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  • 1.
    Alizadeh-Khameneh, Mohammad Amin
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Geodesy and Satellite Positioning, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Eshagh, Mehdi
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Jensen, Anna O.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Geodesy and Satellite Positioning, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Optimization of deformation monitoring networks using finite element strain analysis2018In: Journal of Applied Geodesy, ISSN 1862-9016, E-ISSN 1862-9024, Vol. 2, no 2, p. 187-197Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An optimal design of a geodetic network can fulfill the requested precision and reliability of the network, and decrease the expenses of its execution by removing unnecessary observations. The role of an optimal design is highlighted in deformation monitoring network due to the repeatability of these networks. The core design problem is how to define precision and reliability criteria. This paper proposes a solution, where the precision criterion is defined based on the precision of deformation parameters, i. e. precision of strain and differential rotations. A strain analysis can be performed to obtain some information about the possible deformation of a deformable object. In this study, we split an area into a number of three-dimensional finite elements with the help of the Delaunay triangulation and performed the strain analysis on each element. According to the obtained precision of deformation parameters in each element, the precision criterion of displacement detection at each network point is then determined. The developed criterion is implemented to optimize the observations from the Global Positioning System (GPS) in Skåne monitoring network in Sweden. The network was established in 1989 and straddled the Tornquist zone, which is one of the most active faults in southern Sweden. The numerical results show that 17 out of all 21 possible GPS baseline observations are sufficient to detect minimum 3 mm displacement at each network point. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

  • 2.
    Andersson, Elin
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Ahl, Viktoria
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Täktverksamhet: En undersökning av beslut om avgifter och nedsättning2012Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med studien var att utreda huruvida det råder en konsekvent hantering av tillsynsavgifter och ifall beslut om nedsättning tas på lika grunder. Tanken var att rapporten skulle kunna påvisa om verkligheten avspeglar lagstiftningen.

    Grunden till denna studie är frågeställningarna;

    1. Hur beslutar tillsynsmyndigheter om tillsynsavgifter?

    2. I vilken utsträckning beviljar tillsynsmyndigheter nedsättning av tillsynsavgiften?

    3. I vilken utsträckning begär verksamhetsutövare nedsättning av tillsynsavgiften?

    Begreppet täkt definieras som arbetsföretag vilket primärt syftar till att nyttiggöra det uttagna materialet. Detta sker antingen genom direktförsäljning eller i övrig verksamhet inom det egna företaget. Arbetet handlar endast om tillståndspliktiga täkter och i Sverige finns det omkring 2300 sådana igång. Tillsynsavgiften för täkterna ligger på omkring 800 kronor per timme och i snitt läggs det enligt våra intervjuer tio timmar tillsynstid per täkt och år. Det sammanlagda beloppet på tillsynskostnader i Sverige ligger således på drygt arton miljoner kronor.

    Arbetet inleds med en teoridel där läsaren ges möjlighet att få en djupare förståelse för täkter, tillsynsavgifter, nedsättning och de lagrum som skall följas i samband med detta. Teorin grundas på litteraturstudier och samtal med sakkunniga. Följt av teorin kommer en undersökning som valdes att utföras genom intervjuer med ett visst antal kommuner, Länsstyrelser och verksamhetsutövare. Sammanställningen av intervjuerna blev grunden för det avslutande resultatet och de slutsatser som kunde tas av undersökningen.

    Resultatet av arbetet visar på att tillsynsmyndigheter fattar beslut om tillsynsavgifter och nedsättning på olika sätt och grunder. För att få en mer likvärdig hantering av frågorna skulle en tydligare och mer konkret lagstiftning behöva arbetas fram. Vi kunde också fastslå att Naturvårdsverket som har en tillsynsvägledande roll i sammanhanget inte verkar nå ut till de tillsynsansvariga då de flesta av dem inte vet om att Naturvårdverket tillhandahåller detta stöd. Det är många frågor som väcks efter att ha fullbordat denna studie och listan på förslag till framtida arbete kan därmed göras lång

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  • 3.
    Andersson, Henrik
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Bosson, Christoffer
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Landsbygdsutveckling i strandnära lägen: En kartläggande och jämförande studie av hur kommuner och Länsstyrelser tillämpar lagstiftningen2019Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    2009/2010 a new concept was brought into Environmental code and Planning and Building Act, which was countryside development in areas close to shores (LIS). This amendment was motivated by that areas which have a low degree of exploited land area and high access to seaside areas would get an opportunity to reliefs in coastal protection regulations, in order to be able to offer attractive areas for living and establishing different activities within the municipality. Since the amendment came into force the main responsibility for approval of exceptions from costal protection regulations is on the county. The county administrative board main responsibility is to keep an eye on the granted approvals of the municipalities. The amendments in the Planning and Building Act resulted in the possibility for the municipalities to present areas in with a relief in coastal protection regulations, as a part of the comprehensive plan, an addition to the comprehensive plan or an extensive version for a part of the comprehensive plan.

    The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare how the legislation about LIS is applied, by studying 44 municipalities including the documents of comments from the county administrative board. The first part of the study is the quantitative part which contains collecting and compile information and statistics in which the study will be founded. The study also contains a qualitative part of analyzing the results obtained in the quantitative part.

    Overall the study shows that there is a disagreement between the municipalities and the county administrative board regarding costal protection regulation. The conclusion is based on the results from the study presenting the comments from the county administrative board to the municipalities during the final examine before the comprehensive plan is adopted by the municipal council. The results in the study show a pattern in the most frequent comments from the county administrative board compiled. The most common comment from the county administrative board is that the municipality has not fulfilled the purpose of the legislation about LIS. Furthermore, the municipality has not considered national interests in the municipal areas meant for LIS. The study shows that different political ideology has an influence on the execution of the legislation about LIS in municipalities. The results in the study show that the political ideology has an impact on the numbers of areas which the municipalities present as LIS. As a matter of fact, the impact of political ideology is greater than the impact of geographical similarities between two municipalities, according to the results in the study.

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  • 4.
    Andersson, Jonas
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Thyrsson, Alicia
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Marklov för trädfällning & skogsplantering: Kravets omfattning och utbredning2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In community planning, there are many regulations that can be made to control land use and a detail development plan is an instrument that Sweden's municipalities have access to in order to do so. In a detail development plan, the municipality may specify properties that will apply in an area, such as the protection of trees, whish this study is about. To protect trees a plan regulation is required in the plan indicating what is applicable. In the Planning and Building Act 9 chap. 12 § it is stated that the municipality in a detail development plan may decide that a land permit is required for felling trees and for afforestation. An application for a permit to felling trees and / or afforestation shall be sent to the municipality, which will examine whether the application is to be granted or refused. Entering a land permit for felling trees in the detail development plan protects trees that may otherwise be cut down without the municipality's knowledge.

    The survey aims at examining the extent to which the municipalities of Sweden use the opportunity to decide on land permits in a detail development plan. Furthermore, the municipality's motive for the protection of trees is investigated and if it is done otherwise than with the plan regulation, and whether there has been any change in how the municipalities regulate trees in 2017 compared to 1990, when the detail development plan had recently been introduced. This has been done with both qualitative and quantitative methods to get a versatile and complete study.

    The results show that the municipalities used the plan regulation for land permit for felling trees in 60 of the detail development plans in 2017. To ensure protection of trees municipalities use other methods than land permit, for example a Plan regulation to protect trees. The motives given by the municipalities to protect trees vary widely and there are ecological, social and aesthetic reasons. In the comparison of detail development plans from 2017 and 1990, differences have been observed. More plans in 2017 with land permit for felling trees have been observed as well as more and more varied motivations. Plan regulation about afforestation has been found only once in a total of 1 353 detail development plans.

  • 5.
    Backersgård, Oscar
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Gustavsson, Christoffer
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Undersökning av Trimbles etableringsmetoder vid fri station: en jämförelsestudie av integrerad etablering och etablering med kända punkter2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this thesis, the comparison between two different methods of establishment of free station for the purpose of geodetic surveying. The methods are the traditional method,with known control points with already established coordinates, and the integrated method,that uses GNSS-technology. In the beginning of the thesis there is some theoretical background and explanation of the technology and methods to help with understanding the later parts. The study focuses only on the accuracy of the different methods, and not the time that each method takes to establish. This was decided because the main interest was to see which method was the most accurate, and not the most efficient time wise.

    The method using known points is based on using points that have already established coordinates, and by measuring the distances and angles between these and the total station a position for the total station can be calculated. The other method is based on GNSS, and also uses the total station. This method instead uses new points, known as backsights, that are placed out during the establishment. The thesis also focuses on the sources of error that can occur during work with these methods, and how these sources impact the different methods. A look into the geodetic control network is also made and discussed throughout the thesis.In the end the completed results from all of the establishments are compiled and summarized, and a comparison and analysis are made on these results. These results are later discussed and the strengths and weaknesses of each method is weighed up.

    The results of this study has shown that the best quality of the establishment is reached by using the integrated with at least five backsights. The sources of errors that were discovered for each method are studied more closely, in correlation to the prerequisites of the study. The study also shows that some of the known control points that were used during the establishments were of bad quality and in need of a control and some adjustments, to ensure that future work around these points won’t be a problem.

    In the conclusion of the study the result shows that the use of the integrated method withat least five backsights is the preferred method of establishment. The quality of the establishment with the integrated method was 0,002 m and 0,004 m for the north and east coordinates, while the result of the traditional method was 0,004 and 0,013 for the north and east coordinates.

  • 6.
    Bengtsson, Erik
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Carlson, Johan
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Kontroll av en del av den nationella höjdmodellen Laserdata Nedladdning NH med hjälp av tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:20162022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Using already existing data is a good way to save both money and time. In this case it’s about Laserdata Nedladdning NH, a nationwide height model created by Lantmäteriet under a 10-year period. But is this data always trustworthy? To perform sample controls on this data is important to know when and how to properly use it. To execute a sample control of this type the technical specification SIS-TS 21144:2016 was used as a guideline throughout the study. This specification is applied when producing a digital surface model at the behest of the contractor to ease the cooperation between this part and the surveyor. In this study there will be research on whether the specification is of relevance as a control document for height models produced with Laserdata Nedladdning NH and how filtering down the data affects its uncertainty.

    This control was performed on a parking lot and greenery at University West. The measurements were performed with a total station, established with the help of a GNSS-integrated method, RUFRIS, since there were no known reference points to be used as back objects. Neither were there any fitting places to put any such markers up on. To control the station several markers were put into the surrounding asphalt and grass that were measured right after establishing and after measuring all the control profiles. 18 control profiles were measured, spread around the area in lines of at least 20 m and containing at least 20 points. The point cloud from Laserdata Nedladdning NH was filtered down to different levels of point density which were then tested with different cell sizes.

    The results showed that the surface model passed most of the requirements stated by the specification, with an average height difference of just under 1 cm, but showed that areas with sharp height differences would create divergent results. Similarly, the same applied when the point cloud was filtered down according to the specifications most dense least allowed points/ha, where the numbers began to spread out increasingly. In the most thinned out cloud, 50 m cell size, the data quality barelyheld for an older height model, with average height differences up to 2.99 m, which was made with this cell size. From the results a conclusion could be drawn that the technical specification SIS-TS 21144:2016 is relevant for investigations of these models, although not where the ground has too much of an irregular shape. The specification is also not recommended when filtering down measurement data unless it’s performed on a plain open field. 

