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Tribological Performance of Thin HVAF-Sprayed WC-CoCr Coatings Fabricated Employing Fine Powder Feedstock
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8404-8180
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4201-668x
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1732-6544
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5521-6894
2023 (English)In: Journal of thermal spray technology (Print), ISSN 1059-9630, E-ISSN 1544-1016, Vol. 32, p. 1033-1046Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, sliding and abrasion wear performance of WC-CoCr coatings deposited by high velocity air–fuel (HVAF) spraying with various thicknesses (i.e., 240, 150, 100, 50 and 30 µm), fabricated from fine feedstock powder (5–15 µm), were evaluated. The main aim was to investigate how thinner coatings (30 and 50 µm) perform compared to conventional thick coatings (> 100 µm), in an effort to address the supply and cost concerns associated with Co and W.

The feedstock powder and deposited coatings were characterized in terms of microstructure. The hardness of the thin and thick coatings was measured using Vickers hardness method from both cross section and top-surface. It was found that, regardless of the thickness, extremely dense coatings with very high hardness ( 1500 HV) can be deposited employing HVAF and fine feedstock powder. Thin and thick coatings were found to perform similarly under sliding wear with a normal load of 10 N or lower as well as under abrasion wear conditions which highlights the possibility of employing thinner coatings for a majority of the real applications.

The results suggest that peening effect does not have a considerable influence on the microstructure or performance of the deposited coatings. However, for sliding wear tests with a 20 N normal load, it was noticed that wear resistance of the coatings slightly declines with decreasing thickness of the coating beyond 150 µm. The main reason was identified to be the involvement of substrate effect when performing tests under severe Hertzian contact pressure.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2023. Vol. 32, p. 1033-1046
Keywords [en]
abrasion, coatings, HVAF, sliding wear, thickness, WC-CoCr
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-19505DOI: 10.1007/s11666-022-01506-wISI: 000895619600001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85143848781OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-19505DiVA, id: diva2:1730069
Note

 The authors would like to thank Arashk Memarpour, Oliver Lanz from Höganäs for supporting this study through helpful discussions and by providing feedstock powders. Thank to Magnus Sandberg for assistance in preparing the samples. Also, financial support of the Knowledge Foundation, Sweden, for project HiPerCOAT (Dnr. 20180197) is gratefully acknowledged.

Available from: 2023-01-23 Created: 2023-01-23 Last updated: 2024-03-21
In thesis
1. Towards more sustainable approaches for protecting surfaces against wear
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards more sustainable approaches for protecting surfaces against wear
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

WC-Co coatings, with and without chromium additives, are widely used in the industry for severe tribological applications. However, concerns about cobalt supply and its environmental and health impacts have led industries to explore sustainable binder alternatives. As a deposition technique, high velocity air-fuel(HVAF) spraying technology offers a promising solution by producing dense WC-based coatings with minimal material degradation during spraying. Moreover, the combination of high velocity and low flame temperature in HVAF enables the deposition of finer powders, which are more susceptible to thermal damage, with minimal decarburization. This results in denser coatings with improved properties compared to conventional spraying techniques. Therefore, this thesis aims to evaluate more sustainable approaches to depositing WC-based wear resistant coatings involving (a) HVAF as a less energy-intensive technique compared to other methods like high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), (b) alternative Co-lean/free binders, and (c) fabrication of thin ('flash') coatings from finer feedstock powders.

In HVAF spraying, particles’ in-flight temperature and velocity can be influenced by the process variables including nozzle configuration as well as feedstock particle size distribution. On the other hand, the chemistry of metallic binder can also play a key role in determining both properties and performance of these coatings. In this thesis, characteristics and tribological behaviour of HVAF sprayed WC-CoCr coatings were investigated by spraying feedstock powders with varying particle sizes (ultra fine: 15/5, fine: 20/5, medium: 30/5 and coarse: 45/5um) employing different nozzle configurations (various lengths and divergence convergence configurations). Additionally, different WC-based feedstocks, comprising alternative binders to traditionally used CoCr (namely NiMoCrFeCo, FeNiCrMoCu and FeCrAl) were investigated. Results showed that the HVAF spraying excelled in processing WC-based powders with various size distributions, enabling the deposition of thinner coatings from fine powders ('flash' coatings) with similar properties/performance as thick coatings. This leads to reduced material usage while offering potential for considerable component life extension, both of which are important elements of sustainability. Additionally, it was concluded that the Co-lean/Co-free binders demonstrated comparable, and in some cases superior performance than the reference Co-based binder under various wear conditions. All of these together can represent a significant step forward towards more sustainable approaches for protecting surfaces against wear.

