. A survey done by the Central Bureau of Statistics in Sweden (2006) shows that issues such as anxiety are more common now than before. Twenty-three percent of women aged 16-84 said they had experienced symptoms of anxiety. Thirteen percent of the men aged 16-64 said they had experienced the same. Pre-conceived notions often meet people with mental health issues and there is a stigma surrounding them and their situation.

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine how patients with mental illness experience their contact with health care professionals in health care.

Method: The study was designed as a literature based study. Eleven articles were analyzed, nine articles were found by a systematic search and two articles were found in an unsystematic search.

Results: This study showed two main themes and eight subthemes. The main themes were patients desire to have a good relationship and good interaction with health care professionals. The subthemes were patient confidence in health care professionals, a dedicated staff, patients desire to get person-centered care and to feel involved, to have good continuity in their health care and to have highly available health care professionals around them, to have a good dialogue, be actively listened to, competent health care professionals and being labeled.

Conclusion: The conclusion is that patients that lack trust, commitment from health care professionals or continuity had bad experiences with the health care system. Patients needed to have a mutual relationship with the health care staff to have a good experience with the health care system.

Möten mellan sjuksköterska och barn återfinns inom de flesta verksamheter, eftersom barn är en stor patientgrupp inom hälso- och sjukvården. Sjuksköterskans kunskap och erfarenhet har avgörande betydelse för hur dessa möten avlöper. Det är av stor vikt att barns möten med sjuksköterskan blir en positiv erfarenhet, eftersom en negativ händelse kan få livslånga konsekvenser genom att barnet undviker hälso- och sjukvården under resten av sitt liv. Följden av ett negativt möte kan också bli att barnets kommande möten kräver mer resurser, såsom fler och längre möten och mer personal, resurser som annars kan vara till nytta för fler barn. Sjuksköterskan bör individanpassa mötet utifrån barnets individuella utvecklingsnivå och involvera barnet och familjen, som kan bestå av flera medlemmar. Detta kan göras genom att sjuksköterskan avsätter tillräckligt med tid, befinner sig på barnets nivå och anpassar kommunikationen, kanske med lek. Ett gynnsamt läge uppstår då för att familjen skall känna sig och vara delaktiga i vården, och en trygg och tillitsfull relation skapas för alla inblandade. Undersökningar och behandlingar underlättas när sjuksköterskan och familjen samarbetar. Hur mötet avlöper beror till stor del på sjuksköterskans kunskaper och erfarenheter. Kunskap är grunden för sjuksköterskans yrke och en sjuksköterska blir aldrig fullärd utan behöver söka ny kunskap hela tiden. Ett primärt sätt för sjuksköterskan att göra det, är med reflektion. Reflektion kan ske enskilt, med kollegor och andra yrkesgrupper. Vid reflektion ökar sjuksköterskans kunskap genom att hen tar del av någon annans erfarenhet och reviderar den och gör den till egen ny kunskap. Författarna anser att de resultat som framkommit kan användas som verktyg vid möten mellan sjuksköterskor, barn och deras föräldrar.

Background: Humour has been a part of mankind since ancient time and affects the human being in several ways. Communication is essential in creating a relationship and humour may improve the possibility that a nurse and a patient succeed in building a therapeutic relationship.

Aim: The aim of this literature review was to illuminate humour in the therapeutic relationship between nurse and patient.

Method: The method used was a literature review. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases Cinahl and PubMed where eight articles were found, a ninth article was found by a non-systematic search. The articles were then analyzed through Friberg's five-step model for literature reviews.

Results: Four themes occurred. Humour as a brick in building a bridge in the therapeutic relationship, Experiences and effects of humour in the therapeutic relationship, Barriers and fears when using humour in the therapeutic relationship and Gender and humour in the therapeutic relationship. The result suggests that humour is useful in building a therapeutic relationship and is being used frequently, yet there are times when nurses hesitate to use humour due to the lack of experience. There also occurred a difference in how humour is used due to the gender of the patient.

Conclusion: Humour is mainly a positive experience in the therapeutic relationship and should be used as it makes communication easier and makes it easier for nurses and patients to bond. The way using humour differs in gender must be considered by the nurse.