  • 7.
    Berdén, Lisa
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Da Silva Jonasson, Amanda
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    En minskad budget för skötsel av värdefull natur: Hur påverkar det länsstyrelsens skötselarbete i Sveriges naturreservat?2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    As nature holds value for us humans through the extraction of its resources for our survival, it is also crucial that we care for it. To ensure the sustainable provision of nature's benefits in the future, a balance must be struck between resource extraction and the ability of nature to regenerate. The challenge arises when the population continually grows and resources are extracted to a greater extent than before. Reports suggest ongoing depletion of terrestrial ecosystems, and to address this depletion, it is more sustainable to protect and manage nature now rather than restore it later. In early 2023, when the County Administrative Boards received their annual allocation for nature reserve management, indications emerged that it could have consequences for their work in managing Sweden's nature reserves. The government has reduced the funds allocated for the management of valuable nature by approximately 70 percent compared to the previous year in this year's budget.

    This study examines whether the decreased budget affects the County Administrative Board's management work in Sweden's nature reserves. The aim is to shed light on how the economic factors, in the form of reduced allocations, can have broader consequences in the County Administrative Boards' efforts to maintain the nature reserves. To answer the research questions, qualitative interviews were conducted with seven individuals working in the County Administrative Boards of the country's five regions. By addressing these questions, the study contributes to highlighting the changes in work processes that arise and the extent to which the government's budget for 2023 affects the management work of Sweden's County Administrative Boards.

    With the decreased funding, the County Administrative Boards need to prioritize differently, and the most significant changes can be observed in the work related to restoration and the control of invasive alien species. The crucial factors influencing the County Administrative Boards' prioritization include the perceived urgency of management measures. Further factors include the county's geographical conditions and the type of projects initiated in previous years. External determining factors affecting the County Administrative Boards' management work include the annual variation in budget and how targeted time-limited funding leads to subsequent costs when the efforts conclude. It is also critical whether the budget remains low over an extended period, as this is when risks seem to arise for nature values and the risk of decreasing biodiversity.

    In conclusion, the results demonstrate that reduced funding complicates the work, but an equally significant issue appears to be the substantial variation in funding with short annual intervals. When major initiatives are interrupted, there is a risk of work being left unfinished, resulting in the allocated funds to the County Administrative Boards not achieving the intended effect. A low budget over time also leads to increased costs in the future, as delayed measures require greater efforts in the long run.

  • 8.
    Berglund, Emil
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Thörnqvist, Simon
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Detaljplan med enskilt huvudmannaskap för allmänna platser: planering kontra genomförande2012Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I denna studie har vi utrett om genomförandet av allmänna platser inom detaljplanelagda områden med enskilt huvudmannaskap utförts i enlighet med kommunens intentioner. Studien baserades på elva detaljplaner inom tre kommuner i Västra Götalandsregionen där planhandlingar granskats och jämförts med de förrättningar som skett på områdena. Slutligen besiktigades också områdena för att se hur det blev i verkligheten. Granskningen visade att kommunernas intentioner har följts överlag men avvikelser förekommer. Vi kom fram till att enskilt huvudmannaskap kan vara en fungerande lösning för att säkerställa kommunens intentioner om de använder sig av planbestämmelser för att reglera utformningen av allmänna platser i detaljplan.

    En kortare studie av aktuell lagstiftning visar att kommunerna får använda sig av planbestämmelser på allmän plats vid enskilt huvudmannaskap i samma grad som kommunen skall använda sig av dessa vid kommunalt huvudmannaskap.

    Med ett kommittédirektiv som bakgrund, där det b.la. skall utredas hur tillgängligheten till allmänna platser med enskilt huvudmannaskap skall vara, har vi under besiktningen av områdena också undersökt hur tillgängligheten faktiskt var. Besiktningen visade att tillgängligheten till de allmänna platserna varierade mellan de kommuner vi granskade.

    En enkätundersökning visar att lantmäterimyndigheterna anser att samarbetet med kommunerna är för dålig p.g.a. bristande resurser. Lantmäterimyndigheterna har som utgångspunkt att följa planbestämmelser gällande utformning av allmänna platser. Det förekommer att lantmäterimyndigheterna förbiser prövning av väsentlighet och båtnad i de fall detaljplan ligger till grund för förrättningen.

    Övriga slutsatser vi dragit från arbetet är att naturområden som skall vara allmänt tillgängliga ej bör ingå i en gemensamhetsanläggning då väsentlighetsvillkoret enligt Anläggningslagen, AL kan ifrågasättas. Vi kom också fram till att anläggningsbesluten bör utformas mer utförligt för att tydliggöra kostnader och ansvar för fastighetsägare i framtiden.

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  • 9.
    Berntsson, Hanna
    et al.
    University West, Department of Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science.
    Halldin, Josefin
    University West, Department of Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science.
    Ägarlägenheter på Öckerö: erfarenheter kring förvaltningsfrågor2012Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I Sverige har det sedan maj 2009 varit tillåtet att bilda ägarlägenheter. En ägarlägenhet är en typ av fastighet som är avgränsad både horisontellt och vertikalt och avsedd att innehålla endast en bostadslägenhet. Ägarlägenheten ägs som vilken fastighet som helst och kan därmed fritt hyras ut, pantsättas, belånas och överlåtas.Några av de första att satsa på den nya bostadsformen var det kommunala bostadsbolaget på Öckerö, Öckerö Bostads AB. Bolaget startade 2009 projekteringen av ett nytt bostadsområde som omfattades av 5 huskroppar om totalt 50 ägarlägenheter på Breviksängar. Öckerö Bostads AB styckade av 50 ägarlägenheter varav de sålde 30 av lägenheterna och behöll 20 lägenheter för uthyrning. Det är kombinationen bolagsägande och privat ägande men också hur förvaltningen har fungerat som har undersökts och analyserats. Både lekmannaperspektivet och fackmannaperspektivet har belysts.En anledning till att bolaget valde att sälja 30 av de 50 ägarlägenheterna var för att bolaget ville delfinansiera de 20 hyreslägenheterna och på så sätt hålla hyresnivån för en nyproducerad lägenhet på en rimlig nivå. Att hyresrätterna delfinansieras med försäljning av ägarlägenheter leder till att bostadsbolaget kan erbjuda hyresgästerna en lägre hyra jämfört med om hela projektet hade varit hyresrätterBlandningen av hyresrätter och ägarlägenheter upplevs av de flesta som positiv. Vissa av ägarlägenheternas ägare anser dock att hyresgästerna inte är lika rädda om området som ägarlägenhetsägarna. Ser man till de grannelagsrättsliga reglerna är det däremot mer säkert att bo bredvid en hyresgäst än att bo bredvid en ägarlägenhetsägare eftersom en hyresgäst kan avhysas om denne orsakar störningar i boendet medan en ägarlägenhetsägare inte kan avhysas även om denne orsakar störningar.Öckerö Bostads AB hade också en integrationstanke om att blanda olika typer av människor och familjekonstellationer på Breviksängar, därför blandades hyresrätter och ägarlägenheter i samtliga hus, detta är dock svårt att införliva på Öckerö på grund av att hyrorna och kostnaden för en ägarlägenhet fortfarande är relativt höga.Samfälligheter och gemensamhetsanläggningar bildades för att tillgodose ägarlägenheternas gemensamma behov. Alla ägarlägenheternas ägare, både privata ägare och bostadsbolaget, ingår i Norra Breviks samfällighetsförening som förvaltar samfälligheterna och gemensamhetsanläggningarna. Denna gemensamma förvaltning upplevs till stor del ha fungerat bra. Att Öckerö Bostads AB representeras i styrelsen är bra dels för att bolaget representerar hyresgästerna, men också för att Öckerö Bostads AB har kunskap om fastighetsförvaltning. Det finns dock ägarlägenhetsägare som anser att Öckerö Bostads AB inte skall vara med i styrelsen.Bland de som äger sina ägarlägenheter har det uppstått oklarheter från kring bolagets olika roller. En gränsdragning mellan bolagets roll som byggherre och bolagets roll som fastighetsägare bör vara tydligare för att undvika missförstånd, speciellt viktigt är det innan garantitidens utgång för att inte blanda ihop byggherrefrågor och föreningsfrågor.

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    ex.arb.Halldin-Berntsson-HV-2012
  • 10.
    Brandt, Malin
    et al.
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT.
    Kihlberg, Lisa
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT.
    Barns perspektiv i fysisk planering: För realisering av barnkonventionen2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Children and young people under the age of 18 represent one fifth of the Swedish population. Their participation in spatial planning is most certainly a question of democracy. In 2020, Convention on the Rights of the Child became Swedish law, which entails a right for all children to express their views in all matters affecting the child, and the views of the child being given due weight. A recently published review from SKR, stated that children as a group are being sidelined in spatial planning. The purpose of this study is to contribute with an insight to those mutual exchanges in dialogues with children and hoping to encourage more planners to actively work to implement the articles of Convention on the Rights of the Child regarding spatial planning. 

    The aim of this project is to answer the question of which kind of knowledge children can contribute with, and in which way this knowledge later is applied in spatial planning. Furthermore, what is crucial for the process manager(s) to contemplate during a dialogue with children, are explored. To be successful in this aim, a case study of a recently completed citizen dialogue with children, was conducted. This dialogue was carried out as part of the project Våra Rum, in association with a group of students in fifth grade at Brålandaskolan, in Vänersborg’s municipality. Three interviews were conducted within the case study: one with each of the process managers, and one with a knowledgeable participating consultant. Finally, an interview was conducted with an expert within the field, with solid experience in managing similar dialogues with children. 

    The result shows that children contribute with knowledge on how they use a specific area, how they move around, what they like a about a place, what they dislike, and what they need. The planner will receive a deeper understanding for the area through the children’s perspective. Whether the planner in charge needs to participate in the actual dialogue with the children has been discussed in this study. What can be said is that a close relationship with the process manager is necessary, to have the children’s knowledge to be taken care of. In addition, there is an importance of openness in the dialogue. The process managers need to be open minded in the dialogue with the children. Equally important is to have the process itself be open and transparent. In a transparent process all participants should be aware of their rights to make an impact, and in what way their knowledge will be applied in spatial planning. Thereto will transparent processes show who is responsible for implementation of the dialogue and the feedback, and for the result being realized in the regular planning process. 

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  • 11.
    Chit, Ali
    et al.
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT.
    Wimmer, Anton
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT.
    Rör inte mitt kränkande ortnamn!: En studie om varför vissa kränkande ortnamnselement tagits bort medan andra finns kvar2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Lantmäteriet, the Swedish government agency responsible for place names and the creation of maps, have removed every place name containing the offensive word “neger” (referring to afro-swedish people) from the maps. Meanwhile, there are still place names on the Swedish maps containing the equally offensive words “tattare” (referring to Travellers/Romani people), “lapp” (referring to Sami people) and “zigenare” (referring to Romani people). These are words that shouldn’t be used in everyday language, yet they still exist in place names. The purpose with this study is to investigate why some offensive place names have been removed while others still remain, as well as examining how the remaining offensive place names should be handled - should we remove them or keep them? Old place names have considerable protection assured by the law, however offensive place names might violate the law since they make the place names less suitable for usage. Therefore, this report will also examine how Lantmäteriet makes theirconsideration between the place names age and suitability.

