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Investigation of Melt Pool Thermo-hydrodynamic Behaviour inLaser Beam Welding ofTi-6Al-4V through Numerical Simulation
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. Bibliotek. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6102-9021
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Undersökning av smältans termohydrodynamik vid lasersvetsning avTi-6Al-4V genom numerisk simulering (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Laser is an efficient and widely used heat source in metal processing suchas welding and additive manufacturing. It has some great advantages compared to the other conventional heat sources like electron beam and arc namely: ability of handling complicated joint geometries and producing large components. Laser beam welding encompasses many complex physical phenomena such asheat transfer, metal melting, flow and solidification, free surface deformation, evaporation and possibly vaporization. The aim of this research work istwo-fold: gain deeper process understanding and improve the model reliability. Deeper process understanding is sought on the effect of beam shaping on themelt pool. To achieve improved model reliability, a good support consists in using qualitative experimental data representing the process. Thus, 3D validation of the melt pool geometry is performed while it was usually 2D inprevious research works. Furthermore, a new calculation procedure for laser absorption is introduced. To conduct this research work, a Computational Fluid Dynamics approach is used. A solver, capable of tracking the deformation of the melt free surface, is developed in OpenFOAM. Concerning beam shaping, it is found that not only the melt pool size as previously known but also the melt flow pattern is modified through elongating the beam shape.This last result could not be revealed by former studies as the non-transparent media hinders optical observation. New in-process quantitative measurements performed by a project partner are used to test the model. Weaknesses of the former absorptivity models are highlighted, as well as the limitations of the proposed model. Finally, the results show that the proposed absorptivity model function of local surface conditions leads to much better agreement with experimental results compared to the former constant absorptivity model. The maximum discrepancy compared to the experimental measurement, which is observed for the melt pool depth, can indeed be reduced to about 10%.

Abstract [sv]

Laser är en effektiv och allmänt använd värmekälla vid svetsning och additiv tillverkning. Den har några viktiga fördelar jämfört med andra konventionella värmekällor såsom elektronstråle och elektrisk ljusbåge, nämligen: den kan ofta användas till komplicerade svetsgeometrier, och den kan producera stora komponenter. Lasersvetsning involverar olika sammansatta fysikaliska fenomen såsom värmeöverföring, metallsmältning, flöde, stelning, ytdeformation, avdunstning och i vissa fall förångning. Syftet med mitt forskningsarbete är tvåfaldigt: att få en djupare processförståelse och att förbättra modellens tillförlitlighet. Fördjupad processförståelse eftersträvades för att förstå hur formen på laserstrålen påverkar svetssmältan. För att uppnå förbättrad modellsäkerhet behövs experimentella data av hög kvalitet som representerar processen. Således utfördes 3D-validering av smältgeometrin medan det vanligtvis var 2D i tidigare forskningsarbeten. Dessutom har en ny modell för laserabsorption föreslagits. I forskningen har numerisk strömningssimulering (Computational Fluid Dynamics) använts för att simulera processen och en numerisk lösare, som kan spåra deformationen av den rörliga smälta ytan, är utveckladi programvaran OpenFOAM. Beträffande laserstrålens utbredning visar resultaten att svetssmältans storlek och även svetssmältansflöde modifieras genom att laserstråleformen förlängs. Medan den förra är känd från tidigare experimentella studier upptäcktes den senare inte före denna studie eftersomdet icke-transparenta mediet hindrar optisk observation. Nya (in-process) kvantitativa mätningar utförda av en projektpartner har använts för att testa modellerna. Svagheter i den tidigare absorptionsmodellen framhävdes, liksom begränsningarna i den föreslagna modellen. Slutligen visade resultaten att den föreslagna modellen där laserabsorptionen är en funktion av lokala ytförhållanden ledde till en bättre overensstämmelse med mätningar jämfört med den tidigare modellen med konstant laserabsorbtion. Den maximala avvikelsen jämfört med experimentell mätning, som observerades med avseende på smältbassängsdjupet, kunde reduceras till cirka 10%.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West , 2021. , p. 80
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 34
Keywords [en]
Laser beam welding, Beam shaping, Absorptivity, Conductionmode welding, Free surface deformation, Computational Fluid Dynamics, OpenFOAM.
Keywords [sv]
Strålformning, Absorptivitet, Värmeledningssvetsning, Ytdeformation, Computational Fluid Dynamics, OpenFOAM.
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-17410ISBN: 978-91-88847-98-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88847-97-3 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-17410DiVA, id: diva2:1590005
Presentation
2021-09-06, Zoom, University West, Trollhättan, 10:00 (English)
Supervisors
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20170060
Note

Till licentiatuppsats hör 2 inskickade artiklar, som inte visas nu.

Available from: 2021-09-06 Created: 2021-09-01 Last updated: 2021-09-06
List of papers
1. Effect of shaped laser beam profiles on melt flow dynamics in conduction mode welding
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of shaped laser beam profiles on melt flow dynamics in conduction mode welding
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2021 (English)In: International journal of thermal sciences, ISSN 1290-0729, E-ISSN 1778-4166, Vol. 166, p. 1-15, article id 106957Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A computational fluid dynamics approach is used to analyse the influence of beam shaping in fusion welding on melt thermal flow. Three beam shapes are studied at several welding travel speeds: a reference Gaussian profile and its elliptic elongations along and transverse to the welding travel direction. It is found that these beam shapes change not only the intensity and direction of the melt thermocapillary flow but also the flow pattern. For instance, and contrary to the other profiles, the beam shape elongated along the welding travel direction generates melt front vortices that assist metal pre-heating. It can result in deeper penetration, larger melt volume, and lower amount of thermal energy diffused into the heat affected zone. The simple elongation of a beam profile has thus a non-linear effect on the melt flow and in turn on the seam geometry as well as the temperature gradients in the heat affected zone.

Keywords
Laser beam welding, Beam shaping, Phase change, Melt flow, Free surface deformation
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-17409 (URN)10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.106957 (DOI)000645187000002 ()2-s2.0-85103695215 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-09-01 Created: 2021-09-01 Last updated: 2023-01-05Bibliographically approved

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Noori Rahim Abadi, Seyyed Mohammad Ali

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