Background

Diabetes type 2 is a public health problem that has increased throughout the world. Around 536.6 million people worldwide are affected by diabetes of which 95 % have diabetes type 2. In Sweden, there are approximately 460 000 people that have the diabetes type 2. Self- care is there for an important part of the treatment. Lifestyle changes are crucial for the health and well-being of individuals with Diabetes type 2, including dietary modifications and increased physical activity. By taking care of oneself through lifestyle changes, the risk of severe complications can be reduced. 

Aim

The aim of this study was to describe patients experiences of self- care in diabetes type 2.

Method

A literature review based on ten qualitative scientific articles, retrieved from databases PubMed and Cinahl. The literature has been analyzed based on Fribergs five-step analysis, which resulted in two themes and five subthemes. Results the primary factor, self-care is susceptible to emotional influences and concerns regarding the possibility of future complications. Patients perceived changes in physical activity and diet as challenging, influenced by their motivation and cultural background. Support and motivation from healthcare providers, family members, and other social connections can foster self-care. Being well-informed about their condition held significant importance. By exhibiting empathy towards each patient's unique encounter with diabetes, we can empower them to take charge of their own care. 

Conclusion

Patients with type 2 diabetes have different experiences and perceptions of self-care. Modified diet and increased physical activity can be both positive and negative experiences. Challenges with physical activity and barriers related to lifestyle and culture affect the implementation of changes. Understanding the importance of lifestyle modifications is crucial for patients' self-care. Social and professional support plays a significant role in helping patients manage these changes. Person-centered care and nursing support are essential for promoting health and self-care in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition in the hip or knee joints that develops during a long period of time and sometimes needs hip or knee joint replacement surgery when pain gets too intense for the patient. This paper describes how an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis was designed. The design science research (DSR) approach was followed by creating a web-based animated video. The web-based animated video is used to support surgical departments with education for patients suffering from OA. In the web-based animated video, information about OA surgical treatment and its pre- and post-arrangements was included. The relevance, the rigor, and the design cycles were focused on, with some iterations of and improvements in the animations. Even after implementation, there was a feedback-loop with comments from the surgeons and their patients. Moreover, as more departments will use the web-based animated video, they want to make their special mark on it, so that further changes will be made. This paper presents the design and successful implementation of an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis, tightly linked to the patient journey and the workflow of healthcare professionals. The animated video serves not only as a tool to improve care but also as a basis for further scientific research studies. 

Studies on Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) development projects have traditionally often been limited to retrospectively identifying CSFs in a finished project. In this paper, we focus on how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. Based on a holistic perspective and systems thinking, an inductive research strategy was applied and a single in-depth case study was conducted. The findings include detailed descriptions that contribute to further understanding of how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. The analysis reveals that CSFs must be applied differently and managed on various system levels. Furthermore, it shows how interactions exist between different system levels, both in the case of a specific CSF and between different CSFs on various system levels. Our analysis framework and findings indicate new directions for future research: how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS development projects can now be investigated both in a more holistic way and more in detail. Finally, healthcare practitioners can use the descriptions as practical checklists for guiding them in how to realize situational adaptation of CSFs in HIS projects across different system levels.  

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a lifelong chronic disease, which means constant contact with health care. Newly diagnosed patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 are admitted to hospital for approximately four days, during which time they and their relatives receive sufficient education to cope with everyday life at home.

Aim: To illuminate nurses' experiences of educating newly diagnosed patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 in a hospital environment.

Method: Six qualitative, two quantitative and two mixed-method articles were analysed. The studies took place in a hospital environment where nurses played a vital role in education about type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Results: Three themes emerged; Continuous staff training, which demonstrated that lack of time was the main reason for not having continuous staff training, Individualizing patient education, which illustrated the importance of individualized education for encouraging both patients and relatives to become more involved in the care and Working in a multi-professional team, which enabled nurses to individualize and take a person-centred approach to patient care.

Conclusion: Overall, nurses cite lack of time as a common reason for inadequate care as well as the absence of education for both patients and nurses. Individualizing patient education with regard to age, family situation and previous knowledge increases the likelihood of a safe and secure discharge. In order to create safe patient care, multi-professional collaboration is necessary to allow nurses to focus on providing individualized and person-centred care.