    The report is based on semi-structured interviews and email correspondence with experts on place names as well as representatives from the ethnic groups that the offensive words refer to. The study shows that Lantmäteriet have to take account of many different things in their consideration between age and suitability, however the age and whether the place names are linked to Sweden’s cultural history are factors of great importance since old place names are essential parts of Sweden's cultural heritage. The reason why the word “neger” was removed from the maps is that most place names containing that word were recent and of little importance for the cultural history of Sweden, while the other words usually appear in old place names with large historic value. Other factors that might have significance is how offensive the majority population think the words are, how many of the general public or the affected ethnic groups who support removal versus preservation of the place names, whether precedents exist, if the ethnic groups have high or low social status etcetera. A majority of the respondents in this study favored preservation of the place names because of their historic value, but one respondent supported removal since the names are very offensive. Multiple respondents expressed that the majority population need more education about how Sweden treated their ethnic groups historically - for that purpose, the place names might be used as illustrative examples of the segregation and discrimination the ethnic groups faced. Some respondents also requested information boards or monuments on places with names containing the words “tattare” or “zigenare”, since that would illustrate the traveller/romani history on those places more clearly than it is today. 

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  • 12.
    Dahl, Tove
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Skateboard urbanism: Kunskaper och deltagande i stadsplanering för en rebellisk disciplin2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Skateboardåkare har sedan 1960-talet använt den urbana miljön för att praktisera sin disciplin. Historiskt har aktiviteten varit ovälkommen, men med insikter av vad den bidrar med till stadsmiljöer välkomnas den nu med planerade ytor i städer. Att planera för en grupp som tidigare praktiserat en disciplin som har varit och inneburit en protest mot maktstrukturer i den urbana miljön kan vara utmanande och innebär flera motsättningar. Involvering av användargruppen är möjligen därför extra viktig.

    Studien genomfördes inom ramen Habermas teoribildning kommunikativt handlande och för Patsy Healys teoribildning kollaborativ planering. Genom intervjuer, observationsstudier och dokumentanalyser, med fokus på två torg i Malmö, undersöktes skateboardåkarens upplevelse av planerade skateplatser i staden och hur upplevelsen kan tas tillvara på. 

    Under studien identifierades och konkretiserades tre viktiga aspekter för planering av skateboard i stadsrummet: dialog, materialval och skateboardkulturen. Därutöver framkom en problematisering av kunskapsglappet mellan landskapsarkitekter och skateboardåkare, som en negativ inverkan på planeringsprocessen. Trots att konkreta slutsatser var svåra att dra, betonas vikten av ovanstående aspekter, med dialog som det främsta verktyget för planerare att få insikt om bra materialval och skateboardkulturen. 

  • 13.
    Ekberg, Mattias
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Land Surveying and Mathematics.
    Jansson, David
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Land Surveying and Mathematics.
    Konsekvenser av bristande kvalitet i registerkartans gränsredovisning i skogsmark2012Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Kvalitetsbristerna i registerkartan är ett välkänt problem och Lantmäteriet arbetar ständigt för att uppdatera kartan och hitta en lösning på detta problem som är ekonomiskt försvarbar. Trots detta arbete så är bristerna stora på många håll, speciellt på landsbygden och inom skogsmark.

    Denna rapport behandlar konsekvenserna av registerkartans gränsredovisning i skogsmark. Arbetet har skett genom en fältstudie där två fastigheters utmärkta gränser kontrollmättes mot registerkartans angivna gränser. En beräkning av det teorietiska skogsvärdet som hamnar i gränszonen mellan registerkartans gräns och den på marken utmärkta gränsen.

     En schablonmässig beräkning bedömt på hela Sveriges årliga avverkningsareal som ligger inom den gränszon som påverkas av registerkartans brister har gjorts och värdet av virkesvolymerna inom detta gränsland har beräknats.

    En Litteraturstudie har genomförts på den litteratur som berör ämnet. Enkätundersökningar till sakkunniga inom skogsnäringen och samtal med andra sakkunniga personer har skett för att få en inblick i hur registerkartans brister påverkar.

    Skogsnäringen vill inte se detta som ett stort problem som påverkar deras arbete. Även fast fel uppstår p.g.a. brister i deras kartmaterial och utrustning. De vill hellre peka på att gränserna många gånger är för dåligt underhållna av fastighetsägarna och att lantmäteriets prissättning gör att man hellre riskerar att göra fel än att få gränsen bestämd.

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    ex.arb.Jansson-Ekberg-HV-2012
  • 14.
    Eklund, Linda
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Friyta på lika villkor!: En studie av 8 kap. 9 § plan- och bygglagen2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden's population is steadily increasing, and cities are densifying. Most of the residents wish to live centrally, where closeness to both jobs and service is located. The densification, in turn, means that more schools and preschools need to be built. In densified cities, the area is shrinking to build on, which results in a higher price on the land. The purpose of the study is to investigate how Sweden's municipalities interpret "sufficiently large free space" in Chapter 8. 9 § 2 of the Planning and Building Act. The study also examines whether the municipalities changed their way of working as the Children's Convention became law on January 1, 2020. The study has used electronic questionnaires sent to Sweden's 290 municipal building departments with a response rate of 44%. Nearly half of the study's respondents use the checklist from Boverket and almost as many also have their own guidelines. A part of the study respondents uses functional programs that follow the curriculum's intentions when planning the school or preschool. The results of the study's survey show that 61% of the respondents follow current research on the size of the free space, which is 30 square meters for students in F-6 and 40 square meters for preschool children. The respondents which not following the common advice from Boverket about free space, developed their own guidelines for the size of the free space. Most of these municipalities set the size of the free space lower than recommended. The result shows that the respondents who do not follow the general advice on free space from Boverket think that the location of the free space weighs heavier than the size and design of the free space. Of the respondents, only 30 have worked with the Convention on the Rights of the Child even before the law came into force. Most of the respondents will start or have started to work more with the Convention on the Rights of the Child when designing school and preschools since the Convention on the Rights of the Child has become law. Although cities are increasingly densified, the current wording in Chapter 8. 9 § 2 The Planning and Building Act has in principle not changed since the building charter. Since the ground today is more attractive and that the Children's Convention has become law, the wording "sufficiently large free area" in Chapter 8. 9 § 2, the Planning and Building Act need to be changed. The law section should contain clarifications on the design and size of the surface to ensure such a large surface area that according to research is suitable for children in school and preschool.

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  • 15.
    Elfving, Erik
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Martinsson, Jacob
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Vad bör tålas vid företagsskada och miljöskada?: en rättsutredning av kvalifikationsgränsen2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Public infrastructure often causes disturbances on the surroundings in terms of noise, vibrations, insight, aesthetic damages, or psychological detriments. Disturbances from the expropriation business may cause damages in terms of decreased market value for the affected property, beyond the decreased value from the loss of land. Surrounding properties may also be affected, in terms of environmental damages. The owners of the affected property may claim compensation for the decreased property value caused by the disturbances.

    To be eligible for compensation the damages should not reasonably be tolerated consideringthe conditions of the location and the general conditions. The legislation does not clearly state any limit in terms of percentage or amount of money required for a disturbance to be significant enough to grant compensation. The limit of qualification for expropriation damages or environmental damages has previously to some degree been treated inconsistentin Swedish legal practice.

    The study describes how the qualification limit varies due to different conditions in previous cases. The purpose of the study is to investigate if the extent or the type of the disturbance affects the limit of qualification. The study has been created using a legal dogmatic methodology, in which the courts intentions with the verdicts has been analyzed. The selection of cases is limited to the preceding courts, supported by a few relevant cases from lower instances. 

    The study infers that the limit of qualification amounts to 5 % of the intact property value, in cases when the disturbance is not considered common on the location or in general. When the disturbance is considered common on the location or in general, the court considers the equitability of the conditions in the case. According to the courts, a significant damage can be a valid cause for compensation. Consequently, the limit of qualification may vary in cases where the disturbance is common on the location or in general. The study finds no support for the previous claim that the limit of qualification is higher for aesthetic disturbances than measurable disturbances such as noise. The result of the study shows that the limit of qualification is the same for damages from different sources, during similar conditions.

  • 16.
    Eliaeson, Emilia
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Nilsson, Matilda
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Samhällsbyggnadskonsekvenser av riksgränsens rättsliga reglering mellan Sverige och Norge2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The geographical land area of Sweden and Norway is separated by a national border. The national border is the longest in Europe and sets apart the Swedish and Norwegian area of aw. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of the national border between Sweden and Norway on the process of urban management in border close areas. This is carried out by studying the border overhaul of the national border, cross-border buildings and property units whose property exit crosses the national border.

    The study has been made with three modes of procedure consisting of a study of literature,interviews with specialists and examination of cadastral dossiers. For the study of literature relevant text of law, legal preparatory work and doctrine has been studied. Interviews with specialists and examination of cadastral dossiers has been carried out to gather information which couldn’t be gathered by the study of literature.The extension of the national border is regulated in Swedish law in ordinance of the national border between Sweden and Norway (SFS 1989:809) and in Norwegian law in law of border supervision and border control of people (LOV nr 8, 20/04/2018), which both refers to agreements between the nations from 1661 and 1751. Overhauls of the national border are carried out jointly by the countries in accordance with the mentioned agreements. Construction of buildings on the national border takes place through cooperation between Sweden and Norway. A problem with construction of buildings onthe national border is that it is interpreted to be contrary to terms in the mentioned agreements, which means that an exception from the regulations must be made. Who should make such a decision isn’t obvious. Out of all the examined property units whose property exit crosses the national border, none of them have a legislated right to use the property exit. The property units fulfills the demands of adequacy regulated in the third chapter first article of the Swedish property formation act (SFS 1970:988) unless the national border isn’t threatened to close, which was the case during the covid pandemic 2020-2022.

    The conclusion that can be drawn is that the Swedish law for the national border needs to be reviewed because the law is lacking in what applies for example construction of a building on the border. Swedish and Norwegian laws are in many aspects alike which makes coordination between the countries function well for actions within the process of urban management in border close areas. However the closing of the national border due to the pandemic has caused consequences the law couldn’t foresee and a need for restrictions and regulations seem imminent 

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  • 17.
    Elmersson, Åsa
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Grafström, Joel
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Småhusbyggande i marknadssvaga Götalandskommuner: En studie i hur mycket det byggs och hur det finansieras2017Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Sverige räknas till blandekonomierna. Blandekonomin har sin utgångspunkt i marknadsekonomin men staten reglerar marknaden till viss del. Detta gäller också för bostadsmarknaden. Så utgångspunkten är således att marknaden ska styra priset på småhus genom tillgång och efterfrågan. Det är ena sidan. Den andra sidan är regleringarna. När det kommer till bostäder är det till exempel bolånetaket och amorteringskravet. Bolånetaket utgår från bedömt marknadsvärde. Är det ett begagnat hus räknas som regel försäljningspriset som marknadsvärde medan det i de fall det är ett helt nytt hus görs en förhandsvärdering inför byggnationen. Maximalt kan 85 procent av marknadsvärdet belånas, med fastigheten som säkerhet, för att finansiera ett husköp eller en nybyggnation. På attraktiva marknader är detta sällan något problem eftersom marknadsvärdet på nybyggnationerna oftast är högre än kostnaderna för att bygga huset. Men hur är det då i områden där det inte är så, utan där produktionskostnaderna istället ofta är högre än det förväntade marknadsvärdet? Rent teoretiskt borde det inte kunna byggas småhus i dessa områden med annat än att de som bygger satsar eget kapital och/eller lägger ner mycket eget arbete. Är det så verkligheten ser ut eller lånar bankerna trots allt ut pengar? Och byggs det några småhus överhuvudtaget i dessa områden? Med breda penseldrag har detta undersökts. Urvalet för studien är de femton kommuner i Götaland med lägst Tobins q-värde, det vill säga hade sämst relation i kvoten marknadspris på en befintlig bostad genom den totala produktionskostnaden för en likartad bostad ur Boverkets lista för år 2012. I studien har bygglovsstatistiken i undersökningskommunerna och jämförelsekommunerna studerats. Rapporten visar att det relativt sett byggs färre småhus i de undersökta kommunerna. I de femton undersökta kommunerna med svaga bostadsmarknader är medianvärdet 0,20 beviljade bygglov per tusen invånare. Motsvarande siffra för de tio mest folkrikaste kommunerna i Götaland är 0,69, nästan 3,5 gånger mer under samma år. Studien har också undersökt den teoretiska lönsamheten på de platser där bygglov utfärdats i de studerade kommunerna. En teoretisk produktionskostnad har antagits och en modell skapats för att kunna massvärdera samtliga bygglov med hjälp av taxeringsvärden. Resultatet med den här modellen ger att i 87 procent av fallen går det inte med säkerhet att säga att nybyggnationen är ekonomiskt lönsam vid färdigställandet. Slutligen har studien även undersökt hur nybyggnationerna finansieras genom att inteckningsbeloppen för varje nybyggt småhus har granskats. Av de nybyggnationer där interimistiskt slutbesked eller slutbesked har erhållits visar det sig att 20 procent av nybyggnationerna inte har några inteckningar alls och således har finansierats på annat sätt än genom lån med huset som säkerhet. Bedöms istället, utifrån datamaterialet, den teoretiska produktionskostnaden i förhållande till ett uppskattat marknadsvärde är knappt 50 procent av dessa nybyggnationer helt bankfinansierade. Således är cirka 30 procent av nybyggnationerna sannolikt delvis bankfinansierade. Även tecken på övervärdering av nya bostäder har uppmärksammats.

