This paper presents a power monitoring and control system for a medium voltage smart grid system. The smart grid interconnects the power sources between solar PV panel and 220V distribution network. This system consisting major components of inverters, measuring meters, solar charge controllers, relays, Arduino NANO and Raspberry Pi. The Current, power and energy readings are duly recorded. The Internet of Things (IoT) plays the vital role in the data communication between the sensors and electric power system. The voltage and current sensor data is used for the protection of power system network. In the traditional systems only the communication is uni-directional. The reliability of power supply is increased by used the bi directional network communication medium such as IoT. The tabulated results of voltage levels between 203.5V up to 212.8V shows the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed design. The proposed IoT model demonstrated the bidirectional communication from the sensors to the control unit and vice versa.

Förstudien behandlar den tekniska delen av ett teoretiskt stadstäckande öppet WiFi i Trollhättan, Sverige. Trollhättans kommun beställde en förstudie från Högskolan Väst som skulle agera beslutsunderlag till hur de skulle ta ärendet vidare. Studien är begränsad till den tekniska biten, där bland annat val av utrustning, trådlösa tekniker och riskanalys av nätverket ingår. Arbetet varit väldigt teoretiskt inriktat med en metod som till största del består utav att samla information och kunskaper från vetenskapliga rapporter, teknikorienterade hemsidor och andra relaterade arbeten.De trådlösa standarder som jämfördes teoretiskt i förstudien var 802.11g och 802.11n. 802.11n valdes som den standarden som bäst passade just detta nätverk, främst för dess positiva egenskaper när det gäller täckning, hastighet och bakåtkompatibilitet. 802.11n seräven ut att garantera en säker framtid när det gäller implementering i mobila enheter. Föreslaget på utrustning består av två olika accesspunkter, antingen 2602e eller 3602e beroende på den slutgiltiga budgeten. Dessa produkter är från Cisco och klarade olikastresstester med bra resultat samtidigt som de stödde den föreslagna standarden 802.11n. WLAN controllern (Ciscos 5500-serie) som valdes ut stödjer det krav på antal accesspunkter som bestämts, samtidigt som den lämpar sig bra för eventuella framtidakrav. Routern till detta nätverk är en Cisco 891-router. Anledningen till att denna router valdes var för att den har 4 portar som kan ge ström över Ethernet till accesspunkterna. Säkerhetsanalysen gjordes med hjälp utav CORAS-metoden där det diskuteras vilka riskernätverket kan ställas inför och vad dessa risker kan få för konsekvenser. Försök till att hitta lösningar som var direkt applicerbara på det stadstäckande öppna nätverket gjordes även.Förstudien avslutas med en kostnadsberäkning av nätverket, baserad på andras tidigare arbeten och deras kostnader, speciellt från Jönköping, Helsingborg och Mountain View.

The work explains what 802.1X is and how it can be applied in the municipality's network. It goes through which protocols are used as well as how the different units communicate with each other. Configuration and tests are done according to requirements specification and are reviewed to confirm the function.

Adding network connectivity to any “thing” can certainly provide great value, but it also brings along potential cybersecurity risks. To fully benefit from the Internet of Things “IoT” system’s capabilities, the validity and accuracy of transmitted data should be ensured. Due to the constrained environment of IoT devices, practical security implementation presents a great challenge. In this paper, we present a noise-resilient, low-overhead, lightweight steganography solution adequate for use in the IoT environment. The accuracy of hidden data is tested against corruption using multiple modulations and coding schemes (MCSs). Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is added to the modulated data to simulate the noisy channel as well as several wireless technologies such as cellular, WiFi, and vehicular communications that are used between communicating IoT devices. The presented scheme is capable of hiding a high payload in audio signals (e.g., speech and music) with a low bit error rate (BER), high undetectability, low complexity, and low perceptibility. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using well-established performance evaluation techniques and has been demonstrated to be a practical candidate for the mass deployment of IoT devices.