The knowledge about care for suicidal patients is mainly based on perspectives from healthcare personnel. There is a lack of research based on the suicidal patients experiences of how they perceived the care that they are given. The aim of this study was to illustrate suicidal patients' experiences of nursing care. A qualitative literature study was used as method. The systematic search resulted in ten qualitative studies, which examined patients' experiences of nursing care. The analysis was conducted in line with Friberg's five-step method and with inductive analyze method, focusing both on the manifest and latent content. The analysis resulted in two themes and four subthemes: Space for one's life story; to be met with understanding, and to be met with distrust. Space for partnership; to be involved, and to be excluded.Results: The result shows that suicidal patients have a wish and longing to share their life story. The patients emphasized the importance of interactions with healthcare personnel characterized by space, time and understanding. To enable this, they expressed the need to be involved, which can be understood as the importance of partnership. Distrust and to be excluded increased suffering and feelings of hopelessness.Conclusion: To promote recovery and relieve suffering, the suicidal patient needs to be actively involved in their own care through person centered care and partnership with healthcare personnel and be given space to share one's life story.

Objectives. Unnatural deaths among Indigenous populations, including the Swedish Sami, occur more often than among the general population. To find prevention strategies, we explored the circumstances of the unnatural deaths of members of reindeer-herding Sami families. Study design. The number of deaths from among a cohort of 7,482 members of reindeer-herding Sami families were retrieved from the National Board of Health and Welfare for the years 1961- 2001. Methods. An evaluation of the information from autopsy records at the National Board of Forensic Medicine, police reports, and available medical records identified 158 unnatural deaths. These were then analysed in detail. Results. Transport-related deaths and suicides were the most common unnatural deaths among Swedish reindeer-herding Sami family members. Suicides contributed to 23% of all deaths, road traffic accidents to 16%, and snowmobile fatalities to 11%. The accidents generally reflected an "outdoor lifestyle" and the working conditions were characterized by the use of off-road vehicles such as snowmobiles. Half of the number of victims tested positive for alcohol and alcohol abuse was documented in 15% of all victims. Conclusions. The results indicate that alcohol is an important factor in preventing unnatural deaths among reindeer-herding Sami, together with increased safety of both on-road and off-road transportation.

Background Depression is a common mental disorder worldwide, that embrace more than 264 million people. Depression can lead impaired ability to perform everyday tasks such as work and school. Previous research has shown that physical activity can reduce depressive symptoms. The aim of nursing is for the patient to experience health. It can be fulfilled by the nurse supporting and teaching patients to find tools and motivating patients to self-care.

Aim The aim of this study was to illuminate people's experience of physical activity in case of depression.

Method A literature review based on the content of eight qualitative studies. Analyzed using a qualitative content analysis based on a five-step model to understand the experiences of depressed individuals.

Results The findings revealed two main themes and five subthemes. The first theme was motivation has meaning with three subthemes to feel resistance, own and others influence, self-confidence has an impact. The first theme describes factors that either enabled or prevented individuals from performing physical activity. The second theme was contributing to recovery with two subthemes symptoms are alleviated and leads to recovery. The second theme describes that physical activity contributes to the recovery of depression, for example by increasing well-being.

Conclusion The results of the literature study show that experiences of physical activity are largely positive among individuals with depression, such as improvement of depressive symptoms and increased well-being. In some cases, the depression aggravated, which manifested itself through stress and anxiety. Support from the environment was a factor that could motivate to physical activity.

Background: Burns are a global problem and more people survive today. After a burn injury a long rehabilitation time can wait, both physical and psychological and little is known about the patients' experiences after a burn injury. 

Aim: The aim of this study is to illuminate patients' experience of life after a burn injury. 

Method: A method is used to contribute to evidence-based nursing, based on analysis of qualitative research. Data was collected from analyzing eleven scientific articles. 

Results: Two themes with five sub-themes emerged. Results show that patients' experience increased vulnerability in relation to changes in the skin, the changed appearance and the mental stress. The feeling of pain, itching, stigmatization and anxiety are some of the experiences that create problems in everyday life. They also found that the experience of support and acceptance by the burned was part of the process of returning to life. 

Conclusion: The result showed that suffering from a burn causes remaining problems after the injury. The patients needed support to be able to accept what happened and return to life.

Background: Women are exposed to violence in intimate relationships much more than men and this is a global health problem. Nurses have a responsibility to identify violence in intimate relationships and meet these women in a professional way. Previous research indicates a lack of response from nurses towards women who experience violence in close relationships.