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  • 18.
    Emanuelsson, Andréas
    et al.
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT.
    Karlsson, Daniel
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT.
    Återförvisande av lantmäteriförrättningar i mark- och miljödomstol: En studie under perioden 2020–20212022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    När en fastighet ska ändras eller andra rättigheter som tillhör egendomen ska överföras, ska det ske med en fastighetsbildningsförrättning, som i sin tur tas hand av en lantmätare. När en sakägare får tillbaka sitt besked från lantmäterimyndigheten, kan det i vissa tillfällen bli att sakägaren är missnöjd med beslutet som har angetts, kan ärendet överklagas till mark- och miljödomstolen. I 16 kap. 12 § FBL, kan mark- och miljödomstolen bestämma om förrättningen är felaktig eller om det inte går att rätta felet, besluta sig att undanröja lantmäterimyndighetens beslut och återförvisa ärendet till myndigheten.

    Syftet med studien är att undersöka antal överklagande lantmäteriförrättningar och vilka fastighetsbildningsåtgärder som återförvisas till lantmäterimyndigheten under perioden 2020–2021. För att kunna undersöka ämnet krävdes det kontakta med de fem mark- och miljödomstolarna i syfte att begära ut alla domar som återförvisats till lantmäterimyndigheten perioden 2020–2021. Vi var likaså i stort behov av intervjuer med erfarna lantmätare. Av de domar som överklagats till mark- och miljödomstolen fick vi utdrag på 2379 antal domar och 70 (2,9 %) av dessa var återförvisade ärenden. Resultatet visar attavstyckningar och fastighetsregleringar är de åtgärder som är mest benägna att få beslutom återförvisning. Formella fel är det fel som i högsta grad förekommer i förrättningar.

  • 19.
    Engblom, Tove
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Gunnarsson, Lisa
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Lovet på landet: En rättsdogmatisk studie av 9 kap. 6 § PBL2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    When the older planning and building act was replaced in 2011 by todays planning and building act, the paragraph regulating permits exempt buildings actions received some linguistic updates. The updates where intended to simplify and update the interpretation. Any changes in the countryside in how this was supposed to be interpreted was not intended. This thesis examines how multiple Swedish municipalities interpret the permits exempt buildings according to 9 chap. 6 § planning and building act. The examination was done with a survey sent to all Swedish municipalities, which was then put together and the results where compared. To be able to decide if the municipalities have been making correct interpretations this thesis have also made a thorough legal examination of the law and preliminary work.

    9 chap. 6 § planning and building act is a complicated paragraph and cannot be interpreted without reading the preparatory work. Unfortunately, just reading the propositions to the planning and building act is not enough. The preparatory work for older planning and building act must also be read to fully grasp the meaning of the law. The paragraph has gone through multiple updates since 1987, therefor the information has been spread out.

    The permits exempt buildings in this paragraph is aimed at property owners owning houses with one or two families in the countryside that want to erect a small extension for the house or a complimentary building adjacent to the main building. The condition is that there is a house on the property and that the building is of a complementary nature to not dominate over the actual main house. The property owner does not need to report to or consult with the municipality but is rather supposed to judge if the rules are applicable for them self.T

    hat the average citizen, without basic legal education, is supposed to be able to interpret a complicated paragraph like this is troublesome. The consequence of a misjudgement is expensive. Unfortunately, there is not a lot of guidance to be had from the municipalities since our survey shows that almost all Building Department are making incorrect decisions based on interpreting the paragraph incorrectly.

    This thesis shines a light on the problem with assigning a complicated paragraph to be interpreted by the property owners. Furthermore, allowing the municipalities to make their own regulations regarding the interpretation of the law, without accountability to superior government agencies does not make the problems fewer. Our conclusion with this thesis results in that better guidance and stricter demands on the municipalities must be enacted to not place too big of a responsibility on the individual citizen.

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  • 20.
    Eriksson, Andreas
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Åkesson, Oskar
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Höjdbestämning i RH 2000 med statisk GNSS jämfört mot höjdstompunkter2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To accurately measure the height of a point above the geoid (H), precision levelling is used, but the method is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Instead, measuring heights using GNSS is less accurate but much faster and more efficient. To be able to choose static GNSS as a method, it is important to know the accuracy of height measurement with GNSS. 

    The purpose of this study is to examine the accuracy of static GNSS to seek answers to whether static GNSS measurements in some cases can replace traditional levelling. 

    14 static GNSS measurements were performed at or in the immediate vicinity of Lantmäteriet's levelled height reference points, which were assumed to have correct heights. The heights were post-calculated in SWEPOS' post-calculation service and were compared to the known heights given by Lantmäteriet's height reference points. 

    When measuring height with static GNSS, the difference to the height reference points was on average -0,039 m with a standard deviation of 0,018 m. For the comparison between relative heights, the average was 0,0094 m and the standard deviation was 0,023 m. The systematic error seems to be due to the antenna. To measure height with static GNSS the measurements should have a tolerance for the uncertainty of approximately 2 cm in standard deviation and depending on which antenna additional uncertainty due to systematic error. For more accurate height measurement, levelling should be used.

  • 21.
    Fassihi, Oktay
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Pavic, Mladen
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Särskilda skäl för strandskyddsdispens2020Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Shore protection is present to preserve the public access to the area and to protect the biodiversity. This leads to restrictions on how to use the land. To build facilities, amongst other things, you need to apply for a dispensation from the municipality. The purpose of this report is to investigate how special circumstances for a shore protection dispensation according to chapter 7. 18 c § of the Swedish environmental code is examined in court and how the paragraph is applied in practice. The report is based on the following three issues:

    1. What are the underlying arguments for requesting a shore protection dispensation for special circumstances?

    2. How does the Land and Environment Court and Land and Environment Court of Appeal judge the assessments made in accordance with chapter 7. 18 c § of the Swedish environmental code.

    3. How are the dispensation rules applied in practice by municipalities and county administration boards?

    The study is based on court decisions in the Land and Environment Court of Appeal and written interviews from municipalities and county administrative boards. The result shows the distribution between granted and denied dispensation in cases that have been raised in the Land and Environment Court of Appeal and presentation of cases that it is explained how the Land and Environment Court of Appeal has assessed. The result also shows a quantitative compilation of the interview responses we have received. The discussion section will try to answer the questions that the study is based on by contrasting the answers from the municipalities and county administrative boards with each other. It will also illustrate the most common assessments made by the Land and Environment Court of Appeal when a dispensation case is appealed. The discussion will also touch the subject how the relation between the municipalities and the county administrative boards are seen.

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  • 22.
    Fischer, Johanna
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Kraft, Jesper
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Hantering av andelar i marksamfälligheter vid lantmäteriförrättningar: En studie kring hur marksamfälligheters förvaltning påverkas vid omdisponering av andelar2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Joint property units are under the 1st chapter 3 § Real Property Formation Act (1970:988) land areas owned by several properties. These units can be managed through either co-owner or association administration. For association-managed units, the Joint Property Units Act (1973:1150) requires that income and expenses are reported separately for different branches of activity. Today the management of land property units is not considered by the Land Survey, and there is not a distinct suitability test when reallocating shares.

    The purpose of the study is producing a suggestion how the cadastral authorities should handle land joint property units in cadastral procedures. Regarding this there is an analysis if suitability test according to 3rd chapter FBL should be introduced and care taken on how the unit is managed when handling in the cadastral procedures. The study is performed by applying legal dogmatic method combined with a quantitative and qualitative interview and survey study with professionals on the Land Survey and joint property associations.

    The study show lack in concrete guidelines at the Land Survey on how joint property units should be handled in cadastral procedures. The result also shows that small funds can improve the management of joint property units in the cadastral procedures by instructing how to apply the suitability test and to a reasonable extent examine how the association is managed. A judgment of interested party from The Supreme Court is presented.

    The Land Survey as an authority needs to decide on if a suitability test according to 3rd chapter FBL must be implemented in its entirety as the law states or if redistribution of shares within cadastral procedures must refer to an exception from the law. A clarification would create a uniform and correct procedure throughout the country that benefits both employees and associations.

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  • 23.
    Fjällglim, Karl
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Schöldstein, Isak
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Vatten och avlopp i ett ösamhälle: Varför är det svårt att hitta en lösning på Koster?2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Strax utanför Strömstad ligger det en ögrupp vid namn Kosteröarna, som består av Nord- och Sydkoster. Kosteröarna är ett ösamhälle som består av 300 permanentboende invånare, däremot under högsäsong är det uppemot 10.000 personer som befinner sig på öarna. Detta ställer höga krav på vatten och avlopp, som under flera år varit en problematisk fråga för Kosterborna att lösa. Det finns i dagsläget ingen koppling till det kommunala vatten- och avloppsnätet på fastlandet, kommunen har istället ett kommunalt verksamhetsområde på ön som försörjer en del fastigheter. Nordkoster har möjlighet till kommunalt avlopp, men inget kommunalt vatten utan vattenförsörjning sker genom egna brunnar. Sydkoster har en större möjlighet att ansluta sig till det kommunala vattnet och avloppen. Med tanke på att alla fastigheter inte kan ansluta till den kommunala avsaltningsanläggningen har lösningar på problematiken skapats utifrån de förutsättningar som finns på ön. Kommunen tog fram en fördjupad översiktsplan för Kosteröarna 2009 med tydlig avsikt för utveckling, vilket inte var genomförbart med den befintliga vattentillgången. Att dra en kommunal ledning från fastlandet till Koster presenterades som alternativ 2. Efter granskning av alternativ 2 kom kommunen fram till att det var ett kostsamt ingrepp och en annan lösning hade varit bättre. Christian Pleijel var drivande i utredningen kring Alternativ 3 som fokuserade på Kosteröarnas tillgångar och hur frågan kan lösas på plats med de resurser och tillgångar som finns att till gå på öarna. Flera utredningar gjordes och öarna delades in i områden baserat på den hydrologiska bilden och åtgärder presenterades med utredningarna som grund. Efter att all insamlad information sammanställts i tillsammans med intervjuerna landar resultatet i att lösningar på vattenbristen samt de bristfälliga avloppen finns. Problematiken ligger inte inom de tekniska ramarna utan det finns brister i kommunikationen mellan kommun och medborgare. 