That the need for housing is very large and will continue to be so for many years in Sweden is well known. To handle the emergency situation, the construction process needs to speed up.  On January 19, 2017, an article was published on the Swedish government's website describing that the survey processing times have to be reviewed. The long processing times are slowing down the construction process and thus adversely affect the construction process in a negative way. The National Land Survey is an authority that works to measure, regulate and distribute cadastral boundaries. This means that The National land survey has a major role in the plan process and because of that a significant impact on the time of the plan process. Especially during the work on detail plans. This bachelor thesis has been carried out at the University West, Sweden, with the purpose of investigating how Sweden’s survey agencies administrative processes affect the construction process.

 Of Swedens 39 municipal survey agencies, 29 have contributed with processing statistics. The study's results have shown that the processing times of municipal surveyors on average are 47.5 weeks in 2016. At the Land Survey, the corresponding equivalent value is 55.1 weeks in 2016. This study clearly indicates that processing times are too long given to what the construction industry is looking for. A majority in the construction industry are saying that a processing time that is longer than 26 weeks is unreasonable in most cases. Although this study has shown that, the construction industry is overall satisfied with the work carried out by the survey agency. In 2016, a new section came into law that will give rights to a broadband connection within a maximum of four months after the application. This means that the survey agencies may be required to give priority to these types of cases, and thus administrative processing times may be affected. The result has shown that there are four different possibilities for getting priority in the line, however, it is too early to state with certainty that the processing times will be affected by the new law.   

The interaction of properties exist in several different forms. A joint facility forms such a form of cooperation, which is set up to accommodate purposes of constant importance for several properties. The purposes for which a joint facility is set up are widely different and often consist of facilities that make up a property, including property fixtures. With a joint facility follows the right to space for the participating properties to manage the facility appropriately.   However, ownership of the participating properties will not automatically change when setting up a joint facility. Before 2002, property and its fixtures were seen as an ownership unit, which could only be separated by the physical removal of the fixture from the property. Regulations that allowed the transfer of property fixtures and property rights to the facility were introduced in the Real Property Formation Act (FBL) and the Joint Facilities Act (AL). Even regulation on the possibility of release of property fixtures was introduced simultaneously in the Utility Easements Act (LL). 

 In the government bill Transfer of property fixtures 2000/01: 138, the introduction of the legislative changes was motivated by the fact that a number of uncertainties could be avoided regarding the property fixtures. These consisted of uncertainties about maintenance responsibility, liability to subscribe for insurance, assignment of use rights, the right to rebuild and expand, as well as the use of the mortgaging.  Owning your own property has always been important not only for the individual but also for the development of society. The ownership creates incentives to spend time, energy and money on your property, which in turn generates a higher property value. Nevertheless, tenant-ownership is a common housing form in Sweden. However, it is possible to create new individual properties through liquidation of the tenant-ownership and the subdivision of the property. However, for those spaces and facilities that has previously been common, the need remains for common use. In practice, only the property boundaries and ownership have changed, not the physical conditions. Establishment of a joint facility meets this need. In order to also transfer ownership of the participating properties there is the possibility of applying AL 12 a §.   This study investigates what has been crucial for whether AL 12 a § has been applied and which property fixtures are usually transferred. Responsibility for joint facilities is a key concept. The study examines how responsibility for the insurance issue is affected if transfer under AL 12 a § happens or not. In order to answer the question of liability, it was important to try to understand what separates the right to space from ownership.

The result shows that transfer of property fixtures under AL 12 a § occurred in 17 of the 45 gathered acts of execution. The property fixtures that were usually transferred were mainly VA-pipelines but also watercourses, outdoor lighting, media installations in the form of cable TV, broadband, fiber and central antenna, as well as driving areas such as road and exit. The decisive factor in applying AL 12 a § is the attitude of the cadastral surveyor, and knowledge of the regulation.  Regarding the liability of the insurance issue, the joint property unit of the facility is considered to be of greater significance than if the transfer has taken place or not. The right to space differs slightly from ownership in this context, as the insurance terms are based on the responsibility for property fixtures and not the property rights themselves. The transfer of the property fixtures therefore lacks practical significance. Associations management is considered more appropriate in this context than part-owner management. The choice of management form is more important, the more expensive the property fixtures are and the more useful it is for the properties participating in the joint venture.