Aim: The aim was to describe nurses´ experiences of meeting abused women in healthcare.

Method: A literature-based study where eight articles have been analyzed through qualitative design with the support of Friberg's five-step model. 

Results: The results showed that nurses experience a strong emotional impact in the meeting with the vulnerable women. They were worried about both women and themselves, which affected them privately. They had to suppress their feelings and they experienced professional dilemmas. It also emerged that lack of time and lack of knowledge was an obstacle to asking the vulnerable women the question. When knowledge and experience existed, a feeling of security was created.

Conclusion: Based on this result, the conclusions can be drawn that nurses need additional knowledge about the topic of violence to feel secure in their professional role to meet and identify the women. It is also clear that nurses need strategies to deal with the emotional impact and to have clear guidelines for how the question of violence should be asked. 

Background: Educational environments are considered important in strengthening students’ health status and knowledge, which are associated with good educational outcomes. It has been suggested to establish healthy universities based on a salutogenic approach – namely, health promotion. The aim of this study was to describe health-promoting resources and factors among first-semester students in higher education in healthcare and social work. Methods: This cross-sectional study is based on a survey distributed among all students in seven healthcare and social work programmes at six universities in southern Sweden. The survey was carried out in 2018 using a self-reported, web-based questionnaire focussing on general health and well-being, lifestyle factors together with three validated instruments measuring health-promoting factors and processes: the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale, Salutogenic Health Indicator Scale (SHIS) and Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ). Results: Of 2283 students, 851 (37.3%) completed the survey, of whom 742 (87.1%) were women; 722 (84.8%) were enrolled on healthcare programmes, and 129 (15.2%) were enrolled on social work programmes. Most reported good general health and well-being (88.1% and 83.7%, respectively). The total mean scores for the SOC scale, SHIS and OBQ were, respectively, 59.09 (SD = 11.78), 44.04 (SD = 9.38) and 26.40 (SD = 7.07). Well-being and several healthy lifestyles were related to better general health and higher SOC, SHIS and OBQ scores. Multiple linear and logistic regressions showed that perceived well-being and no sleeping problems significantly predicted higher general health and higher SOC, SHIS and OBQ scores. Being less sedentary and non-smoking habits were significant predictors of higher SOC. Conclusions: Swedish students in higher education within the healthcare and social work sector report good general health and well-being in the first semester, as well as health-promoting resources (i.e. SOC, SHIS and OBQ), and in some aspects, a healthy lifestyle. High-intensity exercise, no sleeping problems and non-smoking seem to be of importance to both general health and health-promotive resources. This study contributes to knowledge about the health promotive characteristics of students in the healthcare and social work fields, which is of importance for planning universities with a salutogenic approach. © 2022, The Author(s).

Background: During the recent years a great amount of unaccompanied children have arrived to Sweden. They constitute a vulnerable group since they lack the protection of an adult. Previous research shows that they often have traumatic experiences and suffer from mental health problems. Nurses need to be aware of these issues to be able to provide good care for the asylum seeking children. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of unaccompanied children seeking asylum. Method: A literature review based on the content of six qualitative studies, four quantitative studies and two studies of mixed method. Results: The findings revealed four main themes; Being a survivor, Almost in safety, Mental vulnerability and Creating a new life. The results show that the children have survived war and persecution and have had to leave their families to search for safety. They have a great fear of being sent back and express a need for support and encouragement. It also appears that many of the children feel lonely and isolated and that a significant part suffer from mental health problems such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression and anxiety. The children strive to create a new network and to succeed. Conclusion: To be able to help unaccompanied children with traumatic experiences and consequences thereof, it is important for the nurse to build a relation based on trust. It is useful for nurses to engage a life-world perspective, since it includes a holistic view of the children and their lived reality.

