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A novel arc heat treatment technique for producing graded microstructures through controlled temperature gradients
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6242-3517
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8822-2705
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0234-3168
University West, Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology. (PTW)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2535-8132
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2017 (English)In: Materials & design, ISSN 0264-1275, E-ISSN 1873-4197, Vol. 121, no May, p. 11-23Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper introduces a novel arc heat treatment technique to produce samples with graded microstructures through the application of controlled temperature gradients. Steady state temperature distributions within the sample can be achieved and maintained, for times ranging from a few seconds to several hours. The technique reduces the number of samples needed to characterize the response of a material to thermal treatments, and can consequently be used as a physical simulator for materials processing. The technique is suitable for conventional heat treatment analogues, welding simulations, multi-step heat treatments, and heat treatments with controlled heating and cooling rates. To demonstrate this technique, a super duplex stainless steel was treated with a stationary TIG arc, to confirm the relationship between generated steady-state temperature fields, microstructure development, hardness, and sensitization to corrosion. Metallographic imaging and hardness mapping provided information about graded microstructures, confirming the formation of secondary phases and microstructure sensitization in the temperature range 850–950 °C. Modelling of temperature distributions and thermodynamic calculations of phase stabilities were used to simulate microstructure development and associated welding cycles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2017. Vol. 121, no May, p. 11-23
Keywords [en]
Stationary arc, Heat treatment, Graded microstructure, Super duplex stainless steels, Physical simulation, Welding
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
ENGINEERING, Manufacturing and materials engineering; Production Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-10760DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.042ISI: 000399625000002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85013031461OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-10760DiVA, id: diva2:1077581
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

Funders: EPSRC (EP/L01680X/1) through the Materials for Demanding Environments Centre for Doctoral Training.

Available from: 2017-02-28 Created: 2017-02-28 Last updated: 2019-05-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Super duplex stainless steels: Microstructure and propertiesof physically simulated base and weld metal
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Super duplex stainless steels: Microstructure and propertiesof physically simulated base and weld metal
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

High-temperature processing and application of super duplex stainless steel(SDSS) are associated with the risk of changes in the ferrite/austenite balance and precipitation of secondary phases. This study was therefore aimed at improving knowledge about effects of thermal cycles on the microstructure and properties of SDSS base and weld metal. Controlled and repeatable thermal cycles were physically simulated using the innovative multiple TIG reheating/remelting and the arc heat treatment techniques. In the first technique, one to four autogenous TIG-remelting passes were applied. During arc heat treatment, a stationary arc was applied on a disc mounted on a water-cooled chamber thereby subjecting the material to a steady state temperature gradient from 0.5 minute to 600 minutes. Microstructures and properties were assessed and linked to thermal history through thermal cycle analysis, thermodynamic calculations and temperature field modelling, Remelting studies showed that nitrogen loss from the melt pool was a function of arc energy and initial nitrogen content and could cause highly ferritic microstructures. Heat affected zones were sensitized by nitride formation next to the fusion boundary and sigma phase precipitation in regions subjected to peak temperatures of 828-1028°C. Accumulated time in the critical temperature range, peak temperature and the number of thermal cycles are the most relevant criteria when evaluating the risk of sigma phase precipitation. Arc heat treatment produced graded microstructures in SDSS base and weld metal with the formation of a ferritic region at high temperature due to solid-state nitrogen loss, precipitation of sigma, chi, nitrides, and R-phase with different morphologies at 550-1010°C and spinodal decomposition below 500°C. This caused sensitization and/or increased hardness and embrittlement. Results were summarized as time-temperature-precipitation and properties diagrams for base and weld metal together with guidelines for processing and welding of SDSS.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan: University West, 2018. p. 102
Series
PhD Thesis: University West ; 24
Keywords
Super duplex stainless steel; weld metal; physical simulation; phase balance; precipitation; secondary phases; corrosion; nitrogen loss; arc heat treatment; production technology
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Production Technology; ENGINEERING, Manufacturing and materials engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-12850 (URN)978-91-87531-98-9 (ISBN)978-91-87531-97-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-09-28, F127, lhättan, 09:00 (English)
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-09-04 Created: 2018-08-30

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Hosseini, VahidKarlsson, LeifHurtig, KjellChoquet, IsabelleKumara, Chamara

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