Market economic values have for the last decades been given an increasing role with the establishment of financial institutes and global organisations with a capitalistic focus as a consequence. As a counter reaction, the concept of sustainable development has emerged complementing the economic focus with environmental and social aspects. However, there are still challenges on how to make balanced decisions based on all three view points and consequently the decision makers still primarily reside to the established tangible financial data. Within the industrial setting there is no difference. The manufacturing system design is based on multiple criteria and requirements, but commonly the final investment decision is primarily based on what can be financially justified. Longterm solutions probably lies in combining the tangible economy with the less tangible soft values that cannot be valued in monetary means. Therefore, to find this sweet spot, the purpose of this research is to in-depth investigate the world of economy, but from an engineers' point of view. A financial analysis is done to understand the economical components and how these are related to the manufacturing system. Furthermore, to connect cost with contributed value of the manufacturing system, a holistic business value chain analysis is done to ensure that less tangible aspects can be understood and utilised. The result of this research, highlights for example that sales volume has a larger impact on the manufacturing profitability, than that of the initial investment cost. Therefore, manufacturing systems should also be evaluated on the bases of how well it can meet the volatility in market demands. Another result presented is a portfolio of new graphical representation used as a support tool for investment decisions. Furthermore, to be able to invest in manufacturing systems that contribute to a more competitive company, the wider business value with manufacturing is discussed.

This report will be about three different wireless networks which will be compared in performance, roaming and signal strength to get a better understanding how these networks perform using several kinds of software tools. In this report, steps exist so you will be able to follow and repeat the steps yourself. The report also uses several diagrams to show the values from the tests. The main focus of this report will be the results of the benchmarks, as well as a discussion about them. These networks are also compared to see how different they perform and whether it is possible to improve the networks.

As video meetings have become part of everyday life for workers and students, this report will compare two of the larger services on the market. Cisco WebEx will be compared to Microsoft Teams. The report will go into security aspects, pricing and ease of use, then comparisons will be made for each service. Via a survey, daily users of the services answer which service they prefer. The survey also asks questions about security-aspects and user simplicity.

The Law of utility easement 1973: 1144 (LL) gained legal force in 1974 and was added in order for utility owners to have the option of choosing a more substantive protection, to properly pull out certain utilitys and retain them within the conceeded space. Previously, utility owners secured their utilitys with contract servitut or use rights through the enrollment. However, if no one volunteered to give up his land, there was another option, such as forcing someone else's land by virtue of the expropriation act. It was a costly and time-consuming alternative.  In LL, 16 § 2 st. were also created to streamline the cadastral process and make it less costly. LL 16 § 2 st. is a simplified procedure, a so-called conversion, which means that signed-in contract servitudes or rights of use are converted into utility easement. Some of the limitations that the procedure involves is that the content of the agreement cannot be changed upon conversion to utility easement. The cadastral surveyor does not need to meet with interested parties, unless there are special reasons. The thesis aims at finding out how LL 16 § 2 st. apply theoretically according to legislation and how the paragraph is applied in practice. The thesis also aims at identifying the pros and cons of conversion.

 The thesis began by studying literature such as legislation, propositions and SOU (Government Public Investigations). Subsequently, cadastral surveyors were interviewed within the state and municipal cadastral survey. The interviews gave an understanding how 16 § 2 st. used in practice, but also how common it is and is to apply it.   Two of the seven cadastral surveyors had applied the paragraph, and they considered to have good knowledge of the paragraph. Some cadastral surveyors do not want to apply it because there are some uncertainties about whether or not the contents of the written agreements may change during a conversion. The majority of all persons interviewed in this study consider that there are uncertainties about conversion to utility easement law. In summary, advantages of conversion are that it is a shorter and cheaper process of cadastral than a normal procedure. The disadvantages are that there are uncertainties about whether and how the content of the agreement may change.

In an open innovation project called “mCity”, the aim is to verify conceptual applications for mobile services including mobile payments and transactions. On such design initiative was designated for the citizen group “seniors”, have home care taking as part of their assistance from the home care organisational system. The design initiative is called Skafferiet, a grocery-shopping application for the home care service. Based on this project, the aim in this article is to identify if and when significant design decisions were influenced by user involvement and contextual understanding detecting whether the applied design method supported the design process or if it lead to redundant activities. The applied approach was a combination of methodological strategies emphasizing co-design and engaged scholarship. The different actors involved were i) politicians, management and staff ii) caretakers iii) designers and iv) researchers. The result indicated numerous beneficial aspects with the iterative collaboration between actors. Apart from the relevance and joy of working together, it was important for the quality of the m-service, a successful implementation process and trigger for organizational improvement. The risk of rejecting one level of involvement, in favor of saving time and reduce complexity, would probably lead to a more narrow solution lacking the empowered process of involvement and engagement of all parties leading the relevance of the design process and its end-product astray.