  • 24.
    Forsberg, Anna
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Olausson, Lisa
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Gemensamhetsanläggning: Fastighetsrättsliga problem när mark försvinner på grund av erosion2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Gothenburg City is in a big development phase where a lot will happen the next years to meet the City’s future need. The old shipbuilding industry in Eriksberg has been transformed into a flourishing residential area belonging to a popular place to settle in the city. Many of the public areas in Eriksberg are attended by the property owners as jointly-owned facilities. The fact that the houses are located next to the sea makes the area attractive but at the same time it also means a climate which effect the environment. In the area it is high risk of erosion and today has the ground in some places erode away and given damage on jointly-owned facilities.

    The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal implications when the ground under a joint-owned facility eroding away. The problem is new and to keep joint-owned facility as an attractive way to corporate for common needs and develop areas next to water it is of interest to investigate in this problem. In order to investigate the legal implications has a case study been done, where the legal method mainly has been used. The case study has been made over Eriksberg where the problem first was highlighted. The result of the study is a product of subjective interpretation of the authors. Legal case and former studies concerning the subject strengthens the author's interpretation and the study's credibility.

    The study shows that the conditions surrounding a joint-owned facility should be properly investigated in order to assess the legal implications. The study has resulted in significant aspects to investigate the question is whether there is any agreement about positive achieve-ments, where the line between construction and real estate are and how the land under the facility is built. In order to prevent future disputes about the problem requires a strict work process in the establishment of joint-owned facilities and clear construction decision. The study concludes that the positive achievements of the easement should be avoided and that the neighbour law rules should apply to the parties involved in a joint facility. This means that there is a responsibility to prevent nuisance to their neighbours. Failure to follow the law is an obligation to be accountable for the damage suffered. A municipality has a responsibility to control land use in the most appropriate manner, the neglect from this municipality can be held liable for damages. Swedish surveying authority has a responsibility to act and advise in the selection of land and its principal responsibility.

  • 25.
    Gäskeby, Anna
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Tholin, Sofia
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Förrättningsservitut för brygga2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Många fastigheter har inte tillgång till egen strand men kan ändå ha ett behov av brygga. Det skulle kunna vara för att transportera sig till och från fastigheten. Har fastigheten inte tillgång till egen strand kan det då bli aktuellt att säkerställa rätten till brygga över någon annans mark. Rättslig tillgång till brygga skulle kunna ordnas genom avtal eller en ansökan om förrättning hos Lantmäterimyndigheten (LM). Lagstiftaren klargör att servitut för brygg kan inrättas om det är av väsentlig betydelse för fastighetens ändamålsenliga användning enligt 7:1 fastighetsbildningslagen (FBL).Syftet med studien är att klargöra rättsläget för inrättande av förrättningsservitut för brygga samt att undersöka hur Lantmäteriet hanterar denna fråga i praktiken. För att kunna uppnå syftet med studien har gällande rätt, förarbeten och rättspraxis studerats för att få en djupare förståelse av gällande rätt samt hur lagen ska tillämpas. För att se hur förrättningslantmätare (FLM) hanterade inrättande av förrättningsservitut för brygga studerades genomförda förrättningar och en FLM intervjuades. Syftet med intervjun var att få en större inblick för det praktiska förrättningsarbetet samt hur FLM tänker vid inrättande av servitut för brygga.

    Rättspraxis används för att se hur gällande rätt ska tillämpas. Utifrån de rättspraxis som har valts ut och studeras är domstolarna överens om att fastigheter har ett väsentligt behov av brygga om de är belägna på en ö utan fastlandsförbindelse eller annan möjlighet än via båt att ta sig till fastigheten.I studien har 42 förrättningar gällande bryggservitut studerats. Förrättningarna analyseradesutifrån flera faktorer som FLM ska ta hänsyn till vid inrättande av förrättningsservitut för brygga. Detta för att sedan kunna se om det är någon skillnad mellan gällande rätt, rättspraxis och FLM:s beslut om servitut för brygga.Det har tydligt framgått i studien att gällande rätt och rättspraxis är strikt i sin bedömning gällande förrättningsservitut för brygga medan FLM inte är lika strikta. Sammanfattningsvist visar studien på att det finns skillnader i hur gällande rätt är tänkt att tillämpas och hur den tillämpas i praktiken. Exempelvis redovisar rättspraxis tydligt och utförligt vilka paragrafer som ska prövas och tolkas vilket FLM inte tycks göra samt att de allmänna skydden prövas i en större utsträckning än vad de enskilda gör.

  • 26.
    Haag, Isabelle
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Halldin, Pernilla
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Äldre fastighetsindelningsbestämmelser i konflikt med stadsutveckling och förtätning2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Many people consider the best way to get rid of the housing shortages is to densify the city in existing neighborhoods, as there is already some operational service and infrastructure available. An obstacle to this densification may be existing plans with property division provisions which lock the cadastral and require extensive plan work to be removed. Many municipalities chose to actively remove property division provisions just before the amendment of the law that took effect with new Planning and Building Act in 2011, which made the repeal more complicated. The municipality of Gothenburg did not actively remove these and now they have about 5000 old and new plans with property division provisions.

    The purpose of this study has been to get a picture of the factors and motives that make it possible to rethink plans with property division provisions. To achieve this, we needed to analyze legislation with preliminary work and the considerations made in Gothenburg on plan requests for cancellation of such provisions. It has also resulted in a survey of areas in Gothenburg. The study is legal-judged and implemented with interactive induction.

    As there have been frequent changes in legislation in attempting to simplify the planning process for the cancellations of property division provisions, to take less time and demand less resources, the study has determined to what extent simplification of the planning process results in a more efficient process. Resource efficiency for municipalities and shorter process time for individuals are the result of a more effective planning process but may also jeopardize legal certainty as neighbors' right to conduct their action is restricted. These aspects have been studied in parallel with the Case Study in Gothenburg and result in more legislative simplifications should be introduced with great caution in order not to jeopardize legal certainty.

    The outcome of the Case Study in Gothenburg, where plan requests were studied, will include a survey of priority areas. They are considered to be a priority as a result of the cancellation of the property division provisions would lead to several new residential lots. These areas consist of properties divided into three categories, where category one is areas that should primarily be a priority for removing the property division provisions in and then categories with areas that constitute second and third priority. The lots are subject to property division provisions, are placed within priority development area and are not affected by cultural programs. These criteria proved to be decisive for the outcome of the plan requests. In addition to this, the residential lots have high values and are of such size that there is possible to make it into two lots.

  • 27.
    Hamar, Nathalie
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Noggrannhetsanalys av mätningar med lågpris-UAS2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I denna studie var syftet att utföra en noggrannhetsanalys av mätningar utförda med ettl ågpris-UAS för att undersöka möjligheten att uppnå så hög HMK-standardnivå som möjligtför fotogrammetriskt framställda produkter. Flygfotografering utfördes över ett före detta industriområde från fyra olika flyghöjder, 25, 40, 55 och 80 m där sammanlagt 12 flygsignalerplacerades ut parvis för georeferering. Flygsignalerna var i storlekarna 40x40 samt 20x20 cm för undersökning av vilken storlek som var mest lämplig. Inmätning av flygsignalerna gjordes två gånger med statisk GNSS-mätning som gjordes med positionsloggning varje sekund under en minut och med 45-minuters mellanrum. Insamlade data bearbetades i SBG GeoProffessional samt i Agisoft Metashape. Resultatet blev ortofoton och DSM från respektive flyghöjd. Noggrannhetsanalysen visar att det är möjligt att uppfylla HMK-standardnivå 3 med ett lågpris-UAS, men att det på grund av studiens avgränsningar krävs vidare studier för att helt kunna fastställa detta.

  • 28.
    Helgesson, Jens
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Kulturbevarande planbestämmelser i detaljplanering: Hur väl stämmer dessa och vilka kunskaper har kommunens tjänstemän?2019Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Ever since the middle ages, Sweden has had rules on how to relate to building and land use. Today, municipalities have planned monopoly according to the Planning and Building Act. This means that they have the excluisive right to decide how to use the municipality´s land and water areas. They also have the opportunity to protect valuable cultural environment. What is protected is governed by the Planning and Building Act, but not how rulse are designed to protect cultural historical values, with the exception of the clarity claim. When municipalities are to establish such a provishion, they can use the General Council of Boverket, as many do.

    The purpose of the study has been to map the erors and ambiguities of cultural conservation provisions in municipal plans, as well as to investigate the skills of municipal officials regarding cultural conservation in a detailed plan.

    The result shows that 57 % of the surveyed municipalities´cultural conservation plans contain something wrong or are unclearly formulated. Other studies that have been reviewed also show similar results. The majority of municipal officials know that there is a general requirement in the Planning and Building act to take into account cultural historical value. However, many consider themselves to have insufficient knowledge of the subject and often employ expert expertise from outside and trust that they comply applicable laws and regulations.

  • 29.
    Hellner, Sandra
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Riktvärdet på tomtmark: En jämförelse mellan lantbruk och småhus som visar värdeskillnader över tid2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The guide value of plots of land have been shown to vary between small houses on farms and small houses in rural areas. This was first noticed by Lantmäteriet (the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority) when comparing the assessment of value for agriculture land in 2017 and single-family houses in 2018. The problem has been highlighted in the working group focusing on the preparation for assessment values. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether, and if so, what the differences in the guide value of plots of land look like for single-family and agricultural units between the assessments 2017–2018 and 2020–2021. The study is focused on whether there is a clear pattern or whether the differences vary between these different assessment years. The geographical area was chosen in the Stockholm County and focuses on the value areas that in 2017–2018 showed that the plot land had received a higher guide value of agricultural units than on single-family houses, where the difference was at least 20 %. The study also covers the value areas that in 2020-2021 showed differences of at least 20 % but which in 2017-2018 had a difference of less than 20 %.The result showed a fairly large variation where some value areas still had a difference of at least 20 %, some value areas had this time no difference at all, and some value areas had instead become higher for single-family units than for agricultural units. The study also addresses how the preparation work is done for property assessment in terms of single-family house and agricultural. This information is difficult to find on the internet and in literature, which has meant that it has been accessed through three interviews with employees at Skatteverket (the Swedish Tax Agency), Lantmäteriet and the valuation company Svefa.