This study focuses on the everyday life of young persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are follow-up studies describing ADHD, and ASD in adults, and residual impairments that affect life. Few qualitative studies have been conducted on the subject of their experiences of everyday life, and even fewer are from young persons' perspectives. This study's aim was to describe how young persons with ADHD and ASD function and how they manage their everyday life based on analyses of Internet-based chat logs. Twelve young persons (7 males and 5 females aged 15-26) diagnosed with ADHD and ASD were included consecutively and offered 8 weeks of Internet-based Support and Coaching (IBSC). Data were collected from 12 chat logs (445 pages of text) produced interactively by the participants and the coaches. Qualitative content analysis was applied. The text was coded and sorted into subthemes and further interpreted into themes. The findings revealed two themes: "fighting against an everyday life lived in vulnerability" with the following subthemes: "difficult things," "stress and rest," and "when feelings and thoughts are a concern"; and the theme "struggling to find a life of one's own" with the following subthemes: "decide and carry out," "making life choices," and "taking care of oneself." Dealing with the problematic situations that everyday encompasses requires personal strength and a desire to find adequate solutions, as well as to discover a role in society. This study, into the provision of support and coaching over the Internet, led to more in-depth knowledge about these young persons' everyday lives and revealed their ability to use IBSC to express the complexity of everyday life for young persons with ADHD and ASD. The implications of the findings are that using online coaching makes available new opportunities for healthcare professionals to acknowledge these young persons' problems.

Background According to the Swedish law "skollagen" the school shall encourage all children’s development and strive to mitigate differences in pupils individual conditions to utilize their education. The role of the school nurse is to proactively prevent illness amongst the pupils. With some girls, absence is high in physical exercises and their presence in other activities that aim for increased health is limited. This absence affects these pupils’ ratings and limits their chances of having physical activities, but it also reduces their possibilities to interact in social activities within and outside school.

Aim The aim of this study was to describe school nurses’ approach to strengthen girls who are in a situation where their guardians restrict their participation in health promotive activities.

Method This is a qualitative, descriptive study based on individual semi-structured interviews with nine school nurses. The transcribed interviews were subjected to qualitative content analysis.

Results The school nurses had an active approach to create a mutual understanding between the girls, their guardians and the school. This was conducted by strengthening of democratic appraisals, finding new ways to reach girls and their guardians and finally building and widening the school nurses’ own competence in the situation.

Conclusions: The studie shows that school nurses make use of the steering documents that exists within the school system in order to strengthen girls’ equality rights. A prerequisite for the school nurse to influence guardians and girls was to create a good relation for all of them. The school nurses were interested in understanding the family’s situation and their life experiences as well as inform about the core values of the school in order to create mutual understanding and build a foundation for further work based on each family’s situation. In the role of a school nurse it was not found viable to reach results only by informing the guardians and girls. Instead the school nurses tried to reach an open discussion with respect for both parties.

Only through such a dialogue the school nurses argued that they could reach out and create the right conditions for a positive change to support the girls’ equality rights.

Background Nightingale attention that hygiene was an important task to prevent health- related infection. Today there are guidelines how hand hygiene should be followed, to prevent health- related infection. Good knowledge and education in hand hygiene and its consequences if it’s not followed is of great importance. Hand hygiene should be performed before and after the clean and the unclean work with patients and materials. Health- related infection is an infection which can affect both employees and patients as a result of care, regardless of care service. Good compliance is when hand hygiene is carried out at an appropriate time, but several studies show that this is not followed. Aim The aim with the study was to describe nurse’s knowledge and compliance to hand hygiene. Method A literature review was used to analyze scientific articles related to the topic. Results The result showed that knowledge and education was an important factor to retain compliance to hand hygiene. Hand hygiene was performed as a routine, but this could be lacking when nurses where interrupted in their working moment. Another reason why hand hygiene was not performed was that some nurses experienced skin irritation as a result. Nurses used soap and water instead of hand disinfection. Compliance was better after than before patient contact. Conclusion The authors have noted that after the hygiene education increases compliance to hand hygiene. Regular education is seen as an important part to create and maintain procedures for hand hygiene.

Bad oral health amongst elderly is very common. Diseases have a bad effect on oral health. Not caring for elderly person's oral health affects the ability to speak, eat and smile. Tooth ache,caries, gingivitis, and fungus are a few diseases that can occur due to bad oral health. The patient's suffering is something that can be prevented. Nurses have a responsibility to improve oral health amongst elderly. Therefore, it's a subject that needs to be lifted. The aim of this literature study was to describe nurses' experience of completed oral care within elderly care.

