This thesis examines how Sweden, and the United States (US) securitize rare earth elements (REEs). To do so, we conduct a small-N comparative study, analyzing documents and research reports from state agencies in the areas of economics, defense, environment, and energy. The findings indicate that both Sweden and the US recognize the importance of REEs for national security, technological innovation, and economic stability, with a particular emphasis on their reliance on China’s REEs supply. Specifically, in Sweden, REEs are securitized as vital for economic growth, environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, and the military sector, addressing the perceived threat of an REEs shortage. The Swedish state frames solutions to the potential shortage and dependence on China for REEs around national and European research, development, and production initiatives, focusing on sustainability and diversification. In contrast, the US securitizes REEs as essential for military and energy independence, environmental protection, and economic development. The results show that while Sweden adopts a strategy emphasizing international collaboration, sustainability, and supply diversification, the US prioritizes enhancing domestic supply and securing national interests. These approaches reflect the differing perspectives each country employs to address the shared geopolitical challenge of dependency on China’s REEs supply.