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  • 30.
    Hennström, Celine
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Engelbrektsson, Ida
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Föreläggande enligt 5 kap. 26 § plan- och bygglagen2020Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The study is about Planning and Building Act Chapter 5 Section 26. This section is about the municipality that has the opportunity to send out an injunction to concerned property owners in situations where they are affected of planned prohibiting demolitions and cautionary provisions.To collect data and information about this, a questionnaire was created with six questions which was emailed to municipalities in Västra Götaland. It was little more than half of the municipalities who answered the questionnaire and based on their response, there were three municipalities who was contacted once again to be interviewed by email with deeper and more focused questions. Literature, SOU's, propositions, laws and commentaries on the law, has been read to get a knowledge base for the study. Older laws, such as the elderly Planning and Building Act 1987, have been studied to get knowledge about the laws history. It has been hard to find previous studies or preliminary work that has been about Planning and Building Act Chapter 5 Section 26. The purpose of this study is to investigate which municipalities apply the section, and in which case under what circumstances. Also how the municipality acts against the affected property owners when the municipalities choose to plan with a demolition ban or protection regulations. The method used in this study was both a quantitative method in the form of a questionere and a qualitative method in the form of interviews. In the study a demarcation was made where only municipalitiesin Västra Götaland would be contacted. The questionnaires were sent to 49 municipalities and the interviews were conducted with three of the municipalities. In the questionnaires there was municipalities that did not have the time or resources to answer, those municipalities were lost. Many of the larger municipalities chose not to participate in the questionnaires. The results of this study show that the majority of the responding municipalities do not apply Planning and Building Act Chapter 5 Section 26 but uses other solutions. Several municipalities mention that the yhave an agreement or that they negotiate with concerned property owners before the detailed development plan go through. It seems to be a way for the municipalities to try to avoid situations with high compensations claims. The result clearly shows that many of the municipalities act in different ways and that there are no direct guidelines for how acompensation situation should go. It requires a good communication between the municipalities and property owners to make both parts happy. The study has provided an understanding of what reality looks like when compensation situations arise in municipalities, and how a property owner´s property protection is affected and how they are compensated.

  • 31.
    Hjalmarsson Nielsen, Theres
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Eriksson, Viktor
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Fastighetsreglering: Köp eller överenskommelse som grundhandling vid överföring av hel fastighet2016Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I Sverige ombildas fastigheter genom fastighetsreglering. Ett område av eller en hel fastighet kan föras över till en annan fastighet. Bestämmelserna om fastighetsreglering finns i fastighetsbildningslagen och framförallt i kapitel 5. För att överlåta en hel fastighet med hjälp av fastighetsreglering krävs att den frivilligt överlåts, det kan göras med ett köp enligt JB 4 kap eller ett medgivande enligt FBL 5:18. Medgivande lämnas nästintill uteslutande genom att parterna ingår en överenskommelse. Köp och överenskommelse är två grundhandlingar som kan användas för att uppnå samma ändamål, överföring av hel fastighet. Det finns skillnader som medför att valet av grundhandling ger konsekvenser fastighetsrättsligt. I detta examensarbete beskrivs och jämförs skillnaderna och en kvantitativ undersökning har genomförts för att se i vilken utsträckning köp respektive överenskommelse vid frivillig marköverföring av hel fastighet används. Undersökningen syftar också till att se om det finns några mönster och särdrag vad gäller ändamål och erlagd köpeskilling/ersättning beroende på vilken grundhandling som använts i förrättningen. Förrättningsakter i Lantmäteriets databas Arken söktes fram och granskades. Sökkriterierna som användes var att det i förrättningarna skulle ha skett fastighetsreglering där en fastighet överförts i sin helhet och därmed avregistrerats. Undersökningen genomfördes på de förrättningar som registrerats under år 2014 i de 19 kommuner som bildade före detta Älvsborgs län som idag ingår i Västra Götalands län. Inom tidsintervallet och området hade 631 förrättningar med åtgärd fastighetsreglering gjorts varav 86 matchade sökkriterierna. Av de 86 förrättningarna var det 69 som genomfördes med köp och 17 med överenskommelse som grund. Köp var överlägset den vanligaste grundhandlingen och förekom i fyra fall av fem. Flertalet fastighetsregleringar handlade om jord- och skogsbruksfastigheter som överfördes till andra fastigheter med samma ändamål, de fastighetsregleringarna grundades nästintill uteslutande på köp. Vid förrättningar där kommuner och Trafikverket var sakägare sågs en ökad användning av överenskommelser.

  • 32.
    Ingelsson, Maja
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Johannisson, Sofie
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Nya regler om markanvisning och deras tillämpning i kommunerna2020Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Today, there is a shortage of housing in 240 municipalities in Sweden. It is their responsibility to provide housing for Sweden's citizens by creating conditions for construction. An initial stage of the housing supply process can be land allocation. Land allocation means that a developer has the exclusive right to negotiate with the municipality about a future sale and exploitation on the municipality's land. The land allocation is an important tool for residence supplies.

    On January 1, 2015, the Act (2014: 899) on guidelines for municipal land allocation came into force. The law means that the municipalities that carry out land allocation must adopt guidelines that show the municipality's positions on land allocation. The Act aims to create good competition among builders and a transparency in the land allocation process.

    The aim of the study is to examine the views of twelve selected municipalities concerning the introduction of the Act on guidelines for municipal land allocation and to map their working methods on land allocations. The survey was conducted via interviews of employees at the municipalities' land and exploitation departments and through examination of guidelines, land allocation agreements, legislation, public investigations, proposition and other reports.

    Based on the result, it can be concluded that land allocations are complex and that it is therefore difficult to produce a universal model for allocating land. All municipalities have different prerequisites for allocating land, and they therefore design the guidelines broadly.

  • 33.
    Ishida, Yvonne
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Andersson, Jessica
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Kommer kommunernas plan- och bygglovsarbete att svämma över i framtiden?: Klimatförändringar och bostadsbyggande2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med studien är att kartlägga och utreda det juridiska ramverk som kommunerna ska följa samt undersöka praktisk tillämpning hos tre kommuner. Studien ska även belysa eventuella svårigheter i planarbetet och ge en kunskapsöversikt. I denna studie analyseras främst plan- och bygglagens innebörd och hur den kan användas vid anpassning till klimatförändringarna vid plan- och bygglovsarbete. Som komplement intervjuas plan- och bygglovshandläggare i tre kommuner samt en planhandläggare på länsstyrelse i Västra Götalands län.

    Klimatförändringarna är ett faktum, och som en följd kommer bland annat vattennivåerna att fortsätta stiga i landet. Klimatforskningen består av prognoser som dock är behäftade med ett viss mått av osäkerhet. På grund av klimatförändringarna har det skett tillägg i plan- och bygglagens 2 kapitel för att kommunerna måste ta hänsyn till framtida översvämningsrisk vid fysisk planering. Det är därmed inte endast dagens förhållanden som ska beaktas vid planläggning och lovgivning. Det finns en stor mängd rekommendationer och riktlinjer som kommunerna har att förhålla sig till och som kan underlätta arbetet för att följa de regelverk som gäller. Att anpassa den fysiska planeringen till framtida klimatförändringar bör påbörjas nu, eftersom byggnadernas livscykel sträcker sig långt in i framtiden.

    Kommunerna kan arbeta fram specifika dokument som är anpassade efter deras förutsättningar och karterade risker för att underlätta sitt arbete i frågan. Det finns en mängd skeden i plan- och bygglovsprocesserna och det är viktigt att en samverkan finns mellan dem, för att det ska bli ett helhetsperspektiv. Det är en viktig förutsättning för att uppnå en hållbar bebyggd miljö. Eftersom klimatförändringar inte stannar vid kommungränser är det lämpligt att kommunerna samverkar i frågan. Samtliga aktörer behöver en aktuell och bra kunskapsgrund för att underlätta arbetet med översvämningsrisker.

    Lagtext och riktlinjer är tydliga med hur kommunerna ska arbeta, detta kan vara enkelt att genomföra om det finns oexploaterad mark, men vid anpassning till befintlig bebyggelse och infrastruktur uppstår problem. I och med intervjuerna framkom komplexiteten med att tillämpa lagtext i realiteten. En av de tre kommunerna har ändrat i befintliga detaljplaner för att klimatanpassa. Två av tre har egna översvämnings-program vilket är goda exempel på integrering av klimatarbetet. Det finns ingen rättspraxis idag, men det finns motsvarande situationer där kommunens ansvar vid lämplighetsprövningen ifrågasatts.

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  • 34.
    Ivarsson, Maja
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Sandahl, Rosalie
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Ternevall, Hanna
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Detaljplan med enskilt huvudmannaskap: En granskning av planering och genomförande2012Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Studien omfattar konsekvenserna av detaljplaneläggning med enskilt huvudmannaskap för allmänna platser. Regeringen anser att det behöver göras en översyn över bestämmelserna för genomförande av detaljplaner. Enligt Boverket används enskilt huvudmannaskap mycket oftare än vad som bör ske enligt lag. Detta leder till att det som borde vara allmänna kostnader läggs över på fastighetsägarna. Denna problematik har väckt vårt intresse för ämnet.

    En litteraturstudie har gjorts av Anläggningslagen och Plan- och bygglagen med fokus på enskilt huvudmannaskap. Vi har även granskat 15 detaljplaner med enskilt huvudmannaskap från planering till genomförande. Detta har vi gjort genom att studera detaljplanekartan, plan- och genomförandebeskrivning, aktuella förrättningsakter samt besiktning av områdena. Ett frågeformulär har skickats ut till samtliga 49 kommuner i Västra Götalands län med frågor gällande enskilt huvudmannaskap.

    Vi har kommit fram till att enskilt huvudmannaskap används i en större utsträckning än vad lagen avser. Utformningen av de allmänna platserna har till största delen blivit enligt kommunens intentioner, presenterade i plan- och genomförandebeskrivningen. Dock har vi sett att allmän plats natur i vissa områden lämnats oreglerad.

    Vi har även sett att kommunen inte har reglerat utformningen särskilt utförligt i planbestämmelserna på plankartor då de presenterat omfattande intentioner i plan- och genomförandebeskrivningen.

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  • 35.
    Jakobsson, Sara
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Fastighetsindelningsbestämmelser: en implementeringsstudie av bestämmelser i nya PBL2012Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    With the new Planning and Building Act (PBA), which came into force on 2 May 2011, it became possible to account for provisions on property division in a detailed developmentplan in the same way as was done in a property regulation plan in the former legislation.The property regulation plan then ceased as a separate plan. The purpose of the provisionswas to simplify the process and only have one planning process instead of two. Theprovisions on property division allow for a more detailed regulation of the detaileddevelopment plan, but also means a duty to conduct an investigation already in planningwork according law terms that is outside the PBA.The purpose of this work was to contribute new empirical evidence regarding how and towhat extent the Swedish municipalities have applied the provisions on property division,and the importance the implementing officers at the local authorities had for theimplementation. By applying an implementation perspective, the intention is to provide anew perspective on the application of planning and building act. The aim was to investigate and answer my questions and by that further develop this newfoundknowledge in the form of a proposal for a methodology for implementing thelegislation. Since this thesis work was performed at Halmstad Municipality Planning Office,the idea was that the end product will be a user-friendly tool for them in the application ofthe provisions on property division. Method disclosure resulted in a flow chart and achecklist.A case study method was used where the implementation of the provisions on propertydivision was the “case” that was studied and the analysis consisted of 290 municipalities inSweden. Data was obtained from a web based survey among the country's municipalities.It is only just over a year ago, new PBA entered into force and it is still early to draw anyconclusions about the regulatory impact. My conclusions are that the municipalities do notuse the provisions as much. The majority of the provisions introduced concerns propertydivision and joint facilities. The cadastral authority plays a key role in the application of theprovisions, it is usually the cadastral authority which examines that the provision isconsistent with law terms outside the PBA. And in those few cases they have developedroutines it is prepared by the cadastral authority. The implementing officers at the local authorities affect the implementation mainly in twoways. Firstly, by the users not fully understanding the provisions. The consequence of thisis that necessary testing of conditions is not done or that the municipalities do not applythe provisons at all. Second, in that it is unclear which the users of the legislation actually is. This means that the implementation process at the local level will be interpreted in light ofdifferent professional perspectives, such as architects, physical planners, engineers andplanners with a variety of outcomes. To some extent the users are affected by culture andtradition how the municipality previously worked with real estate plan.