The chosen method was a literature review with eight qualitative articles that had been reviewed with a quality template. Two main themes and five sub themes emerged. The two main themes were obstacles in nursing and strategies for improvement. The five sub themes were lack of knowledge, lack of time, lack of encounter, interprofessional collaboration and support from management. The care staff prioritized other tasks before oral care because oral care was a task that demanded time, knowledge, and experience. Increased knowledge and understanding of good oral health need to be highlighted because oral health is linked to general health.

Background: Palliative care aims to improve the quality of life of patients who have life-threatening illnesses. When patients are diagnosed with serious illnesses, it is the intimate parties who are concerned about the patient's health. Intimate parties are the ones to provide care and therefore, they need social and emotional support from the nurses involved.

Aim: To describe how intimate parties felt about nurses' support during palliative care.

Method: A qualitative method was chosen as this was appropriate in addressing the aim of the study.

Results: A literature based study was performed and ten empirical qualitative articles were analysed. The results were processed using the Friberg method of analysis. The result of this literature based study consists of two main categories of Emotional and Practical Support, as well as five subcategories. Intimate parties' sensations of being relieved and receiving tools that made it simpler to care for their loved ones were the focus of the practical help. Emotional support requires providing information as well as being present and supporting intimate parties after the patient has passed away.

Discussion: A qualitative palliative care and sustained assistance for intimate parties before and after the death of the patient are dependent on intimate parties’ support

Conclusions: During palliative care, it is crucial for the nurse to support the intimate parties. As a nurse, it is important to consider and respond to the needs of the intimate parties in order to provide them with the support they need in these hard times.

Background: Children in a palliative stage must be cared for based on their individual needs. The nurse must have the ability to prevent suffering, treat the guardians and child with respect, compassion and be able to meet their needs. For the nurse to be able to give the best care, the four cornerstones in palliative care are a fitting guide. These being communication, supporting relatives, relieving symptoms and being able to work in teams.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of caring for children in a palliative stage.

Method: This study was literature based on an inductive approach. Ten studies were analyzed using Friberg´s five steps.

Results: After the analysis two new categories and six subcategories emerged. The main themes were the caring relationship between the child and the guardians and professional challenges in palliative care of children. The nurses perceived the importance of being able to communicate with the guardians and child, as well as being able to cope with their own emotions. Several nurses expressed lack of education.

Conclusion: The nurses experience shows that they have a tough job with different challenges and tasks. The work is giving but straining and changes need to be made to make it sustainable for the nurses. Better conditions are needed, for example increased education in communication. With the right support, education and coping strategies the ability to provide the right care for the child and guardians is possible

Background: 1,3 billion people in the world suffer from hypertension, and it is considered a leading global risk factor for death and disability. Patients who are diagnosed with this condition are recommended to undergo lifestyle changes to reduce the incidence of secondary diseases.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients experience of lifestyle changes to promote health in hypertension.

Method: An analysis method with a foundation in qualitative research was used to contibrute to evidence-based nursing. The authors utilized Friberg’s methodology of qualitative studies. This litterature-based study incorporates 10 qualitative articles.

Results: This study found that patients encounter diverse barriers and factors in their experiences with lifestyle changes, Two themes emerged; 1: ‘Insight into the complexity of lifestyle changes’. Subthemes that emerged in this theme was; ‘Barriers and challenges’, and ‘Social and psykosocial factors’. 2: ‘Breaking old patterns and navigating through challenges’. Subthemes was; ‘Motivation’, Strategies and insights’, and ‘Finding support in one’s enviroment’.

Conclusion:It is crucial for nurses to possess the necessary competence to structure person- centered lifestyle changes in consultation with patients and their specific conditions. Increased knowledge and education on this subject would likely enhance patients health, preserve their dignity and have a preventive effect against further complications

Background: Each year there are thousands of children abused in Sweden. This can result in lifelong consequences not only for the children, but also for the society. Verified statistics show an increasing number of child abuse in Sweden in recent years. As per Swedish law, nurses are required to report child abuse, but despite the law requirement the studies indicated that reporting is not always done.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of reporting a suspected child abuse to social services.

Method: A method to contribute to evidence-based nursing based on analysis of qualitative research was performed to deepen understanding. An analysis of eight qualitative research articles was carried out. The analysis resulted in four main categories and nine sub categories.

Results: The main categories were: Worksite factors, barriers for not reporting, personal factors caused by the nurse, lack of or poor functioning cooperation with social services.