Networks and communications are constantly evolving, and this development is closely linked to the development of equipment and its capabilities [4]. This report compares the difference in load between two types of Virtual Private Network implementations where one is static, and the other is dynamic [4][2]. Two different scenarios / topologies have been tested in this study (Site-to-Site VPN and Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network DMVPN [7]). In both topologies, the load was tested with the increase of five tunnels each time, in the end there will be 15 tunnels in progress in total. The result shows a clear increase in scenario two when DMVPN is implemented, with an increase of about 13.44% when comparing core 3 in both topologies, and the difference in increase between core 4 in the two scenarios is about 7.81% on core 4

The car has for a long time been in the center of society planning and has characterized the street network. Therefore, both public parking spaces are required for visitors but also accommodation. The parking spaces can be arranged both inside and outside the local plan. Regardless of the choice of process, construction permits are required for parking facilities. The society is now in a developmental phase where norms and policies is heading for a sustainable development. Many municipalities choose to control the number of parking spaces to promote the choice of alternative transportations.  This study handle smaller coastal municipalities along the west coast which is affected by a drastically increased population during the summer. This increased population is causing a large number of drivers and a major parking demand. The participating municipalities are Båstad, Orust and Tjörn whose practical solutions are compared. 

The study is a mapping of the municipalities’ practical solutions and its approach to parking problems during the summer. With the help of this survey, other municipalities can be inspired and guided.  Semi-structured interviews with three different officials in each municipality showed comparative criteria and based on this a result was produced. The three municipalities proved to have different solutions to the parking problem, such as changing the location of parking spaces, alternative transportations or temporary parking spaces. Båstad municipality has chosen to build a larger parking lot outside the city center, where drivers are referred by signage. Orust municipality has arrange rental bikes for visitors and is investing in a new walking and cycling network. Tjörn municipality chooses to set up provisional parking spaces to cover increased needs.

Usage of digital tools, like a decision support system has become a key issue to small and mediumsized enterprises (SME). To succeed with an implementation of a digital tool it is required that the users that are to use the system accepts the system. In this study we explore which critical factors system users believes exists to achieve user acceptance of decision support systems in SMEs. We concluded a qualitative study in cooperation with the swedish company Wiretronic who have recently implemented a new decision support system. Interviews were held with the users of the system about their experiences with usage of the system. The data that emerged from the interviews was analyzed with the theoretical framework Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM-2). The results showed that subjective norm, job relevance, output quality and perceived ease of use were perceived as critical factors to achieve perceived user acceptance of a new decision support system in SMEs

The questions about the use of land and water plays a central part in the work for a sustainable development. To achieve an efficient usage, it’s important that land and water is used for the purpose it’s most suited for. In some cases, different actions are necessary for an area to be suitable for its purpose. To ensure that actions are executed, before the usage of land changes, different conditions can be established as a plan regulation in detail development plans. The plan regulation is called conditions for permit or starting clearance. This study address the conditions dependent of a facility development. The paragraph can be found in the Planning and Building Act 4 Chap. 14 § 1.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate if and in such case how the municipalities of Sweden use the plan regulation. To achieve this the study mapped which municipalities that use plan regulations and in what extent. It’s also investigated in what context the plan regulations are used. The study also examines definitions of terms stated in the Planning and Building Act, preparatory work or legal praxis and how the municipality interpret some of these terms. To investigate this fact both a quantitative, qualitative and legal method were used. The study covers all the detail development plans that went into legal force during 2016 among all the 290 municipalities in Sweden.  The result of the study discovered that 36 out of 1142 detail development plans included plan regulations. The use of the plan regulation was discovered in 25 municipalities almost all over the country, with certain concentration at the border of Sweden. The study shows that plan regulations was frequently used in detail development plans close to waterfronts and alps. The result also shows that plan regulations were most represented in cases of sewerage facilities, followed by water supply facilities and traffic. The use of plan regulations when it comes to energy facilities was only represented in one case. The terms that is concerned in the result is carry out and significant changes. Investigations of the definitions of the different terms in the paragraph shows that there weren’t any clear definitions in either Planning and Building Act, preparatory work or legal praxis. Most of the cases shows that the municipality interpret the term carry out according with what is reasonable to fulfil the purpose of the plan regulation.

