Improving wear resistance of rails has a direct impact on the performance of rail-wheel system in railroad technology. Enhancement of sliding wear resistance at curved track, where factors such as adhesion, high slip ratios and contact fatigue act at contact patch of rail-wheel system, is particularly desirable. In the present investigation, influence of laser surface modification on sliding wear performance of a pearlitic rail steel (used in Indian railways) under two different conditions, namely, laser hardening (without any melting involved) and laser melting (with thin surface layer melting), has been studied under laboratory conditions. Before sliding wear testing, the effect of laser scanning speed on the treated layer depth has been optimised, utilising a 9 kW CO2 laser system. Sliding wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc device, with laser treated and untreated pearlitic rail steel discs and sliding pins made of wheel steel material, tungsten carbide (WC) and high speed steel (HSS). The tests were performed under normal prototypic loads and unlubricated conditions. Microhardness in the laser melted layer was in the range of 830-900 HV as against 890-1070 HV in the hardened layer, and was found to depend on the laser scanning speed. Sliding wear resistance of both hardened and melted layers was found to be significantly improved compared to untreated rail steel. The coefficient of friction was also marginally reduced in the laser surface melted layers.