Conclusion: This study indicates, that nurses need experience, training, support and information and also clear guidelines and feedback from social services.

Background:

In the communication with children it is important to take in consideration the child´s age, maturity and willingness to take an active part in the process of communication. The nurse should have a positive approach to the child and it's next to kin. On the other hand, if the nurse has a negative approach and is unable or unwilling to show empathy or understanding, the cooperation with the child will not be efficient. Children can find the hospital environment scary, threatening but also exciting. Regardless, the child has a need of adult company and support. The aim of the study is to emphasize the importance of communication in the caring relation between the nurse and the child and their next of kin. The method used is a study based on nine, qualitative studies published in scientific publications. The result of the study: A nurse should consider four categories in communication with children; to create a sense of security and trust by chatting, to give the child an opportunity to participate in communication, to make the child involved by use of play and laughter and to use clear, trustworthy communication. Conclusion: Good communication is critical in the care of children and their next of kin in giving a good experience of hospital care. This should every nurse be aware of in the meeting with children and their next of kin.

Background: Pressure ulcer are one of the most common healthcare injuries and is a challenge for healthcare professionals. A pressure ulcer occurs from pressure or shear or a combination of both and it is mainly the elderly who are at risk. Pressure-relieving aids are used to prevent the pressure ulcer. The patient's experience is important in the care in order to prevent the pressure ulcer. Not understanding the patient's experience can lead to missed care and actions which in turn can lead to serious consequences.

Aim: To describe patient's experiences of living with pressure ulcers.

Method: A literature study was performed. An analysis of eleven qualitative articles that focused on the patient's experiences of pressure ulcers were conducted.

Results: Two main themes and six subthemes emerged. The result presents the two main theme: Physical impact and Mental impact. Physical impact describes that pressure ulcers are painful and limit patient's mobility, which leads to becoming dependent on nursing care. Mental impact describes that the pressure ulcer causes the patients to isolate themselves, become dependent of others and lead to feelings of hopelessness.

Conclusion: Patients experienced that being dependent on others are difficult and they experienced feelings of worthless and incapable. The smell and pain of the pressure ulcer and its wound fluids impairs patient's self-esteem and wellbeing, resulting in social isolation and hopelessness.

Background: Palliative care is an approach that aims to increase both the quality of life of patients and related parties, as far as possible, to relieve suffering and promote health at the end of life. Palliative care is based on teamwork, where relatives play an important role. Participation from related parties have a large significant role which is emotionally and physically exhausting. Communication and language is prerequisite understanding the experiences and realities of health and suffering.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to illuminate the relatives experiences of nurse communication, support and treatment in a palliative care in the home.

Method: The method is a systematic literature review of the basis of qualitative research, contributing to evidence-based nursing. A total of eight scientific articles have been used on studying closely related experiences.

Results: The results show that relatives were in need of support from the nurse to participate in care. As well as communication and response from the nurse was important in how relatives experienced support and how this contributed to a good quality of care. The results are divided into two main themes and seven sub-themes.

Conclusion: Inadequate communication and response from the nurse emerges and this led to the suffering and feeling of abandonment and disappointment among of the relatives. More research is needed on the basis of relatives perspectives because they became more involved in the care. Nurses need to increase their knowledge and understanding of communication and treatment of disease process and the dying process, as this can allow for better care. The relatives felt the support from the nurse as important.

There are around 90 000 deaths annually in Sweden, it is not unusual for nurses to encounter death in their work. Death can evoke many strong emotions; it is therefore of great importance that nurses’ can cope with their emotions. The aim of this study was to explore nurses' experiences in coping with their own emotions from patient deaths in inpatient care. The study was conducted as a literature-based study based on qualitative research. Ten articles from the databases Cinahl and PubMed, published 2013-2023 in English were included. The articles were analyzed using Friberg’s (2022) five step process. Two main themes were identified: coping strategies in case of death and aspects influencing the coping of emotions. The results showed that nurses coped with their emotions using different coping strategies which could be divided into three subthemes: coping with emotions through practical problem-solving, coping with emotions through distraction and coping with emotions by changing perspective. The results also showed that cultural and religious aspects affected the nurses coping, in both positive and negative ways. Some nurses found ways to cope with their emotions after they had gained experience within the field of deaths, while other nurses didn’t and expressed a feeling of not having enough knowledge about how to cope with their emotions. Therefore, nurses need education on how to cope with their feelings that occur in difficult situations such as deaths. 