The world is digitizing at a fast pace and the IT-systems continuously get larger. At the same time as a system increases in size its complexity also increases, which makes it more difficult to both maintain and further develop. In parallel, the rapid deadlines and the agile mindset that is most commonly used today create an environment with constant time pressure and developers are often forced to cut corners in order to make deadlines. Since previous research has explored the risks, such as time pressure and how to deal with it within agile software development, this paper aims to further explore the risks within refactoring, a way of rewriting code without changing its functionality, as a part of agile development. This study explores the developers view on refactoring, within an agile environment, by conducting interviews with experienced developers. In this way the study contributes with further knowledge within the field of risk management and can also bring a new perspective for developers on how they perform refactoring. To achieve this, the study asks the research question: How does a developer perceive and deal with the underlying risks of refactoring within agile software development? This question requires that the study also asks the subquestion: What are the risks of refactoring? The gathered empirical in the study comes from five, semi-structured interviews that have been conducted with developers from different corporations. The results show that they are aware of the refactoring risks surrounding Technical Debt and Human factors, but that they are problematic and developers try to deal with them through the planning of refactoring, communication within the organization and unit testing. Two new risks surrounding refactoring have also appeared: Absent or faulty tests and Outdated technology & code standards.

Real estate is a form of property that can be owned individually or by several partowners. Partitioning real estate is the most prominent way of dividing the latter type of ownership. What this entails is a fragmentation of ownership which in Sweden has come to be seen as positive for the formation of real estate as a whole.  Even though the concept of fragmentation of ownership is recognized as desirable, it is not clear how and to which degree it can be used as a motive to make up for lacking adequacy in real estate formation. The purpose of this report is therefore to study how and to which degree this motive has been used by the land surveying authorities.  Our foundation for the report is based on a study of literature related to partition and sections of the law handling partitioning as well as real estate suitability.  Within this study a total amount of 573 partitions has been reviewed whereas 23 of them use the cited motive in different manners. The findings of this report show that the authorities have been using the motive in a way that is within the leeway of the currently permitted usage, with a few exceptions.   

TCP is a well-established protocol that is used to a greater extent where data transmission reliability is more desired than fast data flows. Like TCP, gQUIC is a connection-oriented and reliable protocol that offers a number of built-in functions and optimizations to achieve lower times when establishing connections and transmitting data.

To verify this, a series of tests are made that show that gQUIC achieves lower times when establishing encrypted connection, which can be of great importance when using devices that move between networks as the time for establishing the connection can be reduced. Furthermore, the tests show that downloading web content with TCP is faster at low or no packet loss while gQUIC is faster at higher packet loss.

Eftersom dagens olika datornätverk växer sig större och mer komplexa har möjligheten att testa ny nätverksfunktionalitet försvårats. Detta har gjort att simulation har blivit populärt ibland utvecklare och forskare inom nätverksområdet. Nätverkssimulatorn NS-2 är en populär simulator som används flitigt av forskare och utvecklare runt om i världen. Men kan vi lita på att NS-2 simulatorns funktionalitet stämmer överens med verklighetens?Denna studie undersöker hur väl ett scenario i NS-2 simulatorn stämmer överens med ett verkligt scenario av samma typ. Vi har använt oss av ett topologi med en flaskhals där vi har testat tre olika kösystem på den strypta länken: Fair queuing, Random early detection och First in first out med Drop Tail. Genom flaskhalsen har vi skickat en UDP ström tillsammans med olika typer av trafik och mätt påverkan på UDP strömmen i form av tappade paket och genomströmning. Resultatet ifrån NS-2 simulatorn är sedan jämnfört med resultat ifrån samma scenario uppsatt i verkligheten.