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  • 36.
    Javanainen, Cassandra
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Betydande olägenheter: en studie av 2 kap. 9 § PBL2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    2 ch. § 9 § The Planning and Building Act is a section that was developed to protect groundwater, the environment in general and people's health and safety. The paragraph states that the planning of land and water areas as well as the location, placement and design of buildings, signs and lighting devices must not take place in such a way that the intended use or the building, sign or lighting device can cause significant inconvenience. This report will focus on the concept of significant inconveniences and try to find out how Sweden's Land and Environmental Courts and the Land and Environmental Supreme Court assess legal cases involving significant inconveniences and investigate whether the view on significant nuisances has changed.

    The legislation regarding significant inconveniences has looked relatively similar since it was drawn up in the older Planning and Building Act up to how it looks today. Some changes and additions have been made to make the law clearer. In the preparatory work, some examples of what could be significant inconveniences appear and some guidance on how the legislator intended the section to be used. 

    In the study, three different legal cases have been analyzed and compared with each other. Two of the cases are very similar in terms of where the areas are located, the design of the detailed plan and other relevant conditions. The third case is slightly different from the other two when it comes to the outcome of the judgment but is still considered relevant to include in the analysis to depict different types of legal cases that may arise. What is interesting about the two similar court cases is that the same Land and Environment High Court will judge these two cases in completely different ways. In one case, Land and Environment High Court concludes that the adoption of the detailed plan will not entail such significant inconveniences for the surroundings that cannot be tolerated, while in the other case, Land and Environment High Court states that the inconveniences that arise in connection with the development of the detailed plan will be significant on such a scale that the detailed plan not allowed to be adopted.

    The study shows that the courts can assess legal cases with very similar conditions in completely different ways. This has led to the conclusion that the courts may now have a new way of looking at how a significant inconveniences should be considered and assessed.

  • 37.
    Jezierska, Katarzyna
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT, Division of Urban Planing and Development.
    Illiberal Think Tanks2023In: The Oxford Handbook of Illiberalism / [ed] Marlène Laruelle, Oxford University Press, 2023, p. [1-15]Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Think tanks, or organizations producing and disseminating policy knowledge to influence policymakers, are a given element of political systems around the globe. Depending on the national opportunity structure, think tanks take different forms. Individual think tanks usually represent a given ideological orientation or set of values. This chapter studies think tanks that align with the illiberal political agenda in Poland. These organizations, most of which self-identify as conservative, have played a significant role in the electoral success of Law and Justice, and after the party gained power, they have helped sustain the illiberal political orientation by providing the government with policy ideas and communicating policy decisions to the broader public domestically and abroad. Conservative think tanks form the intellectual infrastructure for the illiberal government, both proactively inspiring the illiberal agenda and reactively legitimizing it to external audiences. Benefiting from illiberal policymaking, they form the illiberal knowledge regime.

  • 38.
    Johannesson, Anna
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Rosenkvist, Agnes
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Landsbygdsutveckling i strandnära lägen: Länsstyrelsernas och kommunernas tillämpning av lagstiftningen2012Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att kartlägga och analysera hur lagstiftningen gällande landsbygdsutveckling i strandnära lägen (LIS) tillämpas, genom att studera länsstyrelserna i Sverige och kommunerna Mariestad, Färgelanda, Munkedal och Mellerud. Möjligheten för kommunerna att kunna peka ut LIS-områden i översiktsplanerna har funnits sedan 1 februari 2010 och det är länsstyrelsernas uppgift att bevaka att inte strandskyddets syften motverkas på ett oacceptabelt sätt.

    Ett antal länsstyrelser i Sverige har tagit fram råd för hur kommunerna ska gå till väga vid utpekandet av LIS-områden. Dessa råd skiljer sig något åt, både vad gäller omfattning och innehåll. Vi tror dock att flera av skillnaderna kan bero på att länsstyrelserna omedvetet har uttryckt sig olika och att det i slutändan är möjligt att en prövning, oavsett länsstyrelse, skulle ge samma resultat.

    Det är tydligt att det finns en intressekonflikt mellan strandskyddets syften och LIS. Länsstyrelserna betonar, i sina råd, vikten av långsiktig planering hos kommunerna och att utpekandet av LIS-områden inte ska göras lättvindigt. De kommuner som vi har studerat har pekat ut ett förhållandevis stort antal LIS-områden, varav ett flertal är belägna vid Vänern. Vid Vänern råder utvidgat strandskydd och dessutom ska LIS användas restriktivt där om det råder ett högt bebyggelsetryck.

    Kommunernas planering ser olika ut och har olika detaljeringsgrad, vissa har tagit fram detaljerade tematiska tillägg till översiktsplanen medan någon har arbetat fram ett översiktligt tematiskt planeringsunderlag. Av länsstyrelsens yttranden framkommer kritik mot flera av LIS-områdena, som gäller alltifrån detaljer till hela LIS-områdens lämplighet. Kritiken beaktas i olika utsträckning av kommunerna, men vad gäller LIS-områden som länsstyrelsen anser olämpliga väljer oftast kommunen att behålla dessa. Detta, i kombination med kommunernas sätt att beskriva och motivera LIS-områdena, gör att vi ibland ifrågasätter hur stora möjligheterna är till genomförande, åtminstone inom en överskådlig tid.

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  • 39.
    Johansson, David
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Stefansson, Simon
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Rättighetshantering vid bildandet av 3D fastigheter: med fallstudie Karlatornet2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    3D real estate enable buildings to be divided into multiple real estates for different purpose and with different ownership. 3D real estates are created through a cadastral procedure according to Swedish law. When establishing a new 3D real estate there are specific requirements that has to be fulfilled so the purpose of the real estate is adequate. This means that all the real estate rights has to be acquired at the time of the cadastral procedure. The rights can be obtained through jointly-owned facilities or easements. Stairwells, hallways and the buildings core are a few examples where rights may have to be acquired. The purpose of this study is to map how creating a 3D real estate can be done and how the real estate rights is acquired in the cadastral procedure. Furthermore, it examines how rights can be managed and sustainable. How developers and cadastral engineers are cooperating to accomplish a sustainable management is also part of purpose of this study. This study examines what possibilities there are for 3D real estate's according to the Swedish law. To examine how the Swedish law is applied in reality, we studied ten cadastral procedure reports from four different municipalities. Interviews have been done with two experienced cadastral engineers and two developers who has been working with projects where 3D real estates were present. The purpose of the interviews was to acquire answers from questions that arose when the cadastral procedure reports were studied and how the developers and cadastral engineers cooperation works. The study shows the different possibilities of creating 3D real estates. How the cadastral procedure is done is based on the unique conditions between the projects, what way of work the cadastral engineer use, how experienced the developers are and if consultants has been used. To make sure that the management of the jointly-owned facilities can be done in a sustainable way they have to be formed to be adequate both from the beginning and even for future needs. The tower Karlatornet is a unique project where around 20 different real estate owners will share the building. Planning and cooperation between the cadastral engineers and the developer is an important part to make sure the project will work. Avoiding more details than what is needed in the jointly-owned facilities to enable future adjustments is a must in a project like this. The study show four different solutions on how the rights can be obtained. To let the core of the building and the foundation be a part of the jointly-owned facilities and the jointly-owned land may not be of essential importance but the conclusion is that they should be included for a simplified future management.

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  • 40.
    Karlsson, Amanda
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Natural Sciences and Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Magnusson, Jenny
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Natural Sciences and Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Plan- och bygglagens krav på detaljplanebestämmelser: En granskning i Skåne län2013Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Local authorities have the opportunity to regulate the use of land- and water areas with a detailed development plan. The restrictions of the plan are legally bound after the plan becomes final and the Planning and Building Act, chapter four regulate what a plan may include. The chapter is exhaustive, which means that only what is listed in the chapter may be regulated. The chapter also gives the restrictions clarity requirements. In the Planning and Building Act is also to be read that to plan land- and water areas is an affair that only can be done by the municipalities which gives them a planning monopoly.     

    In cases where the municipality uses provisions in a plan that doesn’t have support in the Planning and Building Act chapter four means that the current legislation is not followed. This can lead to that the credibility of the legal system decreases and also give the property owners difficulties in interpreting the meaning of the provisions.    

    Previous work has shown that the municipality uses plan provisions that are extended beyond the current legislation and in this work further 279 plans get examined to investigate whether they include unclear provisions or provisions without support in law.  

    The provisions in this study which is considered incorrect have been categorized into four different categories according to the manner in which they are considered to be deficient. One category consists of provisions that lack legal support and three categories consist of provisions that are unclear in different ways.

    The result of this survey shows that nearly half of the examined detailed development plans contain one or more provisions which don’t meet the legal requirements for clarity or are not among the enumerated provisions of the Planning and Building Act chapter four. The study also shows that unclear plan provisions are more frequent than the plan provisions that lack legal support.

    Boverket argues that the erroneous provisions shall be deemed invalid but even so, the presence of them could have consequences. The reasons for their occurrence can be many and a number of different solutions can be found, among other things, enhanced examination and reference to legal texts on the plan by each used provision.  

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    Plan- och bygglagens krav på detaljplanebestämmelser - En granskning i Skåne län
  • 41.
    Karlsson, Charlie
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT, Divison of Law, Economics, Statistics and Politics.
    Clusters, Networks and Creativity2011In: Handbook of Creative Cities / [ed] David Emanuel Andersson, Åke E. Andersson, Charlotta Mellander, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011, p. 81-116Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 42.
    Karlsson, Charlie
    et al.
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT, Divison of Law, Economics, Statistics and Politics.
    Johansson, Börje
    Jönköping International Business School.
    Anderson, William
    Univeristy of Windsor, UK.
    Kobayashi, Kiyoshi
    Kyoto University, Japan.
    Infrastructure Measurement and Management – An Introduction2007In: Management and Meas­urement of Infrastructure. Performance, Efficiency and Innovation / [ed] Karlsson, C., W.P. Anderson, B. Johansson & K. Kobayashi, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, p. 1-21Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 43.
    Karlsson, Charlie
    et al.
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT, Divison of Law, Economics, Statistics and Politics.
    Johansson, BörjeJönköping Universty, Jönköping International Business School.Anderson, William, P.Universty of Windsor, UK.Kobayashi, KiyoshiKyoto Univetsity, Graduate School of Management.
    Management and Measurement of Infrastructure. Performance, Efficiency and In­nova­tion2007Collection (editor) (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Karlsson, Maria
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Gustafsson, Kristoffer
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Computer, Electrical and Surveying Engineering.
    Laga kraft vinning för lovärenden enligt PBL (2010:900)2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Each municipality in Sweden must have a local building committee. The committee consists of elected politicians responsible for managing the permit process related to construction, dem-olition and ground processing. The committee manages the permit process by delegating the entire task or parts of it to employed officials. If there is no delegation the officials will write a suggested decision to be reviewed and decided by the committee.

    This essay investigates construction-, demolition- and ground processing permit where the of-ficials and the local building committee differ in their decisions and the assessment which led to these decisions. The examination included studies of four municipalities in the county of Västra Götaland: two smaller, Färgelanda and Munkedal municipalities, and two larger, Trollhättan and Uddevalla. The investigation consisted of two parts. One examination of the permit protocols, and a series of interviews with officials. During 2015 there were 1386 cases of permits within the four municipalities. 23 of these were cases of the committee not deciding in accordance with the proposition of the officials. A number of errors were also found, such as there not being a stated reason for the decision, or lack of any clear legal reference. This raises the question of whether or not the rule of law is followed during these circumstances.

