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Microstructure Development in Track-by-Track Melting of EBM-Manufactured Alloy 718
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6610-1486
Linköping University, Division of Engineering Materials, Linköping, Sweden.
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7663-9631
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0462-0912
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2018 (English)In: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 & Derivatives: Energy, Aerospace, and Industrial Applications / [ed] Ott, E., Liu, X., Andersson, J., Bi, Z., Bockenstedt, K., Dempster, I., Groh, J., Heck, K., Jablonski, P., Kaplan, M., Nagahama, D. and Sudbrack, C., Springer, 2018, p. 643-654Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Electron beam melting (EBM) is a powder-bed fusion process within the group of additive manufacturing (AM) technology that is used to fabricate high performance metallic parts. Nickel-Iron base superalloys, such as Alloy 718, are subjected to successive heating and cooling at temperatures in excess of 800 °C during the EBM process. Characterization of the dendritic structure, carbides, Laves and δ-phase were of particular interest in this study. These successive thermal cycles influence the microstructure of the material resulting in a heterogeneous structure, especially in the building direction. Hence, the aim of this study was to gain increased fundamental understanding of the relationship between the processing history and the microstructure formed within a single layer. Different numbers of tracks with equal heights were for this purpose produced, varying from one to ten tracks. All tracks used the same process parameters regardless of number and/or position. Microstructure characteristics (sub-grain structure, grain structure and phases) were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy disperse spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The direction of dendrites changed in the overlap zones within the tracks due to re-melting of material in the overlap zone. The primary dendrite arm spacings slightly increased along multi-tracks owing to a slight decrease in cooling rate by addition of the next tracks. Epitaxial growth of grains were observed in all samples due to partial re-melting of grains in previous layers and surface nucleation was also found to occur in all tracks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2018. p. 643-654
Series
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, ISSN 2367-1181, E-ISSN 2367-1696
Keywords [en]
Additive manufacturing, Electron beam melting, Alloy 718, Microstructure, Track-by-Track
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
ENGINEERING, Manufacturing and materials engineering; Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-12345DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89480-5_42ISI: 000445800500042Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85053834715ISBN: 978-3-319-89479-9 (print)ISBN: 978-3-319-89480-5 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-12345DiVA, id: diva2:1259024
Conference
9th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 & Derivatives, Energy, Aerospace, and Industrial Applications, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 3-6 June, 2018
Note

First Online: 13 May 2018

Available from: 2018-10-26 Created: 2018-10-26 Last updated: 2020-11-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Electron beam melting of Alloy 718: Influence of process parameters on the microstructure
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electron beam melting of Alloy 718: Influence of process parameters on the microstructure
2018 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the name given to the technology of building 3D parts by adding layer-by-layer of materials, including metals, plastics, concrete, etc. Of the different types of AM techniques, electron beam melting (EBM), as a powder bed fusion technology, has been used in this study. EBM is used to build parts by melting metallic powders by using a highly intense electron beam as the energy source. Compared to a conventional process, EBM offers enhanced efficiency for the production of customized and specific parts in aerospace, space, and medical fields. In addition, the EBM process is used to produce complex parts for which other technologies would be either expensive or difficult to apply. This thesis has been divided into three sections, starting from a wider window and proceeding to a smaller one. The first section reveals how the position-related parameters (distance between samples, height from build plate, and sample location on build plate) can affect the microstructural characteristics. It has been found that the gap between the samples and the height from the build plate can have significant effects on the defect content and niobium-rich phase fraction. In the second section, through a deeper investigation, the behavior of Alloy 718 during the EBM process as a function of different geometry-related parameters is examined by building single tracks adjacent to each other (track-by-track) andsingle-wall samples (single tracks on top of each other). In this section, the main focus is to understand the effect of successive thermal cycling on microstructural evolution. In the final section, the correlations between the main machine-related parameters (scanning speed, beam current, and focus offset) and the geometrical (melt pool width, track height, re-melted depth, and contact angle) and microstructural (grain structure, niobium-rich phase fraction, and primary dendrite arm spacing) characteristics of a single track of Alloy 718 have been investigated. It has been found that the most influential machine-related parameters are scanning speed and beam current, which have significant effects on the geometry and the microstructure of the single-melted tracks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2018. p. 65
Series
Licentiate Thesis: University West ; 22
Keywords
Additive manufacturing; Powder bed fusion; Electron beam melting; Part’s orientation; Microstructure development; Single track; Energy input; Focus offset; Geometrical features, Alloy 718
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
ENGINEERING, Manufacturing and materials engineering; Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-13140 (URN)978-91-88847-08-9 (ISBN)978-91-88847-07-2 (ISBN)
Presentation
2018-11-21, C120, Högskolan Väst, Trollhättan, 10:00 (English)
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-11-21 Created: 2018-11-19 Last updated: 2018-11-19
2. Electron beam-powder bed fusion of Alloy 718: Effect of process parameters on microstructure evolution
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electron beam-powder bed fusion of Alloy 718: Effect of process parameters on microstructure evolution
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the technology of building 3D parts through layer-by-layer addition of material. Of the different types of AM techniques, electron beam-powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) has been used in this study. EB-PBF can build parts by melting metallic powders using an electron beam as the energy source. Compared to conventional manufacturing processes, EB-PBF offers a convenient approach and enhanced efficiency in producing customized and specific parts in the aerospace, space, automotive, and medical fields. In addition, the EB-PBF process is used to produce complex parts with less residual stress due to the high-temperature environment within the process.

This thesis has been divided into four stages. In the first stage, the behavior of Alloy 718 during the EB-PBF process as a function of different geometry-related parameters is examined by building single tracks adjacent to each other (track-by track) and single tracks on top of each other (single-wall samples). In this stage,the focus is on understanding the effect of successive thermal cycling on microstructural evolution. In the second stage, the effect of the position-related parameters–including the distance or gap between samples, height from the build plate (in the Z direction), and sample location on the build plate (in the X–Y plane) –on the microstructural characteristics, are revealed. These three position related parameters can have significant effects on the defect content and niobium rich phase fraction. In the third stage, the correlations between the main machinerelated parameters, geometric (melt pool width, track height, remelted depth, and contact angle), and microstructural (grain structure, niobium-rich phase fraction,and primary dendrite arm spacing) characteristics of a single track are delineated.

The results obtained in stages one to three were used as a guideline for the reduction of the internal–external defects and columnar-to-equiaxed transition(CET) in the grain structure of a typical cubic part. The final stage reveals two different strategies that were developed using machine-related parameters (scanning speed, beam current, focus offset, line offset, and line order number) to tailor the grain structures. All investigated parameters with respect to the proper selection of the processing window played a critical role in the solidification parameters (thermal gradient, growth rate, and cooling rate) on the solidification front, which could induce formation of more fine equiaxed grains.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2020. p. 75
Series
PhD Thesis: University West ; 2020:37
Keywords
Additive manufacturing; Electron beam-powder bed fusion; Microstructure evolution; Microstructure tailoring; Process understanding; Alloy 718
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-16013 (URN)978-91-88847-65-2 (ISBN)978-91-88847-64-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-12-01, F131, Trollhättan, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-11-10 Created: 2020-11-10 Last updated: 2020-11-10Bibliographically approved

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Karimi Neghlani, PariaSadeghimeresht, EsmaeilOlsson, JonasÅlgårdh, JoakimAndersson, Joel

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