Abstract [sv]

WC-Co-beläggningar, med och utan kromtillsatser, används i stor utsträckning inom industrin i slitagekrävande applikationer. Oron för koboltförsörjningen och kobolts miljö- och hälsoeffekter har dock fått industrin att leta efter mer hållbara alternativ. Höghastighetsflamsprutning med luft (HVAF) är en lovande sprutteknik för att producera täta WC-baserade beläggningar med minimal materialpåverkan. Den låga temperaturen och den höga kinetiska energin hos partiklarna i lågan som sprutas med HVAF, kan möjliggöra användning av finare pulver, vilket potentiellt kan resultera i tätare och tunnare beläggningar med förbättrade prestanda. HVAF tekniken skulle även kunna vara en potentiell teknik för att åstadkomma koboltfria beläggningar. Slitageegenskaperna hos WC beläggningar som är koboltfria och som sprutas med HVAF är dock okänt. HVAF teknikens potential för att kunna ersätta hög hastighetsflamsprutning med syre (HVOF), som är den teknik som dominerar på marknaden idag vid sprutning av täta slitagebeständiga beläggningar är även okänt. HVAF är ett intressant alternativ till HVOF eftersom metoden kräver mindre energi jämfört med HVOF. Vid sprutning med HVAF kan partiklarnas temperatur och hastighet i lågan påverkas med hjälp av processvariabler, munstyckskonfiguration och genom att variera tillsatsmaterialets storleksfördelning. Partiklarnas hastighet och temperatur i lågan påverkar i sin tur den sprutade beläggningens mikrostruktur som i sin tur påverkar beläggningarnas egenskaper. Även den kemiska sammansättningen hos tillsatsmaterialet kan spela en stor roll för beläggningsegenskaperna.

I detta arbete utvärderas slitageegenskaper hos HVAF-sprutade WC-CoCr beläggningar där tillsatsmaterialet har olika storleksfördelning och olika munstyckskonfigurationer. Slitageegenskaperna jämförs med beläggningar som sprutats med tillsatsmaterial som saknar kobolt (NiMoCrFeCo, FeNiCrMoCu och FeCrAl).

Resultaten visar att HVAF-tekniken fungerar mycket väl för sprutning av WC baserade tillsatsmaterial med olika storleksfördelningar, vilket möjliggör produktion av tätare och tunnare beläggningar jämfört med de beläggningar som produceras industriellt idag. Resultaten visar även att koboltfria beläggningar som sprutats med HVAF ger jämförbara, och i vissa fall, överlägsna prestanda avseende slitagebeständighet. Både HVAF tekniken och utnyttjandet av koboltfria material är sålunda möjliga alternativ för att åstadkomma mer hållbara lösningar för slitagekrävande industriapplikationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2023. p. 49
Series
PhD Thesis: University West ; 59
Keywords
Wear; HVAF spraying; WC-Based Coatings; Sustainability; Binder Chemistry, Slitage; HVAF; WC-baserade beläggningar; Hållbar produktion; Bindemedelskemi
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-20914 (URN)978-91-89325-60-9 (ISBN)978-91-89325-59-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-11-28, F131, Gustava Melins gata, Trollhättan, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper F is not included in the digital thesis due to the copyright.

Available from: 2023-11-09 Created: 2023-11-09 Last updated: 2024-01-15Bibliographically approved

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Torkashvand, KavehGupta, Mohit KumarBjörklund, StefanJoshi, Shrikant V.

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