    After consulting with Ulrika Nolåker from Byggutbildarna, the issues were expanded further when it was discovered that more errors occur during the municipal management of the con-cerned parties and the announcements of the cases. In order to receive further guidance, knowledge and information on how to interpret the laws handling concerned parties and an-nouncements, contact was made with Ulf Jensen and Eidar Lindgren, professor in real estate science at Högskolan Väst, and lecturer of real estate sciences at Kungliga Tekniska Högsko-lan, respectively.

    The conclusions of the examination is that the building committee puts a lot of responsibility on the officials through delegations. The cases when there is no delegation and the case is decided by the committee are few. The reasons why the proposition and the final decision not always matches is due to different factors such as different knowledge or different assessments. Neither the committee nor the officials are consistent with the law referencing in the decisions. The municipality cannot guarantee that every concerned party have been given the chance to give their opinion, when some of them use what’s called "silent agreement". Only three of the cases has the municipality received and opinion from every concerned party. None of the cases has been announced in the correct time and two has not been announced at all.

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  • 45.
    Karlsson, Oscar
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    En studie av Lantmäteriets beaktande av strandskyddet och samråd i fastighetsbildning för bostadsfastigheter inom strandskyddsområden2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Lantmäteriet decided during 2017 to cancel principle consultation with Länsstyrelsen (county administrative board). The goal was to shorten the time for each case and reduce the number of unnecessary consultations. The purpose of this paper was to examine how frequently consultation takes place for residential properties in areas of protection of the Swedish shoreline. To examine this subject a mapping of this type of residential properties were made for Västra Götalands län. This study has been in cooperation with Plan- och bygg avdelningen (The Department of Community Planning and Building) for county administrative board in Västa Götalands län. The data underlying this study consists of cases that have been sent to this department during 2017. In the examination of this study a mapping of this type of properties has been made. The reason for this is to examine how frequently at consultation have taken place with county administrative board or the specific county.

    The mapping showed that there was more of this type of cases in some parts of Västra Götalands län in 2017.

    The study showed that consultation took place in 31 % of the cases for this type of properties in protective shoreline areas. It also showed that in 23 % of the cases no consultation took place and/or the protection was not taken into account. The result of the study showed that cadastral surveyors decide for them self without consolation in 46 % of the cases. The study showed an indication that this subject has to be further resourced, not only in this part of Sweden but in all of Sweden.

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  • 46.
    Karlsson Peters, Oscar
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Heikendal Jakobsson, Emil
    University West, Department of Engineering Science.
    Hur ser framtiden ut för järn- och bilvägstunnlar vad gäller teknisk säkerhet och regelverk?2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Tunnlar har byggts av människan i årtusenden för att underlätta och förkorta transporter. De byggdes genom berg och i våra dagar även under vatten. För att undvika dödsolyckor i dem har ett omfattande regelverk växt fram både nationellt och internationellt. Regeringen har beslutat att antalet dödsolyckor på vägar och i tunnlar skall minska kraftigt inom en snar framtid. Idag beprövas nya lagar i trafiktunnlar med hjälp av etablerad praxis. En ide  blir till en standard varefter tillfredsställande resultat formuleras till lag. Den tekniska utvecklingen tros i framtiden leda till att den europeiska unionen istället kommer behöva implementera lagar direkt utan beprövade standarder. Vår rapport visar att säkerhetsarbetet är omfattande och att det förnyas kontinuerligt i alla typer av trafiktunnlar. Framtidens självkörande bilar och höghastighetståg kommer att på olika vis starkt påverka respektive tunneltyp och forma om det säkerhetstänk vi har kring dessa tunneltyper idag. Vägtunnlar tros i framtiden se ut som 90 talets järnvägstunnlar i form av långa rör genom marken till skillnad från den omfattande säkerheten som existerar där idag. I takt med nya säkerhetsrisker kan säkerheten i framtidens tunnlar, i den mån den kommer att existera, även tänkas ändra form på grund av ett annat fokusområde. Dagen sökande satsning på järnvägstunnlarna kommer i framtiden leda till en stor ökning i dess antal samt dess säkerhetstekniska komplexitet. Hastigheten tros bli markant högre och därmed måste den tekniska säkerheten också följa med i samma spår.

    Vi har skrivit denna rapport i syfte att belysa den rådande säkerhetssituationen i väg- samt järnvägstunnlar och vilka regelverk som styr konstruktionen av en tunnel. Vidare har vi undersökt hur säkerheten kan komma att se ut i framtiden och vilka faktorer kopplade till säkerhet som påverkar utformningen av framtida tunnlar. Detta med syftet att få en nyanserad och allsidig inblick i hur framtiden kan tänkas se ut. 

  • 47.
    Karnström, Fredrik
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Johansson, Michael
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Ledningsintrång i enskilt vatten: en studie på djupet2020Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To provide property units with access to electricity, utilities may need to be located in a privately owned water area. Rights, obligations and compensation between an electricity network company and a private property owner for this infrastructure can be ensured by means of various tools originating from different statues. The aim of the study is to map how the industry assesses encroachment of utility into private water. To investigate this, a survey of the country's electricity network companies has been carried out with some additional interviews. The study shows that the two most common tools to provide legal protection for the utilities are to establish agreement easements according to Jordabalken or to obtain utility easements through a cadastral procedure according to Ledningsrättslagen. Many electricity network companies use agreement easements, which, after enrolling in the real property register, provide in principle the same protection as a utility easement but at a smaller cost. To assess the amount of compensation, flat rates and templates are the dominant methods, due to the difficulties encountered in the use of conventional appraisal methods in connection with this type of encroachment. There are guidelines in the form of a valuation manual from the cadastral authority, policies from the trade association Energiföretagen Sverige and practices from the Supreme Court both on how the encroachment should be perceived and ultimately compensated. Despite this, there are still doubts among the country's electricity network companies, which act in various ways. The conclusion of the Supreme Court case NJA 2007 p. 695 is that the individual should be compensated and receive financial compensation for the decrease in market value resulting from the encroachment, even if the encroachment is only of legal proportions and no real impact on the ability to use the land in question occurs. Energiföretagen Sverige has developed its own method regarding compensation. This compensation shall correspond to the decrease in the market value of the property, even though many of the electricity network companies consider that there is no encroachment and thus no depreciation of the burdened property. Nevertheless, despite the flat-rate approach, many respondents feel that compensation is difficult to assess, which points to uncertainty.

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  • 48.
    Kihlberg, Sofia
    et al.
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Skott, Thomas
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Särskilda skäl för upphävande av strandskydd genom detaljplan2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The general shore protection in Sweden applies 100m from the shoreline by the sea, lakes and watercourses but can be extended up to 300m. Sometimes it is required that a building or facility must be adjacent to water where the shore protection applies and it is in these cases the shore protection exemption comes in. The shore protection can be revoked by a repeal in the detailed plan and in cases where this occurs, criteria in 7 ch. 18 c § MB be fulfilled. This thesis aims to investigate which of the reasons in MB that the municipalities in Västra Götaland county use and how often each reason is used. Are there differences between the municipalities depending on geographical location and population? A case study has also been done to show what the courts consider to be valid and invalid reasons for revoking shore protection and an interview study where the manicipalities has answered how they respond to the new bill that is underway regarding changes in shore protection legislation.Analyzes consisting of qualitative and quantitative methods has been used to achieve the result. In the detailed plan study, the quantitative method is the basis for the survey where the municipalities were divided into different categories and a comparison was then made to investigate whether there are differences between the different types of municipalities.The result of the detailed plan study show that there are no major differences between different municipalities. The most common reasons for revoking shore protection are recitals one and five in Chapter 7. 18 c § MB. The case study shows that each case is unique and that it is therefore difficult to draw any conclusions about when the reasons in MB can be considered fulfilled. The study also shows that it is sometimes difficult to assess legal cases as there is a lack of case law within certain reasons. In the interview study, we unfortunalety did not get so many answers, but from the answers we received, it can be seen that the municipalities are generally positive to the part of the bill that involves smoother management of shore protection when a new detailed plan is introduced in an area where shore protection has already been repealed. The Country Administrative Board is more critical of the proposal.

  • 49.
    Kolic, Adelisa
    University West, School of Business, Economics and IT.
    Planverktygens möjlighet att skapa trygghet i parker2024Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Parks have long been an important place in the city. It constitutes an important function as a meeting place and recreation area, but also fulfills an important democratic function in society and contributes to a sense of community and belonging. However, the green space has over time become a place in the city that has come under the spotlight of crime and insecurity, which for many people has consequently become a place to avoid. Since the built environment has a direct connection with the human experience of safety, great importance is placed on the urban planners ability to create an environment that contributes to safety in the green space. Above all, the focus should be on planning for an environment that is of positive security, which is based on a safety that comes from within the person, and not only the creation of environments that are of negative security, which means limitations and protection against something.

    The aim of this study is to find out how positive security can be promoted when planning parks by examining how safety aspects can be handled in selected planning tools: Comprehensive plan, detailed plan and social impact assessment tool, and evaluate them against negative and positive security. The research question for this study is “How can you work with safety aspects in the different planning tools to promote positive security inparks?”.

    The study is based on a document analysis of municipal documents and one semi-structured interview and email correspondence. The results chapter presents the collected empirical evidence from interview and email correspondence with Stockholm city, as well as specific examples from the cities Stockholm, Malmö, Gothenburg and Västerås.

    Conclusions that can be drawn from the results of the study is that it is possible to work with natural monitoring and populated places in the comprehensive plan by proposing a mix of functions in areas that consist of a monotonous land use. It is also possible to use the holistic perspective to try to reduce barrier effects and suggest development areas where parks should be within equal distances and work as a gathering place for the city's residents.

    In the detailed plan, can positive security be promoted through strategic placement of buildings towards the park to create natural surveillance, or also ensure a functional mix together with strategic design of streets so that they point out the park as a destination point and increase the population in and out of the park. Lastly, when it comes to the social impact assessment tool, can measures based on activity support and accessibility be worked with to promote positive security in the form of setting requirements for activities so that everyone can use the park.

  • 50.
    Kopka, Mathias
    University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering.
    Kartläggning av dagvattenhantering i detaljplaner: en studie av tre kommuner inom Skåne2019Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In connection with exploitation in new areas the storm water management is an essential matter to deal with to always avoid causing damage on the environment. Storm water is momentarily existing water masses that runs off hardened surfaces, examples of storm water is snow, rain and hail. Hardened surfaces are roofs, walls and other constructions. Storm water symbolizes that it is temporary existing, therefore does not lakes count as storm water because it is permanent.

    In natural conditions rainwater penetrates green areas, but when it falls on hardened surfaces for example storm water cannot penetrate a car road, then it starts flowing along the road in a quicker pace then it normally would do in green areas.

    The purpose of this study is partially to get an overall image of how storm water and storm water in zoning plans. And to compare survey storm water information from zoning plans in the three communes in Skåne county and to produce altitude maps for the chosen communes.

    To get additional knowledge about storm water a lot of time has been been laid on literature studies. The study has chosen 20 random zoning plans from each municipality that has been taken directly from their map portal. To get a realistic answer as possible in the study zoning plans older than 1995 are excluded.

    In the municipal of Malmö, it shows that 85 % of the zoning plans contains information about the management of storm water. Second is Lund where it contains information about storm water management in 55% of the zoning plans. Helsingborgs zoning plans only have 40 % of the zoning plans that contains information about storm water management.

    To get a clearer image the author produced simplified altitude maps that shows how the altitude levels causes problems and where the development is mostly concentrated. After looking on Malmös altitude map it gets clear why they need to be in the leading edge of storm water management, their altitude levels are less than ideal.

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