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Ultrasonic testing of components produced with additive manufacturing: Towards improved detection and classification of defects
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (KAMPT)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6738-9936
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Ultraljudsprovning av komponenter tillverkade med additiva metoder : Mot förbättrad detektering och klassificering av defekter (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The focus in this work is on the use of ultrasonic testing as a method for inspecting components manufactured through additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The research is rooted in the need for effective non-destructive testingtechniques that can adapt to the unique challenges posed by AM-produced materials, including complex defect geometries and surface conditions.

Ultrasonic testing is a versatile form of non-destructive testing, offering theability to detect internal flaws, such as voids, cracks, and inclusions, with highprecision and in real-time. Unlike many competing methods, ultrasonic testing works on most types of materials. Ultrasonic testing has been applied forinspection purposes for a long time. Now with emerging manufacturing methods, there is a need for evaluation techniques to keep up with this development.New data processing algorithms open up possibilities of extracting more information from the acquired signal.

The thesis provides a review of UT’s capabilities in detecting and classifyingdefects within AM components, with a particular emphasis on the subtletiesintroduced by the layer-by-layer construction method inherent to AM technologies. The work advances development and validation of simulation modelsaimed at predicting the ultrasonic response from manufactured defects. Thesemodels are crucial for understanding the interaction between ultrasound wavesand material anomalies, offering insights into the potential for enhanced defectdetection strategies.

The research also explores the practical case of integrating UT into the quality assurance processes by relying on mathematical simulation rather than experimental data. The findings suggest avenues for the refinement of creation of inspection procedure, including the the use of meta-models to cheaply acquire worst-case scenario defects, to better accommodate the specificities of AM materials.

Abstract [sv]

Den här avhandlingen handlar om ultraljudsprovning av additivt tillverkade metalkomponenter. Ultraljud är en av flera metoder som används för att detektera defekter i komponenter utan att förstöra komponenten i processen. Samlingsnamnet för dessa metoder är oförstörande provning. Oförstörande provning är en viktig pusselbit i samhällets säkerhet då det möjliggör identifiering och utvärdering av potentiella defekter i material, vilket förebygger olyckor och strukturella fel. Vidare är det en viktig del inom hållbar utveckling genom att maximera nyttjandet av komponenter då dessa inte behöver ersättas med ett överdrivet försiktigt underhållsintervall. Ultraljudsprovning fungerar genomatt ultraljud introduceras in i en komponent, varefter en givare registrerar ekon som uppstår när ljudvågorna interagerar med eventuella defekter. Detta möjliggör både lokalisering och storleksbedömning av defekter, t.ex. sprickor, bindfel eller porer.

Resultaten av den här avhandlingen syftar till att ge förutsättningar för att förbättra tolkningen av dessa signaler, dels genom att experimentellt validera simuleringsmodeller, samt tillämpning av dessa modeller för att utveckla en metamodell för att prediktera amplitudsvaret från en mängd defekter inom en viss parameterrymd. Med verktyg som detta kan billigare inspektionsprocedurer möjliggöras genom att man till större del kan förlita sig på simulering av signaler snarare än att skaffa stort underlag med experimentell data.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West , 2024. , p. 34
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 47
Keywords [en]
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), Super alloys, Microstructure, Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Productivity Enhancement
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-21424ISBN: 978-91-89325-77-7 (electronic)ISBN: 978-91-89325-78-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-21424DiVA, id: diva2:1847246
Presentation
2024-03-12, J113, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper A, B and C are not included in the eletronic version. Paper C is under submission.

Available from: 2024-04-12 Created: 2024-03-27 Last updated: 2024-03-26
List of papers
1. Nondestructive evaluation of additively manufactured components
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nondestructive evaluation of additively manufactured components
2023 (English)In: Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance metallic Materials / [ed] Pederson, Robert, Andersson, Joel & Joshi, Shrikant V., Elsevier , 2023, 1., p. 639-675Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Lightweight and optimized designs through modern metal additivemanufacturing (AM) require reliable manufacturing processes and put highdemands on quality assessment and control. This part addressesnondestructive testing (NDT) technologies and their industrial AMapplications with a focus on process monitoring, control, and development.Data derived from NDT can be used for process monitoring (as sensors), inprocess nondestructive evaluation (NDE), or postprocess NDE. This chapteraims to define and point out the distinction between these differentframeworks. The methods and techniques addressed include (a) Defectsintroduced during manufacturing, welding (pores, lack of fusion, etc.) withthe NDT perspective in focus; (b) in-service inspection (ISI) andmanufacturing control (in-process and postprocess NDE); (c) NDT methodsand associated physics; (d) standards related to NDT for AM, includingprobability of detection (POD); and (e) mathematical modeling andapplication of NDE simulations. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023 Edition: 1.
Keywords
Governing standards; Nondestructive evaluation (NDE); Nondestructive techniques (NDT); Probability of detection (POD); Quantitative NDE (QNDE)
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-21081 (URN)9780323918855 (ISBN)9780323913829 (ISBN)
Available from: 2023-12-14 Created: 2023-12-14 Last updated: 2024-03-27Bibliographically approved
2. Experimental verification of phased array annular probe in ultrasonic immersion setting: Papers of the ECNDT 2023
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental verification of phased array annular probe in ultrasonic immersion setting: Papers of the ECNDT 2023
2023 (English)In: Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing, E-ISSN 2941-4989, Vol. 1, no 1, p. 1-6Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

With the ongoing development of materials and manufacturing techniques, new product design opportunities manifest themselves. However, care must be taken when applying techniques and material where there is less inherent knowledge about different parameters’ effect on the integrity of the final component. In conjunction with destructive testing of components, non-destructive evaluation (NDE) provides valuable insight into the manufacturing process reliability, as well as the possibility for subsequent future in-service inspection. Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) facilitates the inspection of complex geometries on a wide set of material. Mathematical modelling of ultrasonic signal facilitates the optimization of inspection procedures by e.g., maximizing the probability of detection (POD) of specific defect types. In this paper, the response from an immersion annular phased array probe is experimentally validated to the output of the simulation software simSUNDT. In order to only validate the probe model (as both transmitter and receiver) a set of well-defined defects are used. The validity of the simulated amplitude response from side-drilled holes at a depth range of 20-115 mm is investigated. A total of 14 SDH holes in one test piece of is used as cases for validation. The results show a good correspondence between simulated and experimental data for the case where the probe is normal to the component surface. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
NDT.net, 2023
Keywords
Experimental Verification; MAPOD; Sensitivity Analysis; Ultrasonic Inspection
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-21013 (URN)10.58286/28230 (DOI)
Conference
13th European Conference on Nondestructive Testing (ECNDT), Lisbon, Portugal, July 3-7, 2023
Note

CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2023-11-28 Created: 2023-11-28 Last updated: 2024-03-27Bibliographically approved

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