Background: Anxiety is a common and unpleasant emotional state that affects many patients while waiting for surgery. Anxiety is described as an undesirable feeling of nervousness caused of a potential threat. It is an uncomfortable state of mind and can elicit physiological responses. Adequate nurse interventions that relieve anxiety improve the patient's condition, which lead to better recovery.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the preoperative care, that can alleviate the patient's anxiety associated with surgery. Method: The method of study is a literature review of 12 scientific articles, of which 11 quantitative and one qualitative which cover nursing interventions that can alleviate preoperative anxiety. The search took place in the databases PubMed and Cinahl. This study was based on Friberg's model for the literature review.

Results: Result of the study presents three categories that contain different care interventions to alleviate the patient's preoperative anxiety: auditory, physical, and informational. Six care interventions are described in total. Music and aromatherapy proved to be simple and cost-effective care interventions. Acupuncture, hand massage and heating can be considered more expensive in comparison, because they require additional staff training, equipment and require more time. Person-centred information helps the patient to better understand the upcoming operation, which is seen as a way to promote and protect the patient's well-being. Conclusion: Nurses should understand that it is important to reduce preoperative anxiety in patients. It is equally important that nurses can balance patient care needs and appropriate nursing interventions for each patient. Through active listening and attention to non-verbal signals from patients, nurses understand better the patient's needs and can decide which care interventions can reduce anxiety.

Background: Occupational stress is a growing problem in caring professions, with consequences such as mental and physical ill health for the individual, which in turn can lead to increased long-term sick leave. Research shows that long-term sickness caused by mental illness can be associated with working conditions, where individuals who work in caring professions tend to be more vulnerable.

Aim: The aim with this study was to illuminate the social workers' experience of occupational stress within the unit of financial aid in the social service.

Method: A qualitative study was performed where six respondents participated in interviews. Content analysis was used to analyze the interviews. 

Results: Three themes emerged during the analysis; to feel pressure in the work situation, to feel support and to feel wellbeing. The result shows that workload and lack of time were factors that caused stress at work. A promoting factor was colleagues at work. Social workers experienced the tasks at work as meaningful but could sometimes feel insufficient.

Conclusion: The findings of this study point out that social workers experience stress at work and it affects their physical and mental health. This study wants to increase knowledge of occupational stress which can be a profit for social workers in the financial aid. Prevention can help social workers to improve their health and wellbeing. New findings in this study point out that social workers highlights the absence from work as a contributing factor to experience stress at work.

Bakgrund:

Svårläkta sår är ett hälsoproblem som drabbar framförallt äldre och multisjuka. I takt med stigande andelen äldre ses svårläkta sår som ett globalt hot. Personcentrerad vård, teamsamverkan, adekvat sårbedömning, kontinuitet och korrekt kunskap om sårläkningsprocessen är faktorer som ligger till grund för en god sårläkning. Distriktssköterskan har en central roll i vårdandet av patienter med svårläkta sår eftersom det är ett tillstånd som innebär lidande för patienter.

Syftet:

Syftet med studien var att beskriva distriktssköterskors upplevelser av vilka utmaningar de möter i vårdandet av patienter med svårläkta sår.

Metoden:

Metoden som användes var en integrativ litteraturstudie med fokus på kvalitativa studier.

Resultat:

Analysen resulterade i fyra teman med sju subteman. De mest framträdande fynden var behov av fortbildning, teamsamverkan och användning av evidensbaserade kliniska riktlinjer. Tidsbrist, kunskapsbrist är de främsta utmaningar distriktssköterskor möter i vårdandet av patienter med svårläkta sår.

Slutsats:

Denna studie belyser distriktssköterskors upplevelser av utmaningar i vården av patienter med svårläkta sår. Huvudfynden visar att distriktssköterskor möter flera sammanlänkade utmaningar på organisations-, team- och individnivå. Dessa utmaningar påverkar deras förmåga att tillämpa evidensbaserad omvårdnad och kräver en helhetssyn för att erbjuda effektiv och säker vård. Trots utmaningarna ser distriktssköterskor vårdandet av svårläkta sår som en viktig del av sitt ansvar och använder motivation och vilja för att erbjuda bästa möjliga